Python 說明文件內容
*******************

* Python 有什麼新功能？

  * Python 3.11 有什麼新功能

    * 發布重點摘要

    * 新增特性

      * PEP 657：回溯 (traceback) 中更細緻的錯誤位置

      * PEP 654：例外群組與 "except*"

      * PEP 678：運用例外註解使其更加詳盡

      * Windows "py.exe" 啟動程式 (launcher) 的改進

    * 型別提示相關的新特性

      * PEP 646：可變參數泛型 (variadic generics)

      * PEP 655：標記獨立 "TypedDict" 項目為必要或不必要

      * PEP 673："Self" 型別

      * PEP 675：任意的文本字串型別 (Arbitrary literal string type)

      * PEP 681：資料類別轉換 (Data class transforms)

      * PEP 563 可能不是未來

    * 其他語言更動

    * 其他 CPython 實作更動

    * 新增模組

    * 模組改進

      * asyncio

      * contextlib

      * dataclasses

      * datetime

      * enum

      * fcntl

      * fractions

      * functools

      * hashlib

      * IDLE 與 idlelib

      * inspect

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * re

      * shutil

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * string

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tempfile

      * threading

      * time

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * warnings

      * zipfile

    * 最佳化

    * 更快的 CPython

      * 更快的啟動

        * 凍結引入 (Frozen imports) / 靜態程式碼物件 (Static code
          objects)

      * 更快的運行程式

        * 所需資源更少 (cheaper) 且惰性的 (lazy)) Python 幀 (frame)

        * 行內 Python 函式呼叫

        * PEP 659：特化的適應性直譯器

      * 雜項

      * FAQ

        * 我該如何在程式碼中獲取這些加速？

        * Python 3.11 會不會使用更多記憶體？

        * 我在我的程式當中沒感覺到任何加速，為什麼？

        * 有用到 JIT 編譯器嗎？

      * 關於

    * CPython 位元組碼 (bytecode) 變更

      * 新增 opcode

      * 被取代的操作碼 (opcode)

      * 有更動/被移除的 opcode

    * 已棄用

      * 語言/內建

      * 模組

      * 標準函式庫

    * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

    * 已移除

    * 移植至 Python 3.11

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * 新增特性

      * 移植至 Python 3.11

      * 已棄用

      * Python 3.12 中待決議的移除項目

      * 已移除

    * 3.11.4 中值得注意的變更

      * tarfile

    * Notable Changes in 3.11.5

      * OpenSSL

  * Python 3.10 有什麼新功能

    * 摘要 -- 發布重點

    * 新功能

      * 帶括號的情境管理器

      * 更好的錯誤訊息

        * SyntaxErrors

        * IndentationErrors

        * AttributeErrors

        * NameErrors

      * PEP 626：用於除錯和其他工具的精確列號

      * PEP 634：結構模式匹配

        * 語法和操作

        * 宣告式方法 (Declarative approach)

        * 簡單模式：與字面值匹配

          * 沒有萬用字元 (wildcard) 的行為

        * 具有字面值和變數的模式

        * 模式和類別

          * 具有位置參數的模式

        * 巢狀模式

        * 複雜模式和萬用字元

        * Guard

        * 其他主要功能

      * 可選的 "EncodingWarning" 和 "encoding="locale"" 選項

    * 與型別提示相關的新功能

      * PEP 604：新型聯集運算子

      * PEP 612：參數規範變數

      * PEP 613：型別別名 (TypeAlias)

      * PEP 647：使用者定義的型別防護

    * 其他語言變化

    * 新模組

    * 改進的模組

      * asyncio

      * argparse

      * array

      * asynchat, asyncore, smtpd

      * base64

      * bdb

      * bisect

      * codecs

      * collections.abc

      * contextlib

      * curses

      * dataclasses

        * __slots__

        * 僅限關鍵字欄位 (Keyword-only fields)

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * encodings

      * enum

      * fileinput

      * faulthandler

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * IDLE 和 idlelib

      * importlib.metadata

      * inspect

      * itertools

      * linecache

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * platform

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * pyclbr

      * shelve

      * statistics

      * site

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sqlite3

      * sys

      * _thread

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * typing

      * unittest

      * urllib.parse

      * xml

      * zipimport

    * 最佳化

    * 已棄用

    * 已刪除

    * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * Python 語法的變化

      * Python API 的變化

      * C API 中的改動

    * CPython 位元組碼更改

    * 建置變更

    * C API 變更

      * PEP 652：維護穩定 ABI

      * 新功能

      * 移植到 Python 3.10

      * 已棄用

      * 已刪除

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.7

    * Notable security feature in 3.10.8

    * Notable changes in 3.10.12

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.9 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code

    * New Features

      * Dictionary Merge & Update Operators

      * New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes

      * Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections

      * New Parser

    * Other Language Changes

    * 新模組

      * zoneinfo

      * graphlib

    * Improved Modules

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * curses

      * datetime

      * distutils

      * fcntl

      * ftplib

      * gc

      * hashlib

      * http

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * imaplib

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pydoc

      * random

      * signal

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * time

      * sys

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * venv

      * xml

    * Optimizations

    * Deprecated

    * Removed

    * Porting to Python 3.9

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython bytecode changes

    * Build Changes

    * C API Changes

      * New Features

      * Porting to Python 3.9

      * Removed

    * Notable changes in Python 3.9.1

      * typing

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Notable changes in Python 3.9.2

      * collections.abc

      * urllib.parse

    * Notable changes in Python 3.9.3

    * Notable changes in Python 3.9.5

      * urllib.parse

    * Notable security feature in 3.9.14

    * Notable changes in 3.9.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.8 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * Assignment expressions

      * Positional-only parameters

      * Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files

      * Debug build uses the same ABI as release build

      * f-strings support "=" for self-documenting expressions and
        debugging

      * PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks

      * PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration

      * PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython

      * Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers

    * Other Language Changes

    * New Modules

    * Improved Modules

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * builtins（內建）

      * collections

      * cProfile

      * csv

      * curses

      * ctypes

      * datetime

      * functools

      * gc

      * gettext

      * gzip

      * IDLE and idlelib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * json.tool

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * os.path

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * pprint

      * py_compile

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * socket

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * tokenize

      * tkinter

      * time

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * venv

      * weakref

      * xml

      * xmlrpc

    * Optimizations

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Deprecated

    * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.8

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython bytecode changes

      * Demos and Tools

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.1

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.2

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.3

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.8

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.9

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.10

      * macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.10

      * urllib.parse

    * Notable changes in Python 3.8.12

      * Changes in the Python API

    * Notable security feature in 3.8.14

    * Notable changes in 3.8.17

      * tarfile

  * Python 3.7 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release Highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations

      * PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion

      * PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode

      * PEP 553: Built-in "breakpoint()"

      * PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage

      * PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes

      * PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution

      * PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in "__main__"

      * PEP 560: Core Support for "typing" module and Generic Types

      * PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files

      * PEP 545：Python 文件翻譯

      * Python Development Mode (-X dev)

    * Other Language Changes

    * 新模組

      * contextvars

      * dataclasses

      * importlib.resources

    * Improved Modules

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * calendar

      * collections

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * cProfile

      * crypt

      * datetime

      * dbm

      * decimal

      * dis

      * distutils

      * enum

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http.client

      * http.server

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * itertools

      * locale

      * logging

      * math

      * mimetypes

      * msilib

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * py_compile

      * pydoc

      * queue

      * re

      * signal

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * string

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * time

      * tkinter

      * tracemalloc

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.parse

      * uu

      * uuid

      * warnings

      * xml

      * xml.etree

      * xmlrpc.server

      * zipapp

      * zipfile

    * C API Changes

    * Build Changes

    * Optimizations

    * Other CPython Implementation Changes

    * Deprecated Python Behavior

    * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

      * aifc

      * asyncio

      * collections

      * dbm

      * enum

      * gettext

      * importlib

      * locale

      * macpath

      * threading

      * socket

      * ssl

      * sunau

      * sys

      * wave

    * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

    * Platform Support Removals

    * API and Feature Removals

    * Module Removals

    * Windows-only Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.7

      * Changes in Python Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython bytecode changes

      * Windows-only Changes

      * Other CPython implementation changes

    * Notable changes in Python 3.7.1

    * Notable changes in Python 3.7.2

    * Notable changes in Python 3.7.6

    * Notable changes in Python 3.7.10

    * Notable changes in Python 3.7.11

    * Notable security feature in 3.7.14

  * Python 3.6 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 498: Formatted string literals

      * PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations

      * PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals

      * PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators

      * PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions

      * PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation

      * PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements

      * PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol

      * PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation

      * PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8

      * PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order

      * PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order

      * New *dict* implementation

      * PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython

      * PYTHONMALLOC environment variable

      * DTrace and SystemTap probing support

    * Other Language Changes

    * 新模組

      * secrets

    * Improved Modules

      * array

      * ast

      * asyncio

      * binascii

      * cmath

      * collections

      * concurrent.futures

      * contextlib

      * datetime

      * decimal

      * distutils

      * email

      * encodings

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * fileinput

      * hashlib

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * json

      * logging

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pickletools

      * pydoc

      * random

      * re

      * readline

      * rlcompleter

      * shlex

      * site

      * sqlite3

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * ssl

      * statistics

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * telnetlib

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * tracemalloc

      * typing

      * unicodedata

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib.request

      * urllib.robotparser

      * venv

      * warnings

      * winreg

      * winsound

      * xmlrpc.client

      * zipfile

      * zlib

    * Optimizations

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Other Improvements

    * Deprecated

      * 新關鍵字

      * Deprecated Python behavior

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

        * asynchat

        * asyncore

        * dbm

        * distutils

        * grp

        * importlib

        * os

        * re

        * ssl

        * tkinter

        * venv

      * xml

      * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

      * Deprecated Build Options

    * Removed

      * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.6

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

      * CPython bytecode changes

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.2

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.4

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.5

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.7

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.10

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.13

    * Notable changes in Python 3.6.14

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax

      * PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

      * PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations

      * PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray

      * PEP 484 - Type Hints

      * PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster
        directory iterator

      * PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR

      * PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators

      * PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality

      * PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual
        environments

      * PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files

      * PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization

    * Other Language Changes

    * New Modules

      * typing

      * zipapp

    * Improved Modules

      * argparse

      * asyncio

      * bz2

      * cgi

      * cmath

      * code

      * collections

      * collections.abc

      * compileall

      * concurrent.futures

      * configparser

      * contextlib

      * csv

      * curses

      * dbm

      * difflib

      * distutils

      * doctest

      * email

      * enum

      * faulthandler

      * functools

      * glob

      * gzip

      * heapq

      * http

      * http.client

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * imaplib

      * imghdr

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * io

      * ipaddress

      * json

      * linecache

      * locale

      * logging

      * lzma

      * math

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pathlib

      * pickle

      * poplib

      * re

      * readline

      * selectors

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * sndhdr

      * socket

      * ssl

        * Memory BIO Support

        * Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support

        * Other Changes

      * sqlite3

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * sysconfig

      * tarfile

      * threading

      * time

      * timeit

      * tkinter

      * traceback

      * types

      * unicodedata

      * unittest

      * unittest.mock

      * urllib

      * wsgiref

      * xmlrpc

      * xml.sax

      * zipfile

    * Other module-level changes

    * Optimizations

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Deprecated

      * New Keywords

      * Deprecated Python Behavior

      * Unsupported Operating Systems

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

    * Removed

      * API and Feature Removals

    * Porting to Python 3.5

      * Changes in Python behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

    * Notable changes in Python 3.5.4

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

  * Python 3.4 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release Highlights

    * New Features

      * PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable

      * Improvements to Codec Handling

      * PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System

      * Other Language Changes

    * 新模組

      * asyncio

      * ensurepip

      * enum

      * pathlib

      * selectors

      * statistics

      * tracemalloc

    * Improved Modules

      * abc

      * aifc

      * argparse

      * audioop

      * base64

      * collections

      * colorsys

      * contextlib

      * dbm

      * dis

      * doctest

      * email

      * filecmp

      * functools

      * gc

      * glob

      * hashlib

      * hmac

      * html

      * http

      * idlelib and IDLE

      * importlib

      * inspect

      * ipaddress

      * logging

      * marshal

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * operator

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * plistlib

      * poplib

      * pprint

      * pty

      * pydoc

      * re

      * resource

      * select

      * shelve

      * shutil

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sunau

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * traceback

      * types

      * urllib

      * unittest

      * venv

      * wave

      * weakref

      * xml.etree

      * zipfile

    * CPython Implementation Changes

      * PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators

      * PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization

      * PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm

      * PEP 436: Argument Clinic

      * Other Build and C API Changes

      * Other Improvements

      * Significant Optimizations

    * Deprecated

      * Deprecations in the Python API

      * Deprecated Features

    * Removed

      * Operating Systems No Longer Supported

      * API and Feature Removals

      * Code Cleanups

    * Porting to Python 3.4

      * Changes in 'python' Command Behavior

      * Changes in the Python API

      * C API 中的改動

    * Changed in 3.4.3

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

  * Python 3.3 有什麼新功能

    * Summary -- Release highlights

    * PEP 405: Virtual Environments

    * PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages

    * PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol
      documentation

      * Features

      * API changes

    * PEP 393: Flexible String Representation

      * Functionality

      * Performance and resource usage

    * PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows

    * PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy

    * PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator

    * PEP 409: Suppressing exception context

    * PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals

    * PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions

    * PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary

    * PEP 362: Function Signature Object

    * PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation

      * SimpleNamespace

    * Using importlib as the Implementation of Import

      * New APIs

      * Visible Changes

    * Other Language Changes

    * A Finer-Grained Import Lock

    * Builtin functions and types

    * 新模組

      * faulthandler

      * ipaddress

      * lzma

    * Improved Modules

      * abc

      * array

      * base64

      * binascii

      * bz2

      * codecs

      * collections

      * contextlib

      * crypt

      * curses

      * datetime

      * decimal

        * Features

        * API changes

      * email

        * Policy Framework

        * Provisional Policy with New Header API

        * Other API Changes

      * ftplib

      * functools

      * gc

      * hmac

      * http

      * html

      * imaplib

      * inspect

      * io

      * itertools

      * logging

      * math

      * mmap

      * multiprocessing

      * nntplib

      * os

      * pdb

      * pickle

      * pydoc

      * re

      * sched

      * select

      * shlex

      * shutil

      * signal

      * smtpd

      * smtplib

      * socket

      * socketserver

      * sqlite3

      * ssl

      * stat

      * struct

      * subprocess

      * sys

      * tarfile

      * tempfile

      * textwrap

      * threading

      * time

      * types

      * unittest

      * urllib

      * webbrowser

      * xml.etree.ElementTree

      * zlib

    * Optimizations

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Deprecated

      * Unsupported Operating Systems

      * Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

      * Deprecated functions and types of the C API

      * Deprecated features

    * Porting to Python 3.3

      * Porting Python code

      * Porting C code

      * Building C extensions

      * Command Line Switch Changes

  * Python 3.2 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI

    * PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module

    * PEP 391:  Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging

    * PEP 3148:  The "concurrent.futures" module

    * PEP 3147:  PYC Repository Directories

    * PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files

    * PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1

    * Other Language Changes

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * email

      * elementtree

      * functools

      * itertools

      * collections

      * threading

      * datetime 和 time

      * math

      * abc

      * io

      * reprlib

      * logging

      * csv

      * contextlib

      * decimal and fractions

      * ftp

      * popen

      * select

      * gzip 和 zipfile

      * tarfile

      * hashlib

      * ast

      * os

      * shutil

      * sqlite3

      * html

      * socket

      * ssl

      * nntp

      * certificates

      * imaplib

      * http.client

      * unittest

      * random

      * poplib

      * asyncore

      * tempfile

      * inspect

      * pydoc

      * dis

      * dbm

      * ctypes

      * site

      * sysconfig

      * pdb

      * configparser

      * urllib.parse

      * mailbox

      * turtledemo

    * Multi-threading

    * Optimizations

    * Unicode

    * Codecs

    * 文件

    * IDLE

    * Code Repository

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.2

  * Python 3.1 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * Other Language Changes

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

    * Optimizations

    * IDLE

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Porting to Python 3.1

  * Python 3.0 有什麼新功能

    * Common Stumbling Blocks

      * Print Is A Function

      * Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists

      * Ordering Comparisons

      * Integers

      * Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

    * Overview Of Syntax Changes

      * New Syntax

      * Changed Syntax

      * Removed Syntax

    * Changes Already Present In Python 2.6

    * Library Changes

    * **PEP 3101**: A New Approach To String Formatting

    * Changes To Exceptions

    * Miscellaneous Other Changes

      * Operators And Special Methods

      * Builtins

    * Build and C API Changes

    * Performance

    * Porting To Python 3.0

  * Python 2.7 有什麼新功能

    * The Future for Python 2.x

    * Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings

    * Python 3.1 Features

    * PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines

    * PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging

    * PEP 3106: Dictionary Views

    * PEP 3137: The memoryview Object

    * Other Language Changes

      * Interpreter Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New and Improved Modules

      * New module: importlib

      * New module: sysconfig

      * ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk

      * Updated module: unittest

      * Updated module: ElementTree 1.3

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Capsules

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.7

    * New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases

      * Two new environment variables for debug mode

      * PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches

      * PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7

      * PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

      * PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7

      * New "make regen-all" build target

      * Removal of "make touch" build target

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.6 有什麼新功能

    * Python 3.0

    * Changes to the Development Process

      * New Issue Tracker: Roundup

      * New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * The contextlib module

    * PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module

    * PEP 370: Per-user "site-packages" Directory

    * PEP 371: The "multiprocessing" Package

    * PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting

    * PEP 3105: "print" As a Function

    * PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes

    * PEP 3112: Byte Literals

    * PEP 3116: New I/O Library

    * PEP 3118：修訂緩衝協定

    * PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes

    * PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax

    * PEP 3129: Class Decorators

    * PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers

      * The "fractions" Module

    * Other Language Changes

      * Optimizations

      * Interpreter Changes

    * New and Improved Modules

      * The "ast" module

      * The "future_builtins" module

      * The "json" module: JavaScript Object Notation

      * The "plistlib" module: A Property-List Parser

      * ctypes Enhancements

      * Improved SSL Support

    * Deprecations and Removals

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: IRIX

    * Porting to Python 2.6

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.5 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 308: Conditional Expressions

    * PEP 309: Partial Function Application

    * PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1

    * PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports

    * PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts

    * PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally

    * PEP 342: New Generator Features

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * The contextlib module

    * PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

    * PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type

    * PEP 357: The '__index__' method

    * Other Language Changes

      * Interactive Interpreter Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Removed Modules

      * ctypes 套件

      * ElementTree 套件

      * hashlib 套件

      * sqlite3 套件

      * wsgiref 套件

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.5

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.4 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 289: Generator Expressions

    * PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions

    * PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods

    * PEP 322: Reverse Iteration

    * PEP 324: New subprocess Module

    * PEP 327: Decimal Data Type

      * Why is Decimal needed?

      * "Decimal" 型別

      * "Context" 型別

    * PEP 328: Multi-line Imports

    * PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions

    * Other Language Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * cookielib

      * doctest

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.4

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.3 有什麼新功能

    * PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 263: Source Code Encodings

    * PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives

    * PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT

    * PEP 278: Universal Newline Support

    * PEP 279: enumerate()

    * PEP 282: The logging Package

    * PEP 285: A Boolean Type

    * PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks

    * PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils

    * PEP 302: New Import Hooks

    * PEP 305: Comma-separated Files

    * PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements

    * Extended Slices

    * Other Language Changes

      * String Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * Date/Time Type

      * The optparse Module

    * Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.3

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.2 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes

      * Old and New Classes

      * Descriptors

      * Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule

      * Attribute Access

      * Related Links

    * PEP 234: Iterators

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator

    * Unicode Changes

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Interpreter Changes and Fixes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.1 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * PEP 236: __future__ Directives

    * PEP 207: Rich Comparisons

    * PEP 230: Warning Framework

    * PEP 229: New Build System

    * PEP 205: Weak References

    * PEP 232: Function Attributes

    * PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms

    * PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook

    * PEP 208: New Coercion Model

    * PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * 致謝

  * Python 2.0 有什麼新功能

    * 簡介

    * What About Python 1.6?

    * New Development Process

    * Unicode

    * 串列綜合運算（List Comprehension）

    * Augmented Assignment

    * String Methods

    * Garbage Collection of Cycles

    * Other Core Changes

      * Minor Language Changes

      * Changes to Built-in Functions

    * Porting to 2.0

    * Extending/Embedding Changes

    * Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install

    * XML Modules

      * SAX2 Support

      * DOM Support

      * Relationship to PyXML

    * 模組變更

    * New modules

    * IDLE Improvements

    * Deleted and Deprecated Modules

    * 致謝

  * Changelog（更動日誌）

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    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Documentation

      * Tests

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Build

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

    * Python 3.5.0 beta 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Tests

      * Documentation

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 4

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * C API

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 3

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 2

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * Build

      * C API

      * Windows

    * Python 3.5.0 alpha 1

      * Core and Builtins

      * Library

      * IDLE

      * Build

      * C API

      * Documentation

      * Tests

      * Tools/Demos

      * Windows

* Python 教學

  * 1. 淺嘗滋味

  * 2. 使用 Python 直譯器

    * 2.1. 啟動直譯器

      * 2.1.1. 傳遞引數

      * 2.1.2. 互動模式

    * 2.2. 直譯器與它的環境

      * 2.2.1. 原始碼的字元編碼 (encoding)

  * 3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介

    * 3.1. 把 Python 當作計算機使用

      * 3.1.1. 數字 (Number)

      * 3.1.2. Text

      * 3.1.3. List（串列）

    * 3.2. 初探程式設計的前幾步

  * 4. 深入了解流程控制

    * 4.1. "if" 陳述式

    * 4.2. "for" 陳述式

    * 4.3. "range()" 函式

    * 4.4. 迴圈內的 "break" 和 "continue" 陳述式及 "else" 子句

    * 4.5. "pass" 陳述式

    * 4.6. "match" 陳述式

    * 4.7. 定義函式 (function)

    * 4.8. 深入了解函式定義

      * 4.8.1. 預設引數值

      * 4.8.2. 關鍵字引數

      * 4.8.3. 特殊參數

        * 4.8.3.1. 位置或關鍵字引數 (Positional-or-Keyword Arguments)

        * 4.8.3.2. 僅限位置參數 (Positional-Only Parameters)

        * 4.8.3.3. 僅限關鍵字引數 (Keyword-Only Arguments)

        * 4.8.3.4. 函式範例

        * 4.8.3.5. 回顧

      * 4.8.4. 任意引數列表 (Arbitrary Argument Lists)

      * 4.8.5. 拆解引數列表（Unpacking Argument Lists）

      * 4.8.6. Lambda 運算式

      * 4.8.7. 說明文件字串 (Documentation Strings)

      * 4.8.8. 函式註釋 (Function Annotations)

    * 4.9. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)

  * 5. 資料結構

    * 5.1. 進一步了解 List（串列）

      * 5.1.1. 將 List 作為 Stack（堆疊）使用

      * 5.1.2. 將 List 作為 Queue（佇列）使用

      * 5.1.3. List Comprehensions（串列綜合運算）

      * 5.1.4. 巢狀的 List Comprehensions

    * 5.2. "del" 陳述式

    * 5.3. Tuples 和序列 (Sequences)

    * 5.4. 集合 (Sets)

    * 5.5. 字典（Dictionary）

    * 5.6. 迴圈技巧

    * 5.7. 深入了解條件 (Condition)

    * 5.8. 序列和其他資料類型之比較

  * 6. 模組 (Module)

