5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python
*************************

作者:
   Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python
on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional
features such as the integrated development environment (IDE) and the
Package Manager that are worth pointing out.


5.1. Getting and Installing Python
==================================

macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions 10.8
and 12.3. You are invited to install the most recent version of Python
3 from the Python website. A current "universal2 binary" build of
Python, which runs natively on the Mac's new Apple Silicon and legacy
Intel processors, is available there.

在安裝後你必須要做幾件事：

* A "Python 3.11" folder in your "Applications" folder. In here you
  find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of
  official Python distributions; and **Python Launcher**, which
  handles double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder.

* A framework "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework", which includes
  the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this
  location to your shell path. To uninstall Python, you can remove
  these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is placed in
  "/usr/local/bin/".

備註:

  On macOS 10.8-12.3, the Apple-provided build of Python is installed
  in "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework" and
  "/usr/bin/python", respectively. You should never modify or delete
  these, as they are Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-
  party software.  Remember that if you choose to install a newer
  Python version from python.org, you will have two different but
  functional Python installations on your computer, so it will be
  important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you
  want to do.

IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python
documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start
reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

如果你熟悉其他 Unix 平臺上的 Python，那麼你應該閱讀有關從 Unix shell
執行 Python 腳本的部分。


5.1.1. 如何執行 Python 腳本
---------------------------

Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE
integrated development environment; see section 整合化開發工具 (IDE)
and use the Help menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command
line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your
script. macOS comes with a number of standard Unix command line
editors, **vim** **nano** among them. If you want a more Mac-like
editor, **BBEdit** from Bare Bones Software (see
https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good
choices, as is **TextMate** (see https://macromates.com). Other
editors include **MacVim** (https://macvim.org) and **Aquamacs**
(https://aquamacs.org).

要從終端機視窗執行腳本，你必須確保 "/usr/local/bin" 位於 shell 搜尋路
徑中。

從 Finder 執行你的腳本時，你有兩個選項：

* Drag it to **Python Launcher**.

* Select **Python Launcher** as the default application to open your
  script (or any ".py" script) through the finder Info window and
  double-click it. **Python Launcher** has various preferences to
  control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to
  change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to
  change things globally.


5.1.2. 透過 GUI 執行腳本
------------------------

對於舊版本的 Python，你需要注意一個 macOS 的怪異之處：與 Aqua 視窗管理
器溝通的程式（換而言之，任何具有 GUI（圖形化使用者介面）的程式）需要以
特殊方式執行。使用 **pythonw** 而不是 **python** 來啟動這樣的腳本。

Python 3.9 上，你可以使用 **python** 或者 **pythonw**。


5.1.3. 設定
-----------

Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
"PYTHONPATH", but setting these variables for programs started from
the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your ".profile"
or ".cshrc" at startup. You need to create a file
"~/.MacOSX/environment.plist". See Apple's Technical Q&A QA1067 for
details.

For more information on installation Python packages, see section 安裝
額外的 Python 套件.


5.2. 整合化開發工具 (IDE)
=========================

Python ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.


5.3. 安裝額外的 Python 套件
===========================

This section has moved to the Python Packaging User Guide.


5.4. GUI Programming
====================

於 Mac 上使用 Python 來建立 GUI 應用程式有許多選項。

*PyObjC* 是一個 Apple Objective-C/Cocoa 框架的 Python 繫結 (binding)，
這是大多數現代 Mac 開發的基礎。有關 PyObjC 的資訊，請見
https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/。

標準的 Python GUI 工具套件是 "tkinter"，基於跨平臺的 Tk 工具套件
(https://www.tcl.tk)。Apple 的 OS X 包含了 Aqua 原生版本的 Tk，最新版
本可以從 https://www.activestate.com 下載和安裝；它也可以從原始碼開始
建置。

A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:

* PySide: Official Python bindings to the Qt GUI toolkit.

* PyQt: Alternative Python bindings to Qt.

* Kivy: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports desktop and mobile
  platforms.

* Toga: Part of the BeeWare Project; supports desktop, mobile, web and
  console apps.

* wxPython: A cross-platform toolkit that supports desktop operating
  systems.


5.5. Distributing Python Applications
=====================================

A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a
standalone distributable application:

* py2app: Supports creating macOS ".app" bundles from a Python
  project.

* Briefcase: Part of the BeeWare Project; a cross-platform packaging
  tool that supports creation of ".app" bundles on macOS, as well as
  managing signing and notarization.

* PyInstaller: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates a single
  file or folder as a distributable artifact.


5.6. 其他資源
=============

The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is an excellent support resource for
Python users and developers on the Mac:

https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

另一個好用資源是 MacPython wiki：

https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython
