5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python

作者:

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as the integrated development environment (IDE) and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

5.1. Getting and Installing Python

macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions 10.8 and 12.3. You are invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Python website. A current "universal2 binary" build of Python, which runs natively on the Mac's new Apple Silicon and legacy Intel processors, is available there.

在安裝後你必須要做幾件事：

  • A Python 3.11 folder in your Applications folder. In here you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official Python distributions; and Python Launcher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder.

  • A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell path. To uninstall Python, you can remove these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

備註

On macOS 10.8-12.3, the Apple-provided build of Python is installed in /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python, respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

如果你熟悉其他 Unix 平臺上的 Python，那麼你應該閱讀有關從 Unix shell 執行 Python 腳本的部分。

5.1.1. 如何執行 Python 腳本

Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE integrated development environment; see section 整合化開發工具 (IDE) and use the Help menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. macOS comes with a number of standard Unix command line editors, vim nano among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor, BBEdit from Bare Bones Software (see https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is TextMate (see https://macromates.com). Other editors include MacVim (https://macvim.org) and Aquamacs (https://aquamacs.org).

要從終端機視窗執行腳本，你必須確保 /usr/local/bin 位於 shell 搜尋路徑中。

從 Finder 執行你的腳本時，你有兩個選項：

  • Drag it to Python Launcher.

  • Select Python Launcher as the default application to open your script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it. Python Launcher has various preferences to control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to change things globally.

5.1.2. 透過 GUI 執行腳本

對於舊版本的 Python，你需要注意一個 macOS 的怪異之處：與 Aqua 視窗管理器溝通的程式（換而言之，任何具有 GUI（圖形化使用者介面）的程式）需要以特殊方式執行。使用 pythonw 而不是 python 來啟動這樣的腳本。

Python 3.9 上，你可以使用 python 或者 pythonw。

5.1.3. 設定

Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as PYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or .cshrc at startup. You need to create a file ~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple's Technical Q&A QA1067 for details.

For more information on installation Python packages, see section 安裝額外的 Python 套件.

5.2. 整合化開發工具 (IDE)

Python ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good introduction to using IDLE can be found at https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

5.3. 安裝額外的 Python 套件

This section has moved to the Python Packaging User Guide.

5.4. GUI Programming

於 Mac 上使用 Python 來建立 GUI 應用程式有許多選項。

PyObjC 是一個 Apple Objective-C/Cocoa 框架的 Python 繫結 (binding)，這是大多數現代 Mac 開發的基礎。有關 PyObjC 的資訊，請見 https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/。

標準的 Python GUI 工具套件是 tkinter，基於跨平臺的 Tk 工具套件 (https://www.tcl.tk)。Apple 的 OS X 包含了 Aqua 原生版本的 Tk，最新版本可以從 https://www.activestate.com 下載和安裝；它也可以從原始碼開始建置。

A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:

  • PySide: Official Python bindings to the Qt GUI toolkit.

  • PyQt: Alternative Python bindings to Qt.

  • Kivy: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports desktop and mobile platforms.

  • Toga: Part of the BeeWare Project; supports desktop, mobile, web and console apps.

  • wxPython: A cross-platform toolkit that supports desktop operating systems.

5.5. Distributing Python Applications

A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a standalone distributable application:

  • py2app: Supports creating macOS .app bundles from a Python project.

  • Briefcase: Part of the BeeWare Project; a cross-platform packaging tool that supports creation of .app bundles on macOS, as well as managing signing and notarization.

  • PyInstaller: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates a single file or folder as a distributable artifact.

5.6. 其他資源

The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and developers on the Mac:

https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

另一個好用資源是 MacPython wiki：

https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython