pathlib --- Object-oriented filesystem paths

在 3.4 版新加入.

原始碼：Lib/pathlib.py

---

這個模組提供了涵蓋不同作業系統中語義對等的檔案路徑類別（class）。路徑類別被分為純路徑及具體路徑兩種，純路徑提供純粹的計算操作而不涉及輸入輸出（I/O），而具體路徑則繼承自純路徑，同時提供輸入輸出操作。

If you've never used this module before or just aren't sure which class is right for your task, Path is most likely what you need. It instantiates a concrete path for the platform the code is running on.

Pure paths are useful in some special cases; for example:

1. If you want to manipulate Windows paths on a Unix machine (or vice versa). You cannot instantiate a WindowsPath when running on Unix, but you can instantiate PureWindowsPath.

2. You want to make sure that your code only manipulates paths without actually accessing the OS. In this case, instantiating one of the pure classes may be useful since those simply don't have any OS-accessing operations.

也參考

PEP 428: The pathlib module -- object-oriented filesystem paths.

也參考

For low-level path manipulation on strings, you can also use the os.path module.

Basic use

Importing the main class:

>>> from pathlib import Path

Listing subdirectories:

>>> p = Path('.')
>>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
[PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
 PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

Listing Python source files in this directory tree:

>>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
[PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
 PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
 PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

Navigating inside a directory tree:

>>> p = Path('/etc')
>>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
>>> q
PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
>>> q.resolve()
PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

Querying path properties:

>>> q.exists()
True
>>> q.is_dir()
False

Opening a file:

>>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
...
'#!/bin/bash\n'

純路徑

純路徑物件提供處理路徑的操作，實際上不會存取檔案系統。有三種方法可以存取這些類別 (class)，我們也稱之為類型：

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

一個通用的類別，表示系統的路徑類型（實例化時會建立一個 PurePosixPath 或 PureWindowsPath)：

>>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
PurePosixPath('setup.py')

pathsegments 中的每個元素可以是以下三種的其中一種：一個表示路徑片段的字串、實作了 os.PathLike 介面 (interface) 並回傳字串的物件，或者另一個路徑物件：

>>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
>>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

當 pathsegments 是空的時候，預設使用目前的目錄：

>>> PurePath()
PurePosixPath('.')

如果一個片段是絕對路徑，則所有先前的片段將被忽略（類似於 os.path.join())：

>>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

在 Windows 系統上，當遇到具有根目錄的相對路徑片段（例如 r'\foo'）時，磁碟機 (drive) 部分不會被重置：

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

不必要的斜線和單點會被合併，但雙點 ('..') 和前置的雙斜線 ('//') 不會被合併，因為這樣會因為各種原因改變路徑的意義（例如符號連結 (symbolic links)、UNC 路徑）：

>>> PurePath('foo//bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

（一個使得 PurePosixPath('foo/../bar') 等同於 PurePosixPath('bar') 的單純方法，但如果 foo 是一個目錄的符號連結，這是錯誤的。）

純路徑物件實作了 os.PathLike 介面，使得它們可以在任何接受該介面的地方使用。

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增了對於 os.PathLike 介面的支援。

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

PurePath 的一個子類別 (subclass)，該路徑類型表示非 Windows 檔案系統的路徑：

>>> PurePosixPath('/etc')
PurePosixPath('/etc')

pathsegments 的指定方式與 PurePath 類似。

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

PurePath 的一個子類別，該路徑類型表示 Windows 檔案系統的路徑，包括 UNC paths：

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
>>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

pathsegments 的指定方式與 PurePath 類似。

不論你使用的是什麼系統，你都可以實例化這些類別，因為它們不提供任何涉及系統呼叫 (system calls) 的操作。

通用特性

路徑物件是不可變 (immutable) 且 hashable （可雜湊）的。相同類型的路徑物件可以被比較和排序。這些特性遵守該類型的大小寫規則：

>>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
True

不同類型的路徑物件在比較時視為不相等且無法被排序：

>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'

運算子

斜線運算子（slash operator）用於建立子路徑，就像是 os.path.join() 函式一樣。如果引數是絕對路徑，則忽略前一個路徑。在 Windows 系統上，當引數是以根目錄為基礎的相對路徑（例如，r’\foo’），磁碟路徑不會被重置：

>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> p
PurePosixPath('/etc')
>>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
>>> q = PurePath('bin')
>>> '/usr' / q
PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
>>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

路徑物件可以被用在任何可以使用 os.PathLike 的地方：

>>> import os
>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> os.fspath(p)
'/etc'

The string representation of a path is the raw filesystem path itself (in native form, e.g. with backslashes under Windows), which you can pass to any function taking a file path as a string:

>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> str(p)
'/etc'
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
>>> str(p)
'c:\\Program Files'

Similarly, calling bytes on a path gives the raw filesystem path as a bytes object, as encoded by os.fsencode():

>>> bytes(p)
b'/etc'

備註

Calling bytes is only recommended under Unix. Under Windows, the unicode form is the canonical representation of filesystem paths.

Accessing individual parts

To access the individual "parts" (components) of a path, use the following property:

PurePath.parts

A tuple giving access to the path's various components:

>>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
>>> p.parts
('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
>>> p.parts
('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

(note how the drive and local root are regrouped in a single part)

Methods and properties

Pure paths provide the following methods and properties:

PurePath.drive

A string representing the drive letter or name, if any:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
'c:'
>>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
''
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
''

UNC shares are also considered drives:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
'\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

A string representing the (local or global) root, if any:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
'\\'
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
''
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
'/'

UNC shares always have a root:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
'\\'

If the path starts with more than two successive slashes, PurePosixPath collapses them:

>>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
'//'
>>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
'/'
>>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
'/'

備註

This behavior conforms to The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, paragraph 4.11 Pathname Resolution:

"A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash."

PurePath.anchor

The concatenation of the drive and root:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
'c:\\'
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
'c:'
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
'/'
>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
'\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

An immutable sequence providing access to the logical ancestors of the path:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
>>> p.parents[0]
PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
>>> p.parents[1]
PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
>>> p.parents[2]
PureWindowsPath('c:/')

在 3.10 版的變更: The parents sequence now supports slices and negative index values.

PurePath.parent

The logical parent of the path:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

You cannot go past an anchor, or empty path:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('/')
>>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('.')

備註

This is a purely lexical operation, hence the following behaviour:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('foo')

If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is recommended to first call Path.resolve() so as to resolve symlinks and eliminate ".." components.

PurePath.name

A string representing the final path component, excluding the drive and root, if any:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
'setup.py'

UNC drive names are not considered:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
'setup.py'
>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
''

PurePath.suffix

The file extension of the final component, if any:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
'.py'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
'.gz'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
''

PurePath.suffixes

A list of the path's file extensions:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
['.tar', '.gar']
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
['.tar', '.gz']
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
[]

PurePath.stem

The final path component, without its suffix:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
'library.tar'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
'library'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
'library'

PurePath.as_posix()

Return a string representation of the path with forward slashes (/):

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
>>> str(p)
'c:\\windows'
>>> p.as_posix()
'c:/windows'

PurePath.as_uri()

Represent the path as a file URI. ValueError is raised if the path isn't absolute.

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.as_uri()
'file:///etc/passwd'
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows')
>>> p.as_uri()
'file:///c:/Windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

Return whether the path is absolute or not. A path is considered absolute if it has both a root and (if the flavour allows) a drive:

>>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
True
>>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
False

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
True

PurePath.is_relative_to(*other)

Return whether or not this path is relative to the other path.

>>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
True
>>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
False

If multiple arguments are supplied, they are joined together.

This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor treats ".." segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

>>> u = PurePath('/usr')
>>> u == p or u in p.parents
False

在 3.9 版新加入.

PurePath.is_reserved()

With PureWindowsPath, return True if the path is considered reserved under Windows, False otherwise. With PurePosixPath, False is always returned.

>>> PureWindowsPath('nul').is_reserved()
True
>>> PurePosixPath('nul').is_reserved()
False

File system calls on reserved paths can fail mysteriously or have unintended effects.

PurePath.joinpath(*other)

Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each of the other arguments in turn:

>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.match(pattern)

Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern. Return True if matching is successful, False otherwise.

If pattern is relative, the path can be either relative or absolute, and matching is done from the right:

>>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
False

If pattern is absolute, the path must be absolute, and the whole path must match:

>>> PurePath('/a.py').match('/*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('/*.py')
False

As with other methods, case-sensitivity follows platform defaults:

>>> PurePosixPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
True

PurePath.relative_to(*other)

Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by other. If it's impossible, ValueError is raised:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/')
PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/etc')
PurePosixPath('passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/usr')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "pathlib.py", line 694, in relative_to
    .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other absolute.

If multiple arguments are supplied, they are joined together.

NOTE: This function is part of PurePath and works with strings. It does not check or access the underlying file structure.

PurePath.with_name(name)

Return a new path with the name changed. If the original path doesn't have a name, ValueError is raised:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_name('setup.py')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
>>> p.with_name('setup.py')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
    raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

Return a new path with the stem changed. If the original path doesn't have a name, ValueError is raised:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
>>> p.with_stem('final')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_stem('lib')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
>>> p.with_stem('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
    return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
    raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

在 3.9 版新加入.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

Return a new path with the suffix changed. If the original path doesn't have a suffix, the new suffix is appended instead. If the suffix is an empty string, the original suffix is removed:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
>>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
>>> p.with_suffix('')
PureWindowsPath('README')

Concrete paths

Concrete paths are subclasses of the pure path classes. In addition to operations provided by the latter, they also provide methods to do system calls on path objects. There are three ways to instantiate concrete paths:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

A subclass of PurePath, this class represents concrete paths of the system's path flavour (instantiating it creates either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath):

>>> Path('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')

pathsegments 的指定方式與 PurePath 類似。

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

A subclass of Path and PurePosixPath, this class represents concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:

>>> PosixPath('/etc')
PosixPath('/etc')

pathsegments 的指定方式與 PurePath 類似。

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

A subclass of Path and PureWindowsPath, this class represents concrete Windows filesystem paths:

>>> WindowsPath('c:/Program Files/')
WindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

pathsegments 的指定方式與 PurePath 類似。

You can only instantiate the class flavour that corresponds to your system (allowing system calls on non-compatible path flavours could lead to bugs or failures in your application):

>>> import os
>>> os.name
'posix'
>>> Path('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')
>>> PosixPath('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')
>>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
    % (cls.__name__,))
NotImplementedError: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Methods

Concrete paths provide the following methods in addition to pure paths methods. Many of these methods can raise an OSError if a system call fails (for example because the path doesn't exist).

在 3.8 版的變更: exists(), is_dir(), is_file(), is_mount(), is_symlink(), is_block_device(), is_char_device(), is_fifo(), is_socket() now return False instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS level.

classmethod Path.cwd()

Return a new path object representing the current directory (as returned by os.getcwd()):

>>> Path.cwd()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

classmethod Path.home()

Return a new path object representing the user's home directory (as returned by os.path.expanduser() with ~ construct). If the home directory can't be resolved, RuntimeError is raised.

>>> Path.home()
PosixPath('/home/antoine')

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return a os.stat_result object containing information about this path, like os.stat(). The result is looked up at each call to this method.

This method normally follows symlinks; to stat a symlink add the argument follow_symlinks=False, or use lstat().

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_size
956
>>> p.stat().st_mtime
1327883547.852554

在 3.10 版的變更: 新增 follow_symlinks 參數。

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

Change the file mode and permissions, like os.chmod().

This method normally follows symlinks. Some Unix flavours support changing permissions on the symlink itself; on these platforms you may add the argument follow_symlinks=False, or use lchmod().

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_mode
33277
>>> p.chmod(0o444)
>>> p.stat().st_mode
33060

在 3.10 版的變更: 新增 follow_symlinks 參數。

Path.exists()

Whether the path points to an existing file or directory:

>>> Path('.').exists()
True
>>> Path('setup.py').exists()
True
>>> Path('/etc').exists()
True
>>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
False

備註

If the path points to a symlink, exists() returns whether the symlink points to an existing file or directory.

Path.expanduser()

Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs, as returned by os.path.expanduser(). If a home directory can't be resolved, RuntimeError is raised.

>>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
>>> p.expanduser()
PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.glob(pattern)

Glob the given relative pattern in the directory represented by this path, yielding all matching files (of any kind):

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
[PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
[PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]

Patterns are the same as for fnmatch, with the addition of "**" which means "this directory and all subdirectories, recursively". In other words, it enables recursive globbing:

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
 PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('setup.py'),
 PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

備註

Using the "**" pattern in large directory trees may consume an inordinate amount of time.

引發一個附帶引數 self、pattern 的稽核事件 pathlib.Path.glob。

在 3.11 版的變更: Return only directories if pattern ends with a pathname components separator (sep or altsep).

Path.group()

Return the name of the group owning the file. KeyError is raised if the file's gid isn't found in the system database.

Path.is_dir()

Return True if the path points to a directory (or a symbolic link pointing to a directory), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_file()

Return True if the path points to a regular file (or a symbolic link pointing to a regular file), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_mount()

Return True if the path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path's parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device --- this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. Not implemented on Windows.

在 3.7 版新加入.

Path.is_symlink()

Return True if the path points to a symbolic link, False otherwise.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_socket()

Return True if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic link pointing to a Unix socket), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_fifo()

Return True if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link pointing to a FIFO), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_block_device()

Return True if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic link pointing to a block device), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_char_device()

Return True if the path points to a character device (or a symbolic link pointing to a character device), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.iterdir()

When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the directory contents:

>>> p = Path('docs')
>>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
...
PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
PosixPath('docs/_templates')
PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
PosixPath('docs/_build')
PosixPath('docs/_static')
PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '.' and '..' are not included. If a file is removed from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, whether a path object for that file be included is unspecified.

Path.lchmod(mode)

Like Path.chmod() but, if the path points to a symbolic link, the symbolic link's mode is changed rather than its target's.

Path.lstat()

Like Path.stat() but, if the path points to a symbolic link, return the symbolic link's information rather than its target's.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

Create a new directory at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process' umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the path already exists, FileExistsError is raised.

If parents is true, any missing parents of this path are created as needed; they are created with the default permissions without taking mode into account (mimicking the POSIX mkdir -p command).

If parents is false (the default), a missing parent raises FileNotFoundError.

If exist_ok is false (the default), FileExistsError is raised if the target directory already exists.

If exist_ok is true, FileExistsError will not be raised unless the given path already exists in the file system and is not a directory (same behavior as the POSIX mkdir -p command).

在 3.5 版的變更: 新增 exist_ok 參數。

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

Open the file pointed to by the path, like the built-in open() function does:

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> with p.open() as f:
...     f.readline()
...
'#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.owner()

回傳擁有該檔案的用戶的名稱。如果在系統資料庫中找不到該檔案的 uid ，則會引發 KeyError。

Path.read_bytes()

將指向檔案的二進制內容以一個位元組 (bytes) 物件回傳：

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
20
>>> p.read_bytes()
b'Binary file contents'

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None)

將指向檔案的解碼內容以字串形式回傳：

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')
>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
18
>>> p.read_text()
'Text file contents'

該檔案被打開並且隨後關閉。選填參數的含義與 open() 函數中的相同。

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.readlink()

回傳符號連結指向的路徑（如 os.readlink() 的回傳值）：

>>> p = Path('mylink')
>>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
>>> p.readlink()
PosixPath('setup.py')

在 3.9 版新加入.

Path.rename(target)

將此檔案或目錄重新命名為所提供的 target ，並回傳一個新的路徑 (Path) 物件指向該 target 。在 Unix 系統上，若 target 存在且為一個檔案，若使用者有權限，則會在不顯示訊息的情況下進行取代。在 Windows 系統上，若 target 存在，則會引發 FileExistsError 錯誤。target 可以是字串或另一個路徑物件：

>>> p = Path('foo')
>>> p.open('w').write('some text')
9
>>> target = Path('bar')
>>> p.rename(target)
PosixPath('bar')
>>> target.open().read()
'some text'

目標路徑可以是絕對路徑或相對路徑。相對路徑會相對於當前的工作目錄進行解釋，not 相對於路徑物件所在的目錄。

此功能是使用 os.rename() 實現的，並提供相同的保證。

在 3.8 版的變更: 新增了回傳值，回傳新的路徑 (Path) 物件。

Path.replace(target)

將此檔案或目錄重新命名為給定的 target ，並回傳一個指向 target 的新路徑物件。如果 target 指向一個現有的檔案或空目錄，它將被無條件地取代。

目標路徑可以是絕對路徑或相對路徑。相對路徑會相對於當前的工作目錄進行解釋，not 相對於路徑物件所在的目錄。

在 3.8 版的變更: 新增了回傳值，回傳新的路徑 (Path) 物件。

Path.absolute()

使路徑成為絕對路徑，不進行標準化或解析符號連結。 回傳一個新的路徑物件：

>>> p = Path('tests')
>>> p
PosixPath('tests')
>>> p.absolute()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

將路徑轉換為絕對路徑，解析所有符號連結。回傳一個新的路徑物件：

>>> p = Path()
>>> p
PosixPath('.')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

同時也會消除 ".." 的路徑組件（這是唯一的方法）：

>>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

如果路徑不存在且 strict 為 True， 則引發 FileNotFoundError。如果 strict 為 False， 則將盡可能解析該路徑，並將任何剩餘部分追加到路徑中，而不檢查其是否存在。 如果在解析過程中遇到無窮迴圈，則引發 RuntimeError。

在 3.6 版新加入: strict 引數（在 3.6 版本之前的行為是嚴格的）。

Path.rglob(pattern)

這相當於在給定的相對 pattern 前面加上 "**/" 並呼叫 Path.glob() ：

>>> sorted(Path().rglob("*.py"))
[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
 PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('setup.py'),
 PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

引發一個附帶引數 self、pattern 的稽核事件 pathlib.Path.rglob。

在 3.11 版的變更: Return only directories if pattern ends with a pathname components separator (sep or altsep).

Path.rmdir()

移除此目錄。該目錄必須為空。

Path.samefile(other_path)

回傳是否此路徑指向與 other_path 相同的檔案，other_path 可以是路徑 (Path) 物件或字串。其語義類似於 os.path.samefile() 和 os.path.samestat()。

An OSError can be raised if either file cannot be accessed for some reason.

>>> p = Path('spam')
>>> q = Path('eggs')
>>> p.samefile(q)
False
>>> p.samefile('spam')
True

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

Make this path a symbolic link pointing to target.

On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and does not morph to the target dynamically. If the target is present, the type of the symlink will be created to match. Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if target_is_directory is True or a file symlink (the default) otherwise. On non-Windows platforms, target_is_directory is ignored.

>>> p = Path('mylink')
>>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_size
956
>>> p.lstat().st_size
8

備註

The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink()'s.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

Make this path a hard link to the same file as target.

備註

The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.link()'s.

在 3.10 版新加入.

Path.link_to(target)

Make target a hard link to this path.

警告

This function does not make this path a hard link to target, despite the implication of the function and argument names. The argument order (target, link) is the reverse of Path.symlink_to() and Path.hardlink_to(), but matches that of os.link().

在 3.8 版新加入.

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: This method is deprecated in favor of Path.hardlink_to(), as the argument order of Path.link_to() does not match that of Path.symlink_to().

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

Create a file at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process' umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds if exist_ok is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time), otherwise FileExistsError is raised.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

Remove this file or symbolic link. If the path points to a directory, use Path.rmdir() instead.

If missing_ok is false (the default), FileNotFoundError is raised if the path does not exist.

If missing_ok is true, FileNotFoundError exceptions will be ignored (same behavior as the POSIX rm -f command).

在 3.8 版的變更: 新增 missing_ok 參數。

Path.write_bytes(data)

Open the file pointed to in bytes mode, write data to it, and close the file:

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
20
>>> p.read_bytes()
b'Binary file contents'

An existing file of the same name is overwritten.

在 3.5 版新加入.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

Open the file pointed to in text mode, write data to it, and close the file:

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')
>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
18
>>> p.read_text()
'Text file contents'

An existing file of the same name is overwritten. The optional parameters have the same meaning as in open().

在 3.5 版新加入.

在 3.10 版的變更: 新增 newline 參數。

Correspondence to tools in the os module

Below is a table mapping various os functions to their corresponding PurePath/Path equivalent.

備註

Not all pairs of functions/methods below are equivalent. Some of them, despite having some overlapping use-cases, have different semantics. They include os.path.abspath() and Path.absolute(), os.path.relpath() and PurePath.relative_to().

os 和 os.path	pathlib
os.path.abspath()	Path.absolute() [1]
os.path.realpath()	Path.resolve()
os.chmod()	Path.chmod()
os.mkdir()	Path.mkdir()
os.makedirs()	Path.mkdir()
os.rename()	Path.rename()
os.replace()	Path.replace()
os.rmdir()	Path.rmdir()
os.remove(), os.unlink()	Path.unlink()
os.getcwd()	Path.cwd()
os.path.exists()	Path.exists()
os.path.expanduser()	Path.expanduser() 和 Path.home()
os.listdir()	Path.iterdir()
os.path.isdir()	Path.is_dir()
os.path.isfile()	Path.is_file()
os.path.islink()	Path.is_symlink()
os.link()	Path.hardlink_to()
os.symlink()	Path.symlink_to()
os.readlink()	Path.readlink()
os.path.relpath()	PurePath.relative_to() [2]
os.stat()	Path.stat(), Path.owner(), Path.group()
os.path.isabs()	PurePath.is_absolute()
os.path.join()	PurePath.joinpath()
os.path.basename()	PurePath.name
os.path.dirname()	PurePath.parent
os.path.samefile()	Path.samefile()
os.path.splitext()	PurePath.stem 和 PurePath.suffix

註解

[1]

os.path.abspath() normalizes the resulting path, which may change its meaning in the presence of symlinks, while Path.absolute() does not.

[2]

PurePath.relative_to() requires self to be the subpath of the argument, but os.path.relpath() does not.