ftplib --- FTP 協定用戶端

原始碼:Lib/ftplib.py


這個模組定義了 FTP 類別和一些相關的項目。FTP 類別實作了 FTP 協定的用戶端。你可以使用它來編寫能夠執行各種 FTP 自動作業的 Python 程式,例如鏡像 (mirror) 其他 FTP 伺服器。urllib.request 模組也使用它來處理使用 FTP 的 URL。有關 FTP(檔案傳輸協定)的更多資訊,請參閱 RFC 959

預設編碼是 UTF-8,遵循 RFC 2640

Availability:非 Emscripten、非 WASI。

此模組在 WebAssembly 平台 wasm32-emscriptenwasm32-wasi 上不起作用或無法使用。有關更多資訊,請參閱 WebAssembly 平台

這是一個使用 ftplib 模組的會話範例:

>>> from ftplib import FTP
>>> ftp = FTP('ftp.us.debian.org')  # connect to host, default port
>>> ftp.login()                     # user anonymous, passwd anonymous@
'230 Login successful.'
>>> ftp.cwd('debian')               # change into "debian" directory
'250 Directory successfully changed.'
>>> ftp.retrlines('LIST')           # list directory contents
-rw-rw-r--    1 1176     1176         1063 Jun 15 10:18 README
...
drwxr-sr-x    5 1176     1176         4096 Dec 19  2000 pool
drwxr-sr-x    4 1176     1176         4096 Nov 17  2008 project
drwxr-xr-x    3 1176     1176         4096 Oct 10  2012 tools
'226 Directory send OK.'
>>> with open('README', 'wb') as fp:
>>>     ftp.retrbinary('RETR README', fp.write)
'226 Transfer complete.'
>>> ftp.quit()
'221 Goodbye.'

Reference

FTP objects

class ftplib.FTP(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', timeout=None, source_address=None, *, encoding='utf-8')

Return a new instance of the FTP class.

參數:
  • host (str) -- The hostname to connect to. If given, connect(host) is implicitly called by the constructor.

  • user (str) -- The username to log in with (default: 'anonymous'). If given, login(host, passwd, acct) is implicitly called by the constructor.

  • passwd (str) -- The password to use when logging in. If not given, and if passwd is the empty string or "-", a password will be automatically generated.

  • acct (str) -- Account information to be used for the ACCT FTP command. Few systems implement this. See RFC-959 for more details.

  • timeout (float | None) -- A timeout in seconds for blocking operations like connect() (default: the global default timeout setting).

  • source_address (tuple | None) -- A 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting.

  • encoding (str) -- The encoding for directories and filenames (default: 'utf-8').

FTP 類別支援 with 陳述式,例如:

>>> from ftplib import FTP
>>> with FTP("ftp1.at.proftpd.org") as ftp:
...     ftp.login()
...     ftp.dir()
... 
'230 Anonymous login ok, restrictions apply.'
dr-xr-xr-x   9 ftp      ftp           154 May  6 10:43 .
dr-xr-xr-x   9 ftp      ftp           154 May  6 10:43 ..
dr-xr-xr-x   5 ftp      ftp          4096 May  6 10:43 CentOS
dr-xr-xr-x   3 ftp      ftp            18 Jul 10  2008 Fedora
>>>

在 3.2 版的變更: 新增了對 with 陳述式的支援。

在 3.3 版的變更: 新增 source_address 參數。

在 3.9 版的變更: 如果 timeout 參數設定為零,它將引發 ValueError 以防止建立非阻塞 socket。新增了 encoding 參數,預設值從 Latin-1 更改為 UTF-8 以遵循 RFC 2640

Several FTP methods are available in two flavors: one for handling text files and another for binary files. The methods are named for the command which is used followed by lines for the text version or binary for the binary version.

FTP 實例具有以下方法:

set_debuglevel(level)

Set the instance's debugging level as an int. This controls the amount of debugging output printed. The debug levels are:

  • 0 (default): No debug output.

  • 1: Produce a moderate amount of debug output, generally a single line per request.

  • 2 or higher: Produce the maximum amount of debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the control connection.

connect(host='', port=0, timeout=None, source_address=None)

Connect to the given host and port. This function should be called only once for each instance; it should not be called if a host argument was given when the FTP instance was created. All other FTP methods can only be called after a connection has successfully been made.

參數:
  • host (str) -- The host to connect to.

  • port (int) -- The TCP port to connect to (default: 21, as specified by the FTP protocol specification). It is rarely needed to specify a different port number.

  • timeout (float | None) -- A timeout in seconds for the connection attempt (default: the global default timeout setting).

  • source_address (tuple | None) -- A 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting.

引發一個附帶引數 selfhostport稽核事件 ftplib.connect

在 3.3 版的變更: 新增 source_address 參數。

getwelcome()

回傳伺服器為回應初始連線而發送的歡迎訊息。(此訊息有時會包含與使用者相關的免責聲明或幫助資訊。)

login(user='anonymous', passwd='', acct='')

Log on to the connected FTP server. This function should be called only once for each instance, after a connection has been established; it should not be called if the host and user arguments were given when the FTP instance was created. Most FTP commands are only allowed after the client has logged in.

參數:
  • user (str) -- The username to log in with (default: 'anonymous').

  • passwd (str) -- The password to use when logging in. If not given, and if passwd is the empty string or "-", a password will be automatically generated.

  • acct (str) -- Account information to be used for the ACCT FTP command. Few systems implement this. See RFC-959 for more details.

abort()

中止正在進行的檔案傳輸。使用它並不是都會成功,但值得一試。

sendcmd(cmd)

向伺服器發送一個簡單的命令字串並回傳回應字串。

引發一個附帶引數 selfcmd稽核事件 ftplib.sendcmd

voidcmd(cmd)

Send a simple command string to the server and handle the response. Return the response string if the response code corresponds to success (codes in the range 200--299). Raise error_reply otherwise.

引發一個附帶引數 selfcmd稽核事件 ftplib.sendcmd

retrbinary(cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None)

Retrieve a file in binary transfer mode.

參數:
  • cmd (str) -- An appropriate STOR command: "STOR filename".

  • callback (callable) -- A single parameter callable that is called for each block of data received, with its single argument being the data as bytes.

  • blocksize (int) -- The maximum chunk size to read on the low-level socket object created to do the actual transfer. This also corresponds to the largest size of data that will be passed to callback. Defaults to 8192.

  • rest (int) -- A REST command to be sent to the server. See the documentation for the rest parameter of the transfercmd() method.

retrlines(cmd, callback=None)

Retrieve a file or directory listing in the encoding specified by the encoding parameter at initialization. cmd should be an appropriate RETR command (see retrbinary()) or a command such as LIST or NLST (usually just the string 'LIST'). LIST retrieves a list of files and information about those files. NLST retrieves a list of file names. The callback function is called for each line with a string argument containing the line with the trailing CRLF stripped. The default callback prints the line to sys.stdout.

set_pasv(val)

如果 val 為真,則啟用「被動」模式,否則禁用被動模式。被動模式預設開啟。

storbinary(cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None)

Store a file in binary transfer mode.

參數:
  • cmd (str) -- An appropriate STOR command: "STOR filename".

  • fp (file object) -- A file object (opened in binary mode) which is read until EOF, using its read() method in blocks of size blocksize to provide the data to be stored.

  • blocksize (int) -- The read block size. Defaults to 8192.

  • callback (callable) -- A single parameter callable that is called for each block of data sent, with its single argument being the data as bytes.

  • rest (int) -- A REST command to be sent to the server. See the documentation for the rest parameter of the transfercmd() method.

在 3.2 版的變更: The rest parameter was added.

storlines(cmd, fp, callback=None)

以行模式 (line mode) 儲存檔案。 cmd 應是一個正確的 STOR 命令(參見 storbinary())。使用其 readline() 方法從檔案物件 fp (以二進位模式打開)讀取各行、直到 EOF,以提供要儲存的資料。 callback 是可選的單參數可呼叫物件,於發送後以各行進行呼叫。

transfercmd(cmd, rest=None)

通過資料連線啟動傳輸。如果傳輸為主動 (active) 模式,則發送 EPRTPORT 命令和 cmd 指定的傳輸命令,並接受連線。如果伺服器是被動 (passive) 模式,則發送 EPSVPASV 命令、連線、並啟動傳輸命令。無論哪種方式,都是回傳連線的 socket。

如果有給定可選的 rest,一個 REST 命令會被發送到伺服器,並以 rest 作為引數。rest 通常是請求檔案的一個位元組偏移量 (byte offset),告訴伺服器以請求的偏移量重新開始發送檔案的位元組,並跳過初始位元組。但是請注意,transfercmd() 方法將 rest 轉換為帶有初始化時指定的 encoding 參數的字串,但不會對字串的內容執行檢查。如果伺服器無法識別 REST 命令,則會引發 error_reply 例外。如果發生這種情況,只需在沒有 rest 引數的情況下呼叫 transfercmd()

ntransfercmd(cmd, rest=None)

類似於 transfercmd(),但回傳一個帶有資料連線和資料預期大小的元組。如果無法計算預期大小,則回傳 Nonecmdresttransfercmd() 中的含義相同。

mlsd(path='', facts=[])

使用 MLSD 命令 (RFC 3659) 列出標準格式的目錄。如果省略 path 則假定為作用於當前目錄。facts 是表示所需資訊類型的字串列表(例如 ["type", "size", "perm"] )。會回傳一個產生器物件,為每個在路徑中找到的檔案生成一個包含兩個元素的元組,第一個元素是檔案名稱,第二個元素是包含有關檔案名稱 facts的字典。該字典的內容可能受 facts 引數限制,但不保證伺服器會回傳所有請求的 facts。

在 3.3 版新加入.

nlst(argument[, ...])

回傳由 NLST 命令回傳的檔案名稱列表。可選的 argument 是要列出的目錄(預設為當前伺服器目錄)。多個引數可用於將非標準選項傳遞給 NLST 命令。

備註

如果你的伺服器支援該命令,mlsd() 會提供更好的 API。

dir(argument[, ...])

Produce a directory listing as returned by the LIST command, printing it to standard output. The optional argument is a directory to list (default is the current server directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard options to the LIST command. If the last argument is a function, it is used as a callback function as for retrlines(); the default prints to sys.stdout. This method returns None.

備註

如果你的伺服器支援該命令,mlsd() 會提供更好的 API。

rename(fromname, toname)

將伺服器上的檔案 fromname 重新命名為 toname

delete(filename)

從伺服器中刪除名為 filename 的檔案。如果成功,回傳回應的文字,否則引發 error_perm 權限錯誤或在其他錯誤發生時引發 error_reply

cwd(pathname)

設定伺服器上的當前目錄。

mkd(pathname)

在伺服器上建立一個新目錄。

pwd()

回傳伺服器上當前目錄的路徑名。

rmd(dirname)

刪除伺服器上名為 dirname 的目錄。

size(filename)

請求伺服器上名為 filename 的檔案的大小。成功時,檔案的大小作為整數回傳,否則回傳 None。請注意,SIZE 命令不是標準化的,但被許多常見的伺服器實作支援。

quit()

向伺服器發送 QUIT 命令並關閉連線。這是關閉連線的「禮貌」方式,但如果伺服器對 QUIT 命令作出錯誤回應,它可能會引發例外。這意味著呼叫 close() 方法使 FTP 實例無法用於後續呼叫(見下文)。

close()

單方面關閉連線。這不應該使用於已經關閉的連線,例如在成功呼叫 quit() 之後。呼叫後就不應該再次使用 FTP 實例(在呼叫 close()quit() 後,你不能通過發出另一個 login() 方法重新打開連線)。

FTP_TLS objects

class ftplib.FTP_TLS(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None, timeout=None, source_address=None, *, encoding='utf-8')

An FTP subclass which adds TLS support to FTP as described in RFC 4217. Connect to port 21 implicitly securing the FTP control connection before authenticating.

備註

The user must explicitly secure the data connection by calling the prot_p() method.

參數:
  • host (str) -- The hostname to connect to. If given, connect(host) is implicitly called by the constructor.

  • user (str) -- The username to log in with (default: 'anonymous'). If given, login(host, passwd, acct) is implicitly called by the constructor.

  • passwd (str) -- The password to use when logging in. If not given, and if passwd is the empty string or "-", a password will be automatically generated.

  • acct (str) -- Account information to be used for the ACCT FTP command. Few systems implement this. See RFC-959 for more details.

  • context (ssl.SSLContext) -- An SSL context object which allows bundling SSL configuration options, certificates and private keys into a single, potentially long-lived, structure. Please read Security considerations for best practices.

  • timeout (float | None) -- A timeout in seconds for blocking operations like connect() (default: the global default timeout setting).

  • source_address (tuple | None) -- A 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting.

  • encoding (str) -- The encoding for directories and filenames (default: 'utf-8').

keyfilecertfilecontext 的傳統替代方案 -- 它們可以(分別)指向 SSL 連線的 PEM 格式私鑰和憑證鏈檔案。

在 3.2 版新加入.

在 3.3 版的變更: Added the source_address parameter.

在 3.4 版的變更: The class now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI).

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: keyfilecertfile 已棄用,取而代之的是 context。請改用 ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain(),或讓 ssl.create_default_context() 為你選擇系統的可信 CA 憑證。

在 3.9 版的變更: 如果 timeout 參數設定為零,它將引發 ValueError 以防止建立非阻塞 socket。新增了 encoding 參數,預設值從 Latin-1 更改為 UTF-8 以遵循 RFC 2640

這是一個使用 FTP_TLS 類別的範例會話:

>>> ftps = FTP_TLS('ftp.pureftpd.org')
>>> ftps.login()
'230 Anonymous user logged in'
>>> ftps.prot_p()
'200 Data protection level set to "private"'
>>> ftps.nlst()
['6jack', 'OpenBSD', 'antilink', 'blogbench', 'bsdcam', 'clockspeed', 'djbdns-jedi', 'docs', 'eaccelerator-jedi', 'favicon.ico', 'francotone', 'fugu', 'ignore', 'libpuzzle', 'metalog', 'minidentd', 'misc', 'mysql-udf-global-user-variables', 'php-jenkins-hash', 'php-skein-hash', 'php-webdav', 'phpaudit', 'phpbench', 'pincaster', 'ping', 'posto', 'pub', 'public', 'public_keys', 'pure-ftpd', 'qscan', 'qtc', 'sharedance', 'skycache', 'sound', 'tmp', 'ucarp']

FTP_TLS class inherits from FTP, defining these additional methods and attributes:

ssl_version

The SSL version to use (defaults to ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23).

auth()

根據 ssl_version 屬性中指定的內容,使用 TLS 或 SSL 設定安全控制連線。

在 3.4 版的變更: The method now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI).

ccc()

將控制通道恢復為純文本。這對於利用知道如何在不打開固定連接埠的情況下使用非安全 (non-secure) FTP 以處理 NAT 的防火牆很有用。

在 3.3 版新加入.

prot_p()

設定安全資料連線。

prot_c()

設定明文資料 (clear text data) 連線。

Module variables

exception ftplib.error_reply

伺服器收到意外回覆時所引發的例外。

exception ftplib.error_temp

當收到表示暫時錯誤的錯誤碼(400--499 範圍內的回應狀態碼)時引發的例外。

exception ftplib.error_perm

當收到表示永久錯誤的錯誤碼(500--599 範圍內的回應狀態碼)時引發的例外。

exception ftplib.error_proto

當從伺服器收到不符合檔案傳輸協定回應規範的回覆時引發例外,即 1--5 範圍內的數字開頭。

ftplib.all_errors

FTP 實例方法由於 FTP 連線問題(相對於呼叫者的程式錯誤)而可能引發的所有例外集合(元組形式)。該集合包括上面列出的四個例外以及 OSErrorEOFError

也參考

netrc 模組

.netrc 檔案格式的剖析器。.netrc 檔案通常被 FTP 用戶端用來在提示使用者之前載入使用者身份驗證資訊。