    * 6.1. 深入了解模組

      * 6.1.1. 把模組當作腳本執行

      * 6.1.2. 模組的搜尋路徑

      * 6.1.3. 「編譯」Python 檔案

    * 6.2. 標準模組

    * 6.3. "dir()" 函式

    * 6.4. 套件 (Package)

      * 6.4.1. 從套件中 import *

      * 6.4.2. 套件內引用

      * 6.4.3. 多目錄中的套件

  * 7. 輸入和輸出

    * 7.1. 更華麗的輸出格式

      * 7.1.1. 格式化的字串文本 (Formatted String Literals)

      * 7.1.2. 字串的 format() method

      * 7.1.3. 手動格式化字串

      * 7.1.4. 格式化字串的舊方法

    * 7.2. 讀寫檔案

      * 7.2.1. 檔案物件的 method

      * 7.2.2. 使用 "json" 儲存結構化資料

  * 8. 錯誤和例外

    * 8.1. 語法錯誤 (Syntax Error)

    * 8.2. 例外 (Exception)

    * 8.3. 處理例外

    * 8.4. 引發例外

    * 8.5. 例外鏈接 (Exception Chaining)

    * 8.6. 使用者自定的例外

    * 8.7. 定義清理動作

    * 8.8. 預定義的清理動作

    * 8.9. 引發及處理多個無關的例外

    * 8.10. 用註解使例外更詳細

  * 9. Class（類別）

    * 9.1. 關於名稱與物件的一段話

    * 9.2. Python 作用域 (Scope) 及命名空間 (Namespace)

      * 9.2.1. 作用域和命名空間的範例

    * 9.3. 初見 class

      * 9.3.1. Class definition（類別定義）語法

      * 9.3.2. Class 物件

      * 9.3.3. 實例物件

      * 9.3.4. Method 物件

      * 9.3.5. Class 及實例變數

    * 9.4. 隨意的備註

    * 9.5. 繼承 (Inheritance)

      * 9.5.1. 多重繼承

    * 9.6. 私有變數

    * 9.7. 補充說明

    * 9.8. 疊代器 (Iterator)

    * 9.9. 產生器 (Generator)

    * 9.10. 產生器運算式

  * 10. Python 標準函式庫概覽

    * 10.1. 作業系統介面

    * 10.2. 檔案之萬用字元 (File Wildcards)

    * 10.3. 命令列引數

    * 10.4. 錯誤輸出重新導向與程式終止

    * 10.5. 字串樣式比對

    * 10.6. 數學相關

    * 10.7. 網路存取

    * 10.8. 日期與時間

    * 10.9. 資料壓縮

    * 10.10. 效能量測

    * 10.11. 品質控管

    * 10.12. 標準模組庫

  * 11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份

    * 11.1. 輸出格式化 (Output Formatting)

    * 11.2. 模板化 (Templating)

    * 11.3. 二進制資料記錄編排 (Binary Data Record Layouts)

    * 11.4. 多執行緒 (Multi-threading)

    * 11.5. 日誌記錄 (Logging)

    * 11.6. 弱引用 (Weak References)

    * 11.7. 使用於 List 的工具

    * 11.8. 十進制 (Decimal) 浮點數運算

  * 12. 虛擬環境與套件

    * 12.1. 簡介

    * 12.2. 建立虛擬環境

    * 12.3. 用 pip 管理套件

  * 13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？

  * 14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換

    * 14.1. Tab 鍵自動完成 (Tab Completion) 和歷史記錄編輯 (History
      Editing)

    * 14.2. 互動式直譯器的替代方案

  * 15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制

    * 15.1. 表示法誤差 (Representation Error)

  * 16. 附錄

    * 16.1. 互動模式

      * 16.1.1. 錯誤處理

      * 16.1.2. 可執行的 Python 腳本

      * 16.1.3. 互動式啟動檔案

      * 16.1.4. 客製化模組

* Python 的設置與使用

  * 1. 命令列與環境

    * 1.1. 命令列

      * 1.1.1. 介面選項

      * 1.1.2. Generic options

      * 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options

      * 1.1.4. 你不該使用的選項

    * 1.2. 環境變數

      * 1.2.1. 除錯模式變數

  * 2. 在 Unix 平臺上使用 Python

    * 2.1. 獲得並安裝 Python 的最新版本

      * 2.1.1. 在 Linux 上

      * 2.1.2. 在 FreeBSD 和 OpenBSD 上

      * 2.1.3. 在 OpenSolaris 系統上

    * 2.2. 建置 Python

    * 2.3. 與 Python 相關的路徑和檔案

    * 2.4. 雜項

    * 2.5. 客製化 OpenSSL

  * 3. Configure Python

    * 3.1. Configure Options

      * 3.1.1. General Options

      * 3.1.2. WebAssembly Options

      * 3.1.3. Install Options

      * 3.1.4. Performance options

      * 3.1.5. Python Debug Build

      * 3.1.6. Debug options

      * 3.1.7. Linker options

      * 3.1.8. Libraries options

      * 3.1.9. Security Options

      * 3.1.10. macOS Options

      * 3.1.11. Cross Compiling Options

    * 3.2. Python Build System

      * 3.2.1. Main files of the build system

      * 3.2.2. Main build steps

      * 3.2.3. Main Makefile targets

      * 3.2.4. C extensions

    * 3.3. Compiler and linker flags

      * 3.3.1. Preprocessor flags

      * 3.3.2. Compiler flags

      * 3.3.3. Linker flags

  * 4. 在 Windows 上使用 Python

    * 4.1. The full installer

      * 4.1.1. 安裝步驟

      * 4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation

      * 4.1.3. 安裝排除使用者介面

      * 4.1.4. 當安裝時不下載

      * 4.1.5. Modifying an install

    * 4.2. The Microsoft Store package

      * 4.2.1. Known issues

        * 4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary
          paths

    * 4.3. nuget.org 套件

    * 4.4. The embeddable package

      * 4.4.1. Python Application

      * 4.4.2. 嵌入 Python

    * 4.5. Alternative bundles

    * 4.6. 設定 Python

      * 4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables

      * 4.6.2. Finding the Python executable

    * 4.7. UTF-8 模式

    * 4.8. Python Launcher for Windows

      * 4.8.1. 開始

        * 4.8.1.1. From the command-line

        * 4.8.1.2. 虛擬環境（Virtual environment）

        * 4.8.1.3. From a script

        * 4.8.1.4. 從檔案關聯

      * 4.8.2. Shebang Lines

      * 4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines

      * 4.8.4. Customization

        * 4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files

        * 4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions

      * 4.8.5. Diagnostics

      * 4.8.6. Dry Run

      * 4.8.7. 安裝隨選

      * 4.8.8. Return codes

    * 4.9. Finding modules

    * 4.10. Additional modules

      * 4.10.1. PyWin32

      * 4.10.2. cx_Freeze

    * 4.11. 編譯 Python 在 Windows

    * 4.12. 其他平台

  * 5. 在 Mac 系統使用 Python

    * 5.1. Getting and Installing Python

      * 5.1.1. 如何執行 Python 腳本

      * 5.1.2. 透過 GUI 執行腳本

      * 5.1.3. 設定

    * 5.2. 整合化開發工具 (IDE)

    * 5.3. 安裝額外的 Python 套件

    * 5.4. GUI Programming

    * 5.5. Distributing Python Applications

    * 5.6. 其他資源

  * 6. 編輯器與 IDE

* Python 語言參考手冊

  * 1. 簡介

    * 1.1. Alternate Implementations

    * 1.2. Notation

  * 2. Lexical analysis

    * 2.1. Line structure

      * 2.1.1. Logical lines

      * 2.1.2. Physical lines

      * 2.1.3. Comments

      * 2.1.4. Encoding declarations

      * 2.1.5. Explicit line joining

      * 2.1.6. Implicit line joining

      * 2.1.7. Blank lines

      * 2.1.8. Indentation

      * 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens

    * 2.2. Other tokens

    * 2.3. Identifiers and keywords

      * 2.3.1. Keywords

      * 2.3.2. Soft Keywords

      * 2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers

    * 2.4. Literals

      * 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals

        * 2.4.1.1. Escape sequences

      * 2.4.2. String literal concatenation

      * 2.4.3. f-strings

      * 2.4.4. Numeric literals

      * 2.4.5. Integer literals

      * 2.4.6. Floating point literals

      * 2.4.7. Imaginary literals

    * 2.5. Operators

    * 2.6. Delimiters

  * 3. Data model

    * 3.1. Objects, values and types

    * 3.2. 標準型別階層

      * 3.2.1. None

      * 3.2.2. NotImplemented

      * 3.2.3. Ellipsis

      * 3.2.4. "numbers.Number"

        * 3.2.4.1. "numbers.Integral"

        * 3.2.4.2. "numbers.Real" ("float")

        * 3.2.4.3. "numbers.Complex" ("complex")

      * 3.2.5. Sequences

        * 3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences

        * 3.2.5.2. Mutable sequences

      * 3.2.6. Set types

      * 3.2.7. Mappings

        * 3.2.7.1. 字典

      * 3.2.8. Callable types

        * 3.2.8.1. User-defined functions

          * 3.2.8.1.1. Special read-only attributes

          * 3.2.8.1.2. Special writable attributes

        * 3.2.8.2. Instance methods

        * 3.2.8.3. Generator functions

        * 3.2.8.4. Coroutine functions

        * 3.2.8.5. Asynchronous generator functions

        * 3.2.8.6. Built-in functions

        * 3.2.8.7. Built-in methods

        * 3.2.8.8. Classes

        * 3.2.8.9. Class Instances

      * 3.2.9. 模組

      * 3.2.10. Custom classes

      * 3.2.11. Class instances

      * 3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)

      * 3.2.13. Internal types

        * 3.2.13.1. Code objects

          * 3.2.13.1.1. Special read-only attributes

          * 3.2.13.1.2. Methods on code objects

        * 3.2.13.2. Frame objects

          * 3.2.13.2.1. Special read-only attributes

          * 3.2.13.2.2. Special writable attributes

          * 3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods

        * 3.2.13.3. Traceback objects

        * 3.2.13.4. Slice objects

        * 3.2.13.5. Static method objects

        * 3.2.13.6. Class method objects

    * 3.3. Special method names

      * 3.3.1. Basic customization

      * 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access

        * 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access

        * 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors

        * 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors

        * 3.3.2.4. __slots__

      * 3.3.3. Customizing class creation

        * 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses

        * 3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries

        * 3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass

        * 3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace

        * 3.3.3.5. Executing the class body

        * 3.3.3.6. Creating the class object

        * 3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses

      * 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks

      * 3.3.5. Emulating generic types

        * 3.3.5.1. The purpose of *__class_getitem__*

        * 3.3.5.2. *__class_getitem__* versus *__getitem__*

      * 3.3.6. Emulating callable objects

      * 3.3.7. Emulating container types

      * 3.3.8. Emulating numeric types

      * 3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers

      * 3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern
        matching

      * 3.3.11. Special method lookup

    * 3.4. 協程

      * 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects

      * 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects

      * 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators

      * 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers

  * 4. Execution model

    * 4.1. Structure of a program

    * 4.2. Naming and binding

      * 4.2.1. Binding of names

      * 4.2.2. Resolution of names

      * 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution

      * 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features

    * 4.3. 例外

  * 5. The import system

    * 5.1. "importlib"

    * 5.2. Packages

      * 5.2.1. Regular packages

      * 5.2.2. Namespace packages

    * 5.3. Searching

      * 5.3.1. The module cache

      * 5.3.2. Finders and loaders

      * 5.3.3. Import hooks

      * 5.3.4. The meta path

    * 5.4. Loading

      * 5.4.1. Loaders

      * 5.4.2. Submodules

      * 5.4.3. Module spec

      * 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes

      * 5.4.5. module.__path__

      * 5.4.6. Module reprs

      * 5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidation

    * 5.5. The Path Based Finder

      * 5.5.1. Path entry finders

      * 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol

    * 5.6. Replacing the standard import system

    * 5.7. Package Relative Imports

    * 5.8. Special considerations for __main__

      * 5.8.1. __main__.__spec__

    * 5.9. References

  * 6. Expressions

    * 6.1. Arithmetic conversions

    * 6.2. Atoms

      * 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)

      * 6.2.2. Literals

      * 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms

      * 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries

      * 6.2.5. List displays

      * 6.2.6. Set displays

      * 6.2.7. Dictionary displays

      * 6.2.8. Generator expressions

      * 6.2.9. Yield expressions

        * 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods

        * 6.2.9.2. 模組

        * 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions

        * 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods

    * 6.3. Primaries

      * 6.3.1. Attribute references

      * 6.3.2. Subscriptions

      * 6.3.3. Slicings

      * 6.3.4. Calls

    * 6.4. Await expression

    * 6.5. The power operator

    * 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

    * 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations

    * 6.8. Shifting operations

    * 6.9. Binary bitwise operations

    * 6.10. Comparisons

      * 6.10.1. Value comparisons

      * 6.10.2. Membership test operations

      * 6.10.3. Identity comparisons

    * 6.11. Boolean operations

    * 6.12. Assignment expressions

    * 6.13. Conditional expressions

    * 6.14. Lambdas

    * 6.15. Expression lists

    * 6.16. Evaluation order

    * 6.17. Operator precedence

  * 7. Simple statements

    * 7.1. Expression statements

    * 7.2. Assignment statements

      * 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements

      * 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements

    * 7.3. The "assert" statement

    * 7.4. The "pass" statement

    * 7.5. The "del" statement

    * 7.6. The "return" statement

    * 7.7. The "yield" statement

    * 7.8. The "raise" statement

    * 7.9. The "break" statement

    * 7.10. The "continue" statement

    * 7.11. The "import" statement

      * 7.11.1. Future statements

    * 7.12. The "global" statement

    * 7.13. The "nonlocal" statement

  * 8. Compound statements

    * 8.1. The "if" statement

    * 8.2. The "while" statement

    * 8.3. The "for" statement

    * 8.4. The "try" statement

      * 8.4.1. "except" clause

      * 8.4.2. "except*" clause

      * 8.4.3. "else" clause

      * 8.4.4. "finally" clause

    * 8.5. The "with" statement

    * 8.6. The "match" statement

      * 8.6.1. Overview

      * 8.6.2. Guards

      * 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks

      * 8.6.4. Patterns

        * 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns

        * 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns

        * 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns

        * 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns

        * 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns

        * 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns

        * 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns

        * 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns

        * 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns

        * 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns

    * 8.7. 函式定義

    * 8.8. Class definitions

    * 8.9. 協程

      * 8.9.1. Coroutine function definition

      * 8.9.2. The "async for" statement

      * 8.9.3. The "async with" statement

  * 9. 最高層級元件

    * 9.1. 完整的 Python 程式

    * 9.2. 檔案輸入

    * 9.3. 互動式輸入

    * 9.4. 運算式輸入

  * 10. 完整的語法規格書

* Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)

  * 簡介

    * 可用性之註釋

      * WebAssembly 平台

  * 內建函式

  * 內建常數

    * 由 "site" module（模組）所添增的常數

  * 內建型別

    * 真值檢測

    * Boolean Operations --- "and", "or", "not"

    * Comparisons

    * Numeric Types --- "int", "float", "complex"

      * Bitwise Operations on Integer Types

      * Additional Methods on Integer Types

      * Additional Methods on Float

      * Hashing of numeric types

    * Iterator Types

      * Generator Types

    * Sequence Types --- "list", "tuple", "range"

      * Common Sequence Operations

      * Immutable Sequence Types

      * Mutable Sequence Types

      * List（串列）

      * Tuples

      * Ranges

    * Text Sequence Type --- "str"

      * String Methods

      * "printf"-style String Formatting

    * Binary Sequence Types --- "bytes", "bytearray", "memoryview"

      * Bytes Objects

      * Bytearray Objects

      * Bytes and Bytearray Operations

      * "printf"-style Bytes Formatting

      * Memory Views

    * Set Types --- "set", "frozenset"

    * Mapping Types --- "dict"

      * 字典視圖物件

    * Context Manager Types

    * Type Annotation Types --- *Generic Alias*, *Union*

      * Generic Alias Type

        * Standard Generic Classes

        * Special Attributes of "GenericAlias" objects

      * Union Type

    * Other Built-in Types

      * 模組

      * Classes and Class Instances

      * 函式

      * Methods

      * Code Objects

      * Type Objects

      * The Null Object

      * The Ellipsis Object

      * The NotImplemented Object

      * Boolean Values

      * Internal Objects

    * Special Attributes

    * Integer string conversion length limitation

      * Affected APIs

      * Configuring the limit

      * Recommended configuration

  * 內建的例外

    * Exception context

    * 繼承自內建的例外

    * Base classes

    * Concrete exceptions

      * OS exceptions

    * 警告

    * Exception groups

    * Exception hierarchy

  * 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務

    * "string" --- Common string operations

      * String constants

      * Custom String Formatting

      * Format String Syntax

        * Format Specification Mini-Language

        * Format examples

      * Template strings

      * Helper functions

    * "re" --- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作

      * Regular Expression Syntax

      * 模組內容

        * Flags

        * Functions

        * Exceptions

      * Regular Expression Objects

      * Match Objects

      * Regular Expression Examples

        * Checking for a Pair

        * Simulating scanf()

        * search() vs. match()

        * Making a Phonebook

        * Text Munging

        * Finding all Adverbs

        * Finding all Adverbs and their Positions

        * Raw String Notation

        * Writing a Tokenizer

    * "difflib" --- Helpers for computing deltas

      * SequenceMatcher 物件

      * SequenceMatcher 範例

      * Differ Objects

      * Differ Example

      * A command-line interface to difflib

    * "textwrap" --- Text wrapping and filling

    * "unicodedata" --- Unicode Database

    * "stringprep" --- Internet String Preparation

    * "readline" --- GNU readline interface

      * Init file

      * Line buffer

      * History file

      * History list

      * Startup hooks

      * Completion

      * 範例

    * "rlcompleter" --- Completion function for GNU readline

  * Binary Data Services

    * "struct" --- Interpret bytes as packed binary data

      * 函式與例外

      * Format Strings

        * Byte Order, Size, and Alignment

        * Format Characters

        * 範例

      * Applications

        * Native Formats

        * Standard Formats

      * Classes

    * "codecs" --- Codec registry and base classes

      * Codec Base Classes

        * Error Handlers

        * Stateless Encoding and Decoding

        * Incremental Encoding and Decoding

          * IncrementalEncoder 物件

          * IncrementalDecoder 物件

        * Stream Encoding and Decoding

          * StreamWriter 物件

          * StreamReader 物件

          * StreamReaderWriter 物件

          * StreamRecoder 物件

      * Encodings and Unicode

      * Standard Encodings

      * Python Specific Encodings

        * Text Encodings

        * Binary Transforms

        * Text Transforms

      * "encodings.idna" --- Internationalized Domain Names in
        Applications

      * "encodings.mbcs" --- Windows ANSI codepage

      * "encodings.utf_8_sig" --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

  * 資料型別

    * "datetime" --- 日期與時間的基本型別

      * Aware and Naive Objects

      * 常數

      * Available Types

        * Common Properties

        * Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive

      * "timedelta" 物件

        * 用法範例："timedelta"

      * "date" 物件

        * 用法範例："date"

      * "datetime" 物件

        * Examples of Usage: "datetime"

      * "time" 物件

        * 用法範例："time"

      * "tzinfo" 物件

      * "timezone" 物件

      * "strftime()" and "strptime()" Behavior

        * "strftime()" and "strptime()" Format Codes

        * Technical Detail

    * "zoneinfo" --- IANA 時區支援

      * Using "ZoneInfo"

      * Data sources

        * Configuring the data sources

          * Compile-time configuration

          * Environment configuration

          * Runtime configuration

      * The "ZoneInfo" class

        * String representations

        * Pickle serialization

      * 函式

      * Globals

      * Exceptions and warnings

    * "calendar" --- General calendar-related functions

      * Command-Line Usage

    * "collections" --- 容器資料型態

      * "ChainMap" 物件

        * "ChainMap" 範例和用法

      * "Counter" 物件

      * "deque" 物件

        * "deque" 用法

      * "defaultdict" 物件

        * "defaultdict" 範例

      * "namedtuple()" 擁有具名欄位之 tuple 的工廠函式

      * "OrderedDict" 物件

        * "OrderedDict" 範例與用法

      * "UserDict" 物件

      * "UserList" 物件

      * "UserString" 物件

    * "collections.abc" --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions

      * Examples and Recipes

    * "heapq" --- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法

      * 基礎範例

      * 優先佇列實作細節

      * 原理

    * "bisect" --- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)

      * 效能考量

      * 搜尋一個已排序的 list

      * 範例

    * "array" --- 高效率的數值型陣列

    * "weakref" --- Weak references

      * Weak Reference Objects

      * 範例

      * Finalizer Objects

      * Comparing finalizers with "__del__()" methods

    * "types" --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types

      * Dynamic Type Creation

      * Standard Interpreter Types

      * Additional Utility Classes and Functions

      * Coroutine Utility Functions

    * "copy" --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作

    * "pprint" --- Data pretty printer

      * Functions

      * PrettyPrinter 物件

      * 範例

    * "reprlib" --- Alternate "repr()" implementation

      * Repr 物件

      * Subclassing Repr Objects

    * "enum" --- Support for enumerations

      * 模組內容

      * Data Types

        * Supported "__dunder__" names

        * Supported "_sunder_" names

      * Utilities and Decorators

      * Notes

    * "graphlib" —-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能

      * 例外

  * 數值與數學模組

    * "numbers" --- 數值的抽象基底類別

      * 數值的階層

      * 給型別實作者的註記

        * 加入更多數值 ABC

        * 實作算術操作

    * "math" --- 數學函式

      * Number-theoretic and representation functions

      * Power and logarithmic functions

      * Trigonometric functions

      * Angular conversion

      * Hyperbolic functions

      * Special functions

      * 常數

    * "cmath" --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers

      * Conversions to and from polar coordinates

      * Power and logarithmic functions

      * Trigonometric functions

      * Hyperbolic functions

      * Classification functions

      * 常數

    * "decimal" --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic

      * Quick-start Tutorial

      * Decimal objects

        * Logical operands

      * Context objects

      * 常數

      * Rounding modes

      * Signals

      * Floating Point Notes

        * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

        * Special values

      * Working with threads

      * Recipes

      * Decimal FAQ

    * "fractions" --- Rational numbers

    * "random" --- 生成偽隨機數

      * 簿記函式 (bookkeeping functions)

      * 回傳位元組的函式

      * 回傳整數的函式

      * 回傳序列的函式

      * 實數分布

      * 替代產生器

      * 關於 Reproducibility（復現性）的注意事項

      * 範例

      * 使用方案

    * "statistics" --- 數學統計函式

      * 平均值與中央位置量數

      * 離度 (spread) 的測量

      * 兩個輸入之間的關係統計

      * 函式細節

      * 例外

      * "NormalDist" 物件

        * "NormalDist" 範例與錦囊妙計

  * 函式編程模組

    * "itertools" --- Functions creating iterators for efficient
      looping

      * Itertool functions

      * Itertools Recipes

    * "functools" --- Higher-order functions and operations on
      callable objects

      * "partial" 物件

    * "operator" --- 標準運算子替代函式

      * 運算子與函式間的對映

      * 原地 (in-place) 運算子

  * 檔案與目錄存取

    * "pathlib" --- Object-oriented filesystem paths

      * Basic use

      * 純路徑

        * 通用特性

        * 運算子

        * Accessing individual parts

        * Methods and properties

      * Concrete paths

        * Methods

      * Correspondence to tools in the "os" module

    * "os.path" --- 常見的路徑名操作

    * "fileinput" --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams

    * "stat" --- Interpreting "stat()" results

    * "filecmp" --- File and Directory Comparisons

      * The "dircmp" class

    * "tempfile" --- 生成臨時檔案和目錄

      * 範例

      * 已棄用的函式和變數

    * "glob" --- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展

    * "fnmatch" --- Unix filename pattern matching

    * "linecache" --- Random access to text lines

    * "shutil" --- High-level file operations

      * Directory and files operations

        * Platform-dependent efficient copy operations

        * copytree example

        * rmtree 範例

      * Archiving operations

        * Archiving example

        * Archiving example with *base_dir*

      * Querying the size of the output terminal

  * Data Persistence

    * "pickle" --- Python object serialization

      * Relationship to other Python modules

        * Comparison with "marshal"

        * Comparison with "json"

      * Data stream format

      * 模組介面

      * What can be pickled and unpickled?

      * Pickling Class Instances

        * Persistence of External Objects

        * Dispatch Tables

        * Handling Stateful Objects

      * Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects

      * Out-of-band Buffers

        * Provider API

        * Consumer API

        * 範例

      * Restricting Globals

      * Performance

      * 範例

    * "copyreg" --- Register "pickle" support functions

      * 範例

    * "shelve" --- Python object persistence

      * Restrictions

      * 範例

    * "marshal" --- 内部 Python 物件序列化

    * "dbm" --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"

      * "dbm.gnu" --- GNU database manager

      * "dbm.ndbm" --- New Database Manager

      * "dbm.dumb" --- Portable DBM implementation

    * "sqlite3" --- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面

      * Tutorial

      * Reference

        * Module functions

        * Module constants

        * Connection objects

        * Cursor objects

        * Row objects

        * Blob objects

        * PrepareProtocol objects

        * 例外

        * SQLite and Python types

        * Default adapters and converters

      * How-to guides

        * How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries

        * How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values

          * How to write adaptable objects

          * How to register adapter callables

        * How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types

        * Adapter and converter recipes

        * How to use connection shortcut methods

        * How to use the connection context manager

        * How to work with SQLite URIs

        * How to create and use row factories

        * How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings

      * 解釋

        * Transaction control

  * 資料壓縮與保存

    * "zlib" --- 相容於 **gzip** 的壓縮

    * "gzip" --- Support for **gzip** files

      * 用法範例

      * Command Line Interface

        * Command line options

    * "bz2" --- Support for **bzip2** compression

      * (De)compression of files

      * Incremental (de)compression

      * One-shot (de)compression

      * 用法範例

    * "lzma" --- Compression using the LZMA algorithm

      * Reading and writing compressed files

      * Compressing and decompressing data in memory

      * Miscellaneous

      * Specifying custom filter chains

      * 範例

    * "zipfile" --- Work with ZIP archives

      * ZipFile 物件

      * Path Objects

      * PyZipFile 物件

      * ZipInfo 物件

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

      * Decompression pitfalls

        * From file itself

        * File System limitations

        * Resources limitations

        * Interruption

        * Default behaviors of extraction

    * "tarfile" --- Read and write tar archive files

      * TarFile 物件

      * TarInfo 物件

      * Extraction filters

        * Default named filters

        * Filter errors

        * Hints for further verification

        * Supporting older Python versions

        * Stateful extraction filter example

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

      * 範例

      * Supported tar formats

      * Unicode issues

  * 檔案格式

    * "csv" --- CSV File Reading and Writing

      * 模組內容

      * Dialects and Formatting Parameters

      * Reader Objects

      * Writer Objects

      * 範例

    * "configparser" --- Configuration file parser

      * Quick Start

      * Supported Datatypes

      * Fallback Values

      * Supported INI File Structure

      * Interpolation of values

      * Mapping Protocol Access

      * Customizing Parser Behaviour

      * Legacy API Examples

      * ConfigParser 物件

      * RawConfigParser 物件

      * 例外

    * "tomllib" --- 剖析 TOML 檔案

      * 範例

      * 轉換表

    * "netrc" --- netrc 檔案處理

      * netrc 物件

    * "plistlib" --- Generate and parse Apple ".plist" files

      * 範例

  * 加密服務

    * "hashlib" --- Secure hashes and message digests

      * 雜湊演算法

      * 用法

      * 建構函式

      * Attributes

      * Hash Objects

      * SHAKE variable length digests

      * File hashing

      * Key derivation

      * BLAKE2

        * Creating hash objects

        * 常數

        * 範例

          * Simple hashing

          * Using different digest sizes

          * Keyed hashing

          * Randomized hashing

          * Personalization

          * Tree mode

        * Credits

    * "hmac" --- 基於金鑰雜湊的訊息驗證

    * "secrets" --- 產生用於管理機密的安全亂數

      * 亂數

      * 產生權杖（token）

        * 權杖應當使用多少個位元組？

      * 其他函式

      * 應用技巧和典範實務（best practices）

  * 通用作業系統服務

    * "os" --- 各種作業系統介面

      * File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables

      * Python UTF-8 Mode

      * Process Parameters

      * File Object Creation

      * File Descriptor Operations

        * Querying the size of a terminal

        * Inheritance of File Descriptors

      * Files and Directories

        * Linux extended attributes

      * Process Management

      * Interface to the scheduler

      * Miscellaneous System Information

      * Random numbers

    * "io" — 處理資料串流的核心工具

      * 總覽

        * 文字 I/O

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 原始 (Raw) I/O

      * 文字編碼

        * 選擇性加入的編碼警告

      * 高階模組介面

      * Class hierarchy

        * I/O Base Classes

        * Raw File I/O

        * Buffered Streams

        * 文字 I/O

      * Performance

        * 二進位 (Binary) I/O

        * 文字 I/O

        * Multi-threading

        * Reentrancy

    * "time" --- Time access and conversions

      * 函式

      * Clock ID Constants

      * Timezone Constants

    * "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and
      sub-commands

      * Core Functionality

      * Quick Links for add_argument()

      * 範例

        * 建立一個剖析器

        * 增加引數

        * 剖析引數

      * ArgumentParser 物件

        * prog

        * usage

        * 描述

        * epilog

        * parents

        * formatter_class

        * prefix_chars

        * fromfile_prefix_chars

        * argument_default

        * allow_abbrev

        * conflict_handler

        * add_help

        * exit_on_error

      * The add_argument() method

        * name or flags

        * action

        * nargs

        * const

        * default

        * type

        * choices

        * required

        * 幫助

        * metavar

        * dest

        * Action classes

      * The parse_args() method

        * Option value syntax

        * Invalid arguments

        * Arguments containing "-"

        * Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)

        * Beyond "sys.argv"

        * The Namespace object

      * Other utilities

        * Sub-commands

        * FileType 物件

        * Argument groups

        * Mutual exclusion

        * Parser defaults

        * Printing help

        * Partial parsing

        * Customizing file parsing

        * Exiting methods

        * Intermixed parsing

      * Upgrading optparse code

      * Exceptions

    * "getopt" --- C-style parser for command line options

    * "logging" --- Logging facility for Python

      * Logger Objects

      * Logging Levels

      * Handler Objects

      * Formatter Objects

      * Filter Objects

      * LogRecord 物件

      * LogRecord attributes

      * LoggerAdapter 物件

      * Thread Safety

      * Module-Level Functions

      * Module-Level Attributes

      * Integration with the warnings module

    * "logging.config" --- Logging configuration

      * Configuration functions

      * Security considerations

      * Configuration dictionary schema

        * Dictionary Schema Details

        * Incremental Configuration

        * Object connections

        * User-defined objects

        * Handler configuration order

        * Access to external objects

        * Access to internal objects

        * Import resolution and custom importers

      * Configuration file format

    * "logging.handlers" --- Logging handlers

      * StreamHandler

      * FileHandler

      * NullHandler

      * WatchedFileHandler

      * BaseRotatingHandler

      * RotatingFileHandler

      * TimedRotatingFileHandler

      * SocketHandler

      * DatagramHandler

      * SysLogHandler

      * NTEventLogHandler

      * SMTPHandler

      * MemoryHandler

      * HTTPHandler

      * QueueHandler

      * QueueListener

    * "getpass" --- 可攜式密碼輸入工具

    * "curses" --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays

      * 函式

      * Window Objects

      * Constants

    * "curses.textpad" --- Text input widget for curses programs

      * Textbox objects

    * "curses.ascii" --- ASCII 字元的工具程式

    * "curses.panel" --- A panel stack extension for curses

      * 函式

      * Panel Objects

    * "platform" ---  獲取底層平臺的標識資料

      * 跨平台

      * Java 平台

      * Windows 平台

      * macOS 平台

      * Unix 平台

      * Linux 平台

    * "errno" --- Standard errno system symbols

    * "ctypes" --- A foreign function library for Python

      * ctypes tutorial

        * Loading dynamic link libraries

        * Accessing functions from loaded dlls

        * Calling functions

        * Fundamental data types

        * Calling functions, continued

        * Calling variadic functions

        * Calling functions with your own custom data types

        * Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)

        * Return types

        * Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)

        * Structures and unions

        * Structure/union alignment and byte order

        * Bit fields in structures and unions

        * Arrays

        * Pointers

        * Type conversions

        * Incomplete Types

        * Callback functions

        * Accessing values exported from dlls

        * Surprises

        * Variable-sized data types

      * ctypes reference

        * Finding shared libraries

        * Loading shared libraries

        * Foreign functions

        * Function prototypes

        * Utility functions

        * Data types

        * Fundamental data types

        * Structured data types

        * Arrays and pointers

  * 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)

    * "threading" --- Thread-based parallelism

      * Thread-Local Data

      * Thread Objects

      * Lock Objects

      * RLock 物件

      * Condition Objects

      * Semaphore Objects

        * "Semaphore" 範例

      * Event Objects

      * Timer Objects

      * Barrier Objects

      * Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the "with"
        statement

    * "multiprocessing" --- Process-based parallelism

      * 簡介

        * The "Process" class

        * Contexts and start methods

        * Exchanging objects between processes

        * Synchronization between processes

        * Sharing state between processes

        * Using a pool of workers

      * Reference

        * "Process" 與例外

        * Pipes and Queues

        * Miscellaneous

        * Connection Objects

        * Synchronization primitives

        * Shared "ctypes" Objects

          * The "multiprocessing.sharedctypes" module

        * Managers

          * Customized managers

          * Using a remote manager

        * Proxy Objects

          * Cleanup

        * Process Pools

        * Listeners and Clients

          * Address Formats

        * Authentication keys

        * Logging

        * The "multiprocessing.dummy" module

      * Programming guidelines

        * All start methods

        * The *spawn* and *forkserver* start methods

      * 範例

    * "multiprocessing.shared_memory" --- Shared memory for direct
      access across processes

    * The "concurrent" package

    * "concurrent.futures" -- 啟動平行任務

      * Executor 物件

      * ThreadPoolExecutor

        * ThreadPoolExecutor 範例

      * ProcessPoolExecutor

        * ProcessPoolExecutor 範例

      * Future 物件

      * 模組函式

      * 例外類別

    * "subprocess" --- Subprocess management

      * Using the "subprocess" Module

        * Frequently Used Arguments

        * Popen Constructor

        * 例外

      * Security Considerations

      * Popen Objects

      * Windows Popen Helpers

        * Windows Constants

      * Older high-level API

      * Replacing Older Functions with the "subprocess" Module

        * Replacing **/bin/sh** shell command substitution

        * Replacing shell pipeline

        * Replacing "os.system()"

        * Replacing the "os.spawn" family

        * Replacing "os.popen()", "os.popen2()", "os.popen3()"

        * Replacing functions from the "popen2" module

      * Legacy Shell Invocation Functions

      * 註解

        * Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows

        * Disabling use of "vfork()" or "posix_spawn()"

    * "sched" --- Event scheduler

      * Scheduler Objects

    * "queue" --- 同步佇列 (queue) class（類別）

      * 佇列物件

      * SimpleQueue 物件

    * "contextvars" --- Context Variables

      * Context Variables

      * Manual Context Management

      * asyncio support

    * "_thread" --- Low-level threading API

  * Networking and Interprocess Communication

    * "asyncio" --- 非同步 I/O

      * Runners

        * Running an asyncio Program

        * Runner context manager

        * Handling Keyboard Interruption

      * Coroutines and Tasks

        * 協程

        * Awaitables

        * Creating Tasks

        * Task Cancellation

        * Task Groups

        * Sleeping

        * Running Tasks Concurrently

        * Shielding From Cancellation

        * Timeouts

        * Waiting Primitives

        * Running in Threads

        * Scheduling From Other Threads

        * Introspection

        * Task Object

      * 串流

        * StreamReader

        * StreamWriter

        * 範例

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 客戶端

          * 使用串流的 TCP echo 伺服器

          * 獲取 HTTP 標頭

          * 註冊一個使用串流來等待資料的開放 socket

      * 同步化原始物件 (Synchronization Primitives)

        * Lock

        * Event

        * Condition

        * Semaphore

        * BoundedSemaphore

        * Barrier

      * 子行程

        * 建立子行程

        * 常數

        * Interacting with Subprocesses

          * 子行程與線程

          * 範例

      * 佇列 (Queues)

        * Queue

        * Priority Queue（優先佇列）

        * LIFO Queue

        * 例外

        * 範例

      * 例外

      * Event Loop

        * Event Loop Methods

          * Running and stopping the loop

          * Scheduling callbacks

          * Scheduling delayed callbacks

          * Creating Futures and Tasks

          * Opening network connections

          * Creating network servers

          * Transferring files

          * TLS Upgrade

          * Watching file descriptors

          * Working with socket objects directly

          * DNS

          * Working with pipes

          * Unix signals

          * Executing code in thread or process pools

          * Error Handling API

          * Enabling debug mode

          * Running Subprocesses

        * Callback Handles

        * Server Objects

        * Event Loop Implementations

        * 範例

          * Hello World with call_soon()

          * Display the current date with call_later()

          * Watch a file descriptor for read events

          * Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM

      * Futures

        * Future 函式

        * Future 物件

      * Transports and Protocols

        * Transports

          * Transports Hierarchy

          * Base Transport

          * Read-only Transports

          * Write-only Transports

          * Datagram Transports

          * Subprocess Transports

        * Protocols

          * Base Protocols

          * Base Protocol

          * Streaming Protocols

          * Buffered Streaming Protocols

          * Datagram Protocols

          * Subprocess Protocols

        * 範例

          * TCP Echo Server

          * TCP Echo Client

          * UDP Echo Server

          * UDP Echo Client

          * Connecting Existing Sockets

          * loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol

      * Policies

        * Getting and Setting the Policy

        * Policy Objects

        * Process Watchers

        * Custom Policies

      * 平臺支援

        * 所有平台

        * Windows

          * Windows 的子行程支援

        * macOS

      * Extending

        * Writing a Custom Event Loop

        * Future and Task private constructors

        * Task lifetime support

      * 高階 API 索引

        * 任務 (Tasks)

        * 佇列 (Queues)

        * 子行程 (Subprocesses)

        * 串流 (Streams)

        * 同步化 (Synchronization)

        * 例外

      * 低階 API 索引

        * 獲取事件迴圈

        * 事件迴圈方法

        * 傳輸

        * 協定

        * 事件迴圈 Policies

      * 使用 asyncio 開發

        * 除錯模式

        * 並行性和多執行緒 (Concurrency and Multithreading)

        * 執行阻塞的程式

        * 日誌記錄

        * 偵測從未被等待的 (never-awaited) 協程

        * 偵測從未被獲取的 (never-retrieved) 例外

    * "socket" --- Low-level networking interface

      * Socket 系列家族

      * 模組內容

        * 例外

        * 常數

        * 函式

          * 建立 sockets

          * 其他函式

      * Socket 物件

      * Notes on socket timeouts

        * Timeouts and the "connect" method

        * Timeouts and the "accept" method

      * 範例

    * "ssl" --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

      * 函式、常數與例外

        * Socket creation

        * Context creation

        * 例外

        * Random generation

        * Certificate handling

        * 常數

      * SSL Sockets

      * SSL Contexts

      * Certificates

        * Certificate chains

        * CA certificates

        * Combined key and certificate

        * Self-signed certificates

      * 範例

        * Testing for SSL support

        * Client-side operation

        * Server-side operation

      * Notes on non-blocking sockets

      * Memory BIO Support

      * SSL session

      * Security considerations

        * Best defaults

        * Manual settings

          * Verifying certificates

          * Protocol versions

          * Cipher selection

        * Multi-processing

      * TLS 1.3

    * "select" --- Waiting for I/O completion

      * "/dev/poll" Polling Objects

      * Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

      * Polling Objects

      * Kqueue Objects

      * Kevent Objects

    * "selectors" --- High-level I/O multiplexing

      * 簡介

      * Classes

      * 範例

    * "signal" --- Set handlers for asynchronous events

      * General rules

        * Execution of Python signal handlers

        * Signals and threads

      * 模組內容

      * 範例

      * Note on SIGPIPE

      * Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions

    * "mmap" --- Memory-mapped file support

      * MADV_* Constants

      * MAP_* Constants

  * 網際網路資料處理

    * "email" --- An email and MIME handling package

      * "email.message": Representing an email message

      * "email.parser": Parsing email messages

        * FeedParser API

        * Parser API

        * Additional notes

      * "email.generator": Generating MIME documents

      * "email.policy": Policy Objects

      * "email.errors": Exception and Defect classes

      * "email.headerregistry": Custom Header Objects

      * "email.contentmanager": Managing MIME Content

        * Content Manager Instances

      * "email": Examples

      * "email.message.Message": Representing an email message using
        the "compat32" API

      * "email.mime": Creating email and MIME objects from scratch

      * "email.header": Internationalized headers

      * "email.charset": Representing character sets

      * "email.encoders": Encoders

      * "email.utils": Miscellaneous utilities

      * "email.iterators": Iterators

    * "json" --- JSON encoder and decoder

      * 基本用法

      * Encoders and Decoders

      * 例外

      * Standard Compliance and Interoperability

        * Character Encodings

        * Infinite and NaN Number Values

        * Repeated Names Within an Object

        * Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values

        * Implementation Limitations

      * Command Line Interface

        * Command line options

    * "mailbox" --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats

      * "Mailbox" objects

        * "Maildir" objects

        * "mbox" objects

        * "MH" objects

        * "Babyl" objects

        * "MMDF" objects

      * "Message" objects

        * "MaildirMessage" objects

        * "mboxMessage" objects

        * "MHMessage" objects

        * "BabylMessage" objects

        * "MMDFMessage" objects

      * 例外

      * 範例

    * "mimetypes" --- Map filenames to MIME types

      * MimeTypes 物件

    * "base64" —— Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼

      * Security Considerations

    * "binascii" --- Convert between binary and ASCII

    * "quopri" --- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料

  * Structured Markup Processing Tools

    * "html" --- HyperText Markup Language support

    * "html.parser" --- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器

      * HTML 剖析器應用程式範例

      * "HTMLParser" 方法

      * 範例

    * "html.entities" --- HTML 一般實體的定義

    * XML 處理模組

      * XML vulnerabilities

      * The "defusedxml" Package

    * "xml.etree.ElementTree" --- The ElementTree XML API

      * Tutorial

        * XML tree and elements

        * Parsing XML

        * Pull API for non-blocking parsing

        * Finding interesting elements

        * Modifying an XML File

        * Building XML documents

        * Parsing XML with Namespaces

      * XPath support

        * 範例

        * Supported XPath syntax

      * Reference

        * 函式

      * XInclude support

        * 範例

      * Reference

        * 函式

        * Element Objects

        * ElementTree 物件

        * QName 物件

        * TreeBuilder 物件

        * XMLParser 物件

        * XMLPullParser 物件

        * 例外

    * "xml.dom" --- The Document Object Model API

      * 模組內容

      * Objects in the DOM

        * DOMImplementation 物件

        * Node Objects

        * NodeList 物件

        * DocumentType 物件

        * Document Objects

        * Element Objects

        * Attr Objects

        * NamedNodeMap 物件

        * Comment Objects

        * Text and CDATASection Objects

        * ProcessingInstruction 物件

        * 例外

      * Conformance

        * Type Mapping

        * Accessor Methods

    * "xml.dom.minidom" --- Minimal DOM implementation

      * DOM 物件

      * DOM 範例

      * minidom and the DOM standard

    * "xml.dom.pulldom" --- Support for building partial DOM trees

      * DOMEventStream 物件

    * "xml.sax" --- Support for SAX2 parsers

      * SAXException 物件

    * "xml.sax.handler" --- Base classes for SAX handlers

      * ContentHandler 物件

      * DTDHandler 物件

      * EntityResolver 物件

      * ErrorHandler 物件

      * LexicalHandler 物件

    * "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX Utilities

    * "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- Interface for XML parsers

      * XMLReader 物件

      * IncrementalParser 物件

      * Locator Objects

      * InputSource 物件

      * The "Attributes" Interface

      * The "AttributesNS" Interface

    * "xml.parsers.expat" --- Fast XML parsing using Expat

      * XMLParser 物件

      * ExpatError 例外

      * 範例

      * Content Model Descriptions

      * Expat error constants

  * Internet Protocols and Support

    * "webbrowser" --- Convenient web-browser controller

      * Browser Controller Objects

    * "wsgiref" --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation

      * "wsgiref.util" -- WSGI environment utilities

      * "wsgiref.headers" -- WSGI response header tools

      * "wsgiref.simple_server" -- a simple WSGI HTTP server

      * "wsgiref.validate" --- WSGI conformance checker

      * "wsgiref.handlers" -- server/gateway base classes

      * "wsgiref.types" -- WSGI types for static type checking

      * 範例

    * "urllib" --- URL 處理模組

    * "urllib.request" --- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫

      * Request Objects

      * OpenerDirector 物件

      * BaseHandler 物件

      * HTTPRedirectHandler 物件

      * HTTPCookieProcessor 物件

      * ProxyHandler 物件

      * HTTPPasswordMgr 物件

      * HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 物件

      * AbstractBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * ProxyBasicAuthHandler 物件

      * AbstractDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * ProxyDigestAuthHandler 物件

      * HTTPHandler 物件

      * HTTPSHandler 物件

      * FileHandler 物件

      * DataHandler 物件

      * FTPHandler 物件

      * CacheFTPHandler 物件

      * UnknownHandler 物件

      * HTTPErrorProcessor 物件

      * Examples

      * Legacy interface

      * "urllib.request" Restrictions

    * "urllib.response" --- Response classes used by urllib

    * "urllib.parse" --- Parse URLs into components

      * URL Parsing

      * URL parsing security

      * Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes

      * Structured Parse Results

      * URL Quoting

    * "urllib.error" --- urllib.request 引發的例外類別

    * "urllib.robotparser" --- robots.txt 的剖析器

    * "http" --- HTTP 模組

      * HTTP 狀態碼

      * HTTP 方法

    * "http.client" --- HTTP protocol client

      * HTTPConnection 物件

      * HTTPResponse 物件

      * 範例

      * HTTPMessage 物件

    * "ftplib" --- FTP 協定用戶端

      * Reference

        * FTP objects

        * FTP_TLS objects

        * Module variables

    * "poplib" --- POP3 protocol client

      * POP3 物件

      * POP3 範例

    * "imaplib" --- IMAP4 protocol client

      * IMAP4 物件

      * IMAP4 範例

    * "smtplib" --- SMTP protocol client

      * SMTP 物件

      * SMTP 範例

    * "uuid" --- UUID objects according to **RFC 4122**

      * 範例

    * "socketserver" --- A framework for network servers

      * Server Creation Notes

      * Server Objects

      * Request Handler Objects

      * 範例

        * "socketserver.TCPServer" 範例

        * "socketserver.UDPServer" 範例

        * Asynchronous Mixins

    * "http.server" --- HTTP servers

      * Security Considerations

    * "http.cookies" --- HTTP state management

      * Cookie 物件

      * Morsel 物件

      * 範例

    * "http.cookiejar" --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients

      * CookieJar 與 FileCookieJar 物件

      * FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers

      * CookiePolicy 物件

      * DefaultCookiePolicy 物件

      * Cookie 物件

      * 範例

    * "xmlrpc" --- XMLRPC server and client modules

    * "xmlrpc.client" --- XML-RPC client access

      * ServerProxy 物件

      * 日期時間物件

      * Binary Objects

      * Fault Objects

      * ProtocolError 物件

      * MultiCall 物件

      * Convenience Functions

      * Example of Client Usage

      * Example of Client and Server Usage

    * "xmlrpc.server" --- Basic XML-RPC servers

      * SimpleXMLRPCServer 物件

        * SimpleXMLRPCServer 範例

      * CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

      * Documenting XMLRPC server

      * DocXMLRPCServer 物件

      * DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

    * "ipaddress" --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library

      * Convenience factory functions

      * IP Addresses

        * Address objects

        * Conversion to Strings and Integers

        * Operators

          * Comparison operators

          * Arithmetic operators

      * IP Network definitions

        * Prefix, net mask and host mask

        * Network objects

        * Operators

          * Logical operators

          * Iteration

          * Networks as containers of addresses

      * Interface objects

        * Operators

          * Logical operators

      * Other Module Level Functions

      * Custom Exceptions

  * 多媒體服務

    * "wave" --- Read and write WAV files

      * Wave_read 物件

      * Wave_write 物件

    * "colorsys" --- 顏色系統間的轉換

  * 國際化

    * "gettext" --- Multilingual internationalization services

      * GNU **gettext** API

      * Class-based API

        * The "NullTranslations" class

        * The "GNUTranslations" class

        * Solaris message catalog support

        * The Catalog constructor

      * Internationalizing your programs and modules

        * Localizing your module

        * Localizing your application

        * Changing languages on the fly

        * Deferred translations

      * 致謝

    * "locale" --- Internationalization services

      * Background, details, hints, tips and caveats

      * For extension writers and programs that embed Python

      * Access to message catalogs

  * 程式框架

    * "turtle" --- 龜圖學

      * 介紹

      * Tutorial

        * Starting a turtle environment

        * Basic drawing

          * Pen control

          * The turtle's position

        * Making algorithmic patterns

      * How to...

        * Get started as quickly as possible

        * Use the "turtle" module namespace

        * Use turtle graphics in a script

        * Use object-oriented turtle graphics

      * Turtle graphics reference

        * Turtle methods

        * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen

      * Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

        * Turtle motion

        * Tell Turtle's state

        * Settings for measurement

        * Pen control

          * Drawing state

          * Color control

          * Filling

          * More drawing control

        * Turtle state

          * Visibility

          * Appearance

        * Using events

        * Special Turtle methods

        * Compound shapes

      * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

        * Window control

        * Animation control

        * Using screen events

        * Input methods

        * Settings and special methods

        * Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

      * Public classes

      * Explanation

      * Help and configuration

        * How to use help

        * Translation of docstrings into different languages

        * How to configure Screen and Turtles

      * "turtledemo" --- Demo scripts

      * Changes since Python 2.6

      * Changes since Python 3.0

    * "cmd" --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters

      * Cmd 物件

      * Cmd Example

    * "shlex" --- Simple lexical analysis

      * shlex 物件

      * Parsing Rules

      * Improved Compatibility with Shells

  * 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)

    * "tkinter" --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk

      * Architecture

      * Tkinter Modules

      * Tkinter Life Preserver

        * A Hello World Program

        * Important Tk Concepts

        * Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk

        * How do I...? What option does...?

        * Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual

      * Threading model

      * Handy Reference

        * Setting Options

        * The Packer

        * Packer Options

        * Coupling Widget Variables

        * The Window Manager

        * Tk Option Data Types

        * Bindings and Events

        * The index Parameter

        * Images

      * File Handlers

    * "tkinter.colorchooser" --- Color choosing dialog

    * "tkinter.font" --- Tkinter font wrapper

    * Tkinter Dialogs

      * "tkinter.simpledialog" --- Standard Tkinter input dialogs

      * "tkinter.filedialog" --- File selection dialogs

        * Native Load/Save Dialogs

      * "tkinter.commondialog" --- Dialog window templates

    * "tkinter.messagebox" --- Tkinter message prompts

    * "tkinter.scrolledtext" --- Scrolled Text Widget

    * "tkinter.dnd" --- Drag and drop support

    * "tkinter.ttk" --- Tk themed widgets

      * Using Ttk

      * Ttk Widgets

      * Widget

        * Standard Options

        * Scrollable Widget Options

        * Label Options

        * Compatibility Options

        * Widget States

        * ttk.Widget

      * Combobox

        * Options

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Combobox

      * Spinbox

        * Options

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Spinbox

      * Notebook

        * Options

        * Tab Options

        * Tab Identifiers

        * Virtual Events

        * ttk.Notebook

      * Progressbar

        * Options

        * ttk.Progressbar

      * Separator

        * Options

      * Sizegrip

        * Platform-specific notes

        * Bugs

      * Treeview

        * Options

        * Item Options

        * Tag Options

        * Column Identifiers

        * Virtual Events

        * ttk.Treeview

      * Ttk Styling

        * Layouts

    * "tkinter.tix" --- Tk 擴充小工具

      * Using Tix

      * Tix Widgets

        * Basic Widgets

        * File Selectors

        * Hierarchical ListBox

        * Tabular ListBox

        * Manager Widgets

        * Image Types

        * Miscellaneous Widgets

        * Form Geometry Manager

      * Tix 指令

    * IDLE

      * 目錄

        * File menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Edit menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Format menu (Editor window only)

        * Run menu (Editor window only)

        * Shell menu (Shell window only)

        * Debug menu (Shell window only)

        * Options menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Window menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Help menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Context menus

      * Editing and Navigation

        * Editor windows

        * Key bindings

        * Automatic indentation

        * Search and Replace

        * Completions

        * Calltips

        * Code Context

        * Shell window

        * Text colors

      * Startup and Code Execution

        * Command line usage

        * Startup failure

        * Running user code

        * User output in Shell

        * Developing tkinter applications

        * Running without a subprocess

      * Help and Preferences

        * Help sources

        * Setting preferences

        * IDLE on macOS

        * Extensions

      * idlelib

  * 開發工具

    * "typing" --- Support for type hints

      * Relevant PEPs

      * Type aliases

      * NewType

      * Annotating callable objects

      * Generics

      * Annotating tuples

      * The type of class objects

      * User-defined generic types

      * "Any" 型別

      * Nominal vs structural subtyping

      * 模組內容

        * Special typing primitives

          * Special types

          * Special forms

          * Building generic types

          * Other special directives

        * 協定

        * ABCs for working with IO

        * 函式與裝飾器

        * Introspection helpers

        * 常數

        * 棄用的別名

          * Aliases to built-in types

          * Aliases to types in "collections"

          * Aliases to other concrete types

          * Aliases to container ABCs in "collections.abc"

          * Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in "collections.abc"

          * Aliases to other ABCs in "collections.abc"

          * Aliases to "contextlib" ABCs

      * Deprecation Timeline of Major Features

    * "pydoc" --- Documentation generator and online help system

    * Python Development Mode

      * Effects of the Python Development Mode

      * ResourceWarning 範例

      * Bad file descriptor error example

    * "doctest" --- Test interactive Python examples

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File

      * How It Works

        * Which Docstrings Are Examined?

        * How are Docstring Examples Recognized?

        * What's the Execution Context?

        * What About Exceptions?

        * Option Flags

        * Directives

        * Warnings

      * Basic API

      * Unittest API

      * Advanced API

        * DocTest 物件

        * Example 物件

        * DocTestFinder 物件

        * DocTestParser 物件

        * DocTestRunner 物件

        * OutputChecker 物件

      * Debugging

      * Soapbox

    * "unittest" --- 單元測試框架

      * 簡單範例

      * 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)

        * 命令列模式選項

      * Test Discovery（測試探索）

      * Organizing test code

      * Re-using old test code

      * Skipping tests and expected failures

      * Distinguishing test iterations using subtests

      * Classes and functions

        * Test cases

          * Deprecated aliases

        * Grouping tests

        * Loading and running tests

          * load_tests Protocol

      * Class and Module Fixtures

        * setUpClass and tearDownClass

        * setUpModule and tearDownModule

      * Signal Handling

    * "unittest.mock" --- mock object library

      * Quick Guide

      * The Mock Class

        * Calling

        * Deleting Attributes

        * Mock names and the name attribute

        * Attaching Mocks as Attributes

      * The patchers

        * patch

        * patch.object

        * patch.dict

        * patch.multiple

        * patch methods: start and stop

        * patch builtins

        * TEST_PREFIX

        * Nesting Patch Decorators

        * Where to patch

        * Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects

      * MagicMock and magic method support

        * Mocking Magic Methods

        * Magic Mock

      * Helpers

        * sentinel

        * DEFAULT

        * call

        * create_autospec

        * ANY

        * FILTER_DIR

        * mock_open

        * Autospeccing

        * Sealing mocks

      * Order of precedence of "side_effect", "return_value" and
        *wraps*

    * "unittest.mock" --- getting started

      * Using Mock

        * Mock Patching Methods

        * Mock for Method Calls on an Object

        * Mocking Classes

        * Naming your mocks

        * Tracking all Calls

        * Setting Return Values and Attributes

        * Raising exceptions with mocks

        * Side effect functions and iterables

        * Mocking asynchronous iterators

        * Mocking asynchronous context manager

        * Creating a Mock from an Existing Object

        * Using side_effect to return per file content

      * Patch Decorators

      * Further Examples

        * Mocking chained calls

        * Partial mocking

        * Mocking a Generator Method

        * Applying the same patch to every test method

        * Mocking Unbound Methods

        * Checking multiple calls with mock

        * Coping with mutable arguments

        * Nesting Patches

        * Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock

        * Mock subclasses and their attributes

        * Mocking imports with patch.dict

        * Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions

        * More complex argument matching

    * 2to3 --- 自動將 Python 2的程式碼轉成 Python 3

      * 使用 2to3

      * Fixers

      * "lib2to3" --- 2to3's library

    * "test" --- Regression tests package for Python

      * Writing Unit Tests for the "test" package

      * Running tests using the command-line interface

    * "test.support" --- Utilities for the Python test suite

    * "test.support.socket_helper" --- Utilities for socket tests

    * "test.support.script_helper" --- Utilities for the Python
      execution tests

    * "test.support.bytecode_helper" --- Support tools for testing
      correct bytecode generation

    * "test.support.threading_helper" --- Utilities for threading
      tests

    * "test.support.os_helper" --- Utilities for os tests

    * "test.support.import_helper" --- Utilities for import tests

    * "test.support.warnings_helper" --- Utilities for warnings tests

  * 除錯與效能分析

    * 稽核事件表

    * "bdb" --- Debugger framework

    * "faulthandler" --- Dump the Python traceback

      * Dumping the traceback

      * Fault handler state

      * Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout

      * Dumping the traceback on a user signal

      * Issue with file descriptors

      * 範例

    * "pdb" --- The Python Debugger

      * Debugger Commands

    * The Python Profilers

      * Introduction to the profilers

      * Instant User's Manual

      * "profile" and "cProfile" Module Reference

      * The "Stats" Class

      * What Is Deterministic Profiling?

      * 限制

      * 校正

      * Using a custom timer

    * "timeit" --- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間

      * 基礎範例

      * Python Interface

      * 命令執行列介面

      * 範例

    * "trace" --- Trace or track Python statement execution

      * Command-Line Usage

        * Main options

        * Modifiers

        * Filters

      * Programmatic Interface

    * "tracemalloc" --- Trace memory allocations

      * 範例

        * Display the top 10

        * Compute differences

        * Get the traceback of a memory block

        * Pretty top

          * Record the current and peak size of all traced memory
            blocks

      * API

        * 函式

        * DomainFilter

        * Filter

        * Frame

        * Snapshot

        * Statistic

        * StatisticDiff

        * Trace

        * Traceback

  * 軟體封裝與發布

    * "distutils" --- Building and installing Python modules

    * "ensurepip" --- Bootstrapping the "pip" installer

      * Command line interface

      * 模組 API

    * "venv" --- Creation of virtual environments

      * 建立虛擬環境

      * 虛擬環境如何運作

      * API

      * An example of extending "EnvBuilder"

    * "zipapp" --- Manage executable Python zip archives

      * 基本範例

      * 命令執行列介面

      * Python API

      * 範例

      * Specifying the Interpreter

      * Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp

        * Making a Windows executable

        * Caveats

      * The Python Zip Application Archive Format

  * Python Runtime Services

    * "sys" --- 系統特定的參數與函式

    * "sysconfig" --- Provide access to Python's configuration
      information

      * Configuration variables

      * Installation paths

      * User scheme

        * "posix_user"

        * "nt_user"

        * "osx_framework_user"

      * Home scheme

        * "posix_home"

      * Prefix scheme

        * "posix_prefix"

        * "nt"

      * Installation path functions

      * 其他函式

      * Using "sysconfig" as a script

    * "builtins" --- 內建物件

    * "__main__" --- Top-level code environment

      * "__name__ == '__main__'"

        * What is the "top-level code environment"?

        * Idiomatic Usage

        * Packaging Considerations

      * "__main__.py" in Python Packages

        * Idiomatic Usage

      * "import __main__"

    * "warnings" --- Warning control

      * Warning Categories

      * The Warnings Filter

        * Describing Warning Filters

        * Default Warning Filter

        * Overriding the default filter

      * Temporarily Suppressing Warnings

      * Testing Warnings

      * Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies

      * Available Functions

      * Available Context Managers

    * "dataclasses" --- Data Classes

      * Module contents

      * Post-init processing

      * Class variables

      * Init-only variables

      * Frozen instances

      * Inheritance

      * Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in "__init__()"

      * Default factory functions

      * Mutable default values

      * Descriptor-typed fields

    * "contextlib" --- Utilities for "with"-statement contexts

      * Utilities

      * Examples and Recipes

        * Supporting a variable number of context managers

        * Catching exceptions from "__enter__" methods

        * Cleaning up in an "__enter__" implementation

        * Replacing any use of "try-finally" and flag variables

        * Using a context manager as a function decorator

      * Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers

        * Reentrant context managers

        * Reusable context managers

    * "abc" --- 抽象基底類別

    * "atexit" --- Exit handlers

      * "atexit" 範例

    * "traceback" --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback

      * "TracebackException" Objects

      * "StackSummary" Objects

      * "FrameSummary" Objects

      * Traceback Examples

    * "__future__" --- Future statement definitions

      * Module Contents

    * "gc" --- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)

    * "inspect" --- Inspect live objects

      * Types and members

      * Retrieving source code

      * Introspecting callables with the Signature object

      * Classes and functions

      * The interpreter stack

      * Fetching attributes statically

      * Current State of Generators and Coroutines

      * Code Objects Bit Flags

      * Command Line Interface

    * "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

      * "sitecustomize"

      * "usercustomize"

      * Readline configuration

      * 模組內容

      * Command Line Interface

  * Custom Python Interpreters

    * "code" --- Interpreter base classes

      * Interactive Interpreter Objects

      * Interactive Console Objects

    * "codeop" --- Compile Python code

  * 引入模組

    * "zipimport" --- Import modules from Zip archives

      * zipimporter 物件

      * 範例

    * "pkgutil" --- Package extension utility

    * "modulefinder" --- Find modules used by a script

      * Example usage of "ModuleFinder"

    * "runpy" --- Locating and executing Python modules

    * "importlib" --- The implementation of "import"

      * 簡介

      * 函式

      * "importlib.abc" -- Abstract base classes related to import

      * "importlib.machinery" -- Importers and path hooks

      * "importlib.util" -- Utility code for importers

      * 範例

        * Importing programmatically

        * Checking if a module can be imported

        * Importing a source file directly

        * Implementing lazy imports

        * Setting up an importer

        * Approximating "importlib.import_module()"

    * "importlib.resources" -- Package resource reading, opening and
      access

      * 已棄用函式

    * "importlib.resources.abc" -- Abstract base classes for resources

    * "importlib.metadata" -- Accessing package metadata

      * Overview

      * Functional API

        * Entry points

        * Distribution metadata

        * Distribution versions

        * Distribution files

        * Distribution requirements

        * Mapping import to distribution packages

      * Distributions

      * Distribution Discovery

      * Extending the search algorithm

    * The initialization of the "sys.path" module search path

      * Virtual environments

      * _pth files

      * Embedded Python

  * Python Language Services

    * "ast" --- Abstract Syntax Trees

      * Abstract Grammar

      * Node classes

        * Root nodes

        * Literals

        * Variables

        * Expressions

          * Subscripting

          * Comprehensions

        * Statements

          * Imports

        * Control flow

        * Pattern matching

        * Function and class definitions

        * Async and await

      * "ast" Helpers

      * Compiler Flags

      * Command-Line Usage

    * "symtable" --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables

      * Generating Symbol Tables

      * Examining Symbol Tables

    * "token" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

    * "keyword" --- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字

    * "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

      * Tokenizing Input

      * Command-Line Usage

      * 範例

    * "tabnanny" --- 偵測不良縮排

    * "pyclbr" --- Python module browser support

      * 函式物件

      * Class Objects

    * "py_compile" --- Compile Python source files

      * Command-Line Interface

    * "compileall" --- Byte-compile Python libraries

      * Command-line use

      * Public functions

    * "dis" --- Python bytecode的反組譯器

      * Command-line interface

      * Bytecode analysis

      * Analysis functions

      * Python Bytecode Instructions

      * Opcode collections

    * "pickletools" --- Tools for pickle developers

      * Command line usage

        * Command line options

      * Programmatic Interface

  * MS Windows 特有服務

    * "msvcrt" --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

      * File Operations

      * Console I/O

      * Other Functions

    * "winreg" --- Windows registry access

      * 函式

      * 常數

        * HKEY_* Constants

        * Access Rights

          * 64-bit Specific

        * Value Types

      * Registry Handle Objects

    * "winsound" --- Sound-playing interface for Windows

  * Unix 特有服務

    * "posix" --- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫

      * 對大檔案 (Large File) 的支援

      * 值得注意的模組內容

    * "pwd" --- 密碼資料庫

    * "grp" --- The group database

    * "termios" --- POSIX style tty control

      * 範例

    * "tty" --- 終端機控制函式

    * "pty" --- Pseudo-terminal utilities

      * 範例

    * "fcntl" --- The "fcntl" and "ioctl" system calls

    * "resource" --- Resource usage information

      * Resource Limits

      * Resource Usage

    * "syslog" --- Unix syslog library routines

      * 範例

        * 簡單範例

  * Modules command-line interface (CLI)

  * 已被取代的模組

    * "aifc" --- 讀寫 AIFF 與 AIFC 檔案

    * "asynchat" --- 非同步 socket 指令/回應處理函式

      * asynchat Example

    * "asyncore" --- 非同步 socket 處理函式

      * asyncore Example basic HTTP client

      * asyncore Example basic echo server

    * "audioop" --- 操作原始聲音檔案

    * "cgi" --- 通用閘道器介面支援

      * 簡介

      * Using the cgi module

      * Higher Level Interface

      * 函式

      * Caring about security

      * Installing your CGI script on a Unix system

      * Testing your CGI script

      * Debugging CGI scripts

      * Common problems and solutions

    * "cgitb" --- CGI 腳本的回溯 (traceback) 管理程式

    * "chunk" --- 讀取 IFF 分塊資料

    * "crypt" --- 用於檢查 Unix 密碼的函式

      * Hashing Methods

      * 模組屬性

      * 模組函式

      * 範例

    * "imghdr" --- 推測圖片種類

    * "imp" --- Access the *import* internals

      * 範例

    * "mailcap" --- Mailcap file handling

    * "msilib" --- 讀寫 Microsoft Installer 檔案

      * Database Objects

      * View Objects

      * Summary Information Objects

      * Record Objects

      * Errors

      * CAB 物件

      * Directory Objects

      * Features

      * GUI classes

      * Precomputed tables

    * "nis" --- Sun NIS (Yellow Pages) 介面

    * "nntplib" --- NNTP 協定客戶端

      * NNTP 物件

        * 屬性

        * Methods

      * Utility functions

    * "optparse" --- Parser for command line options

      * Background

        * Terminology

        * What are options for?

        * What are positional arguments for?

      * Tutorial

        * Understanding option actions

        * The store action

        * Handling boolean (flag) options

        * Other actions

        * Default values

        * Generating help

          * Grouping Options

        * Printing a version string

        * How "optparse" handles errors

        * Putting it all together

      * Reference Guide

        * Creating the parser

        * Populating the parser

        * Defining options

        * Option attributes

        * Standard option actions

        * Standard option types

        * Parsing arguments

        * Querying and manipulating your option parser

        * Conflicts between options

        * Cleanup

        * Other methods

      * Option Callbacks

        * Defining a callback option

        * How callbacks are called

        * Raising errors in a callback

        * Callback example 1: trivial callback

        * Callback example 2: check option order

        * Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)

        * Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition

        * Callback example 5: fixed arguments

        * Callback example 6: variable arguments

      * Extending "optparse"

        * Adding new types

        * Adding new actions

      * Exceptions

    * "ossaudiodev" --- 對 OSS 相容聲音裝置的存取

      * Audio Device Objects

      * Mixer Device Objects

    * "pipes" --- shell pipelines 介面

      * Template Objects

    * "smtpd" --- SMTP 伺服器

      * SMTPServer 物件

      * DebuggingServer 物件

      * PureProxy 物件

      * SMTPChannel 物件

    * "sndhdr" --- 判定聲音檔案的型別

    * "spwd" --- shadow 密碼資料庫

    * "sunau" --- 讀寫 Sun AU 檔案

      * AU_read 物件

      * AU_write 物件

    * "telnetlib" --- Telnet 客戶端

      * Telnet Objects

      * Telnet 範例

    * "xdrlib" --- uuencode 檔案的編碼與解碼

    * "xdrlib" --- XDR 資料的編碼與解碼

      * Packer Objects

      * Unpacker Objects

      * 例外

  * Security Considerations

* 擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器

  * 推薦的第三方工具

  * 不使用第三方工具建立擴充

    * 1. 以 C 或 C++ 擴充 Python

      * 1.1. 一個簡單範例

      * 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions

      * 1.3. 回到範例

      * 1.4. The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function

      * 1.5. Compilation and Linkage

      * 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C

      * 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions

      * 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions

      * 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values

      * 1.10. Reference Counts

        * 1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python

        * 1.10.2. Ownership Rules

        * 1.10.3. Thin Ice

        * 1.10.4. NULL Pointers

      * 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++

      * 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module

    * 2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial

      * 2.1. The Basics

      * 2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example

      * 2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes

      * 2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection

      * 2.5. Subclassing other types

    * 3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics

      * 3.1. Finalization and De-allocation

      * 3.2. Object Presentation

      * 3.3. Attribute Management

        * 3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management

        * 3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management

      * 3.4. Object Comparison

      * 3.5. Abstract Protocol Support

      * 3.6. Weak Reference Support

      * 3.7. More Suggestions

    * 4. Building C and C++ Extensions

      * 4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils

      * 4.2. Distributing your extension modules

    * 5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows

      * 5.1. A Cookbook Approach

      * 5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows

      * 5.3. Using DLLs in Practice

  * 在更大的應用程式中嵌入 CPython 運行環境 (runtime)

    * 1. 在其它 App 內嵌入 Python

      * 1.1. Very High Level Embedding

      * 1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview

      * 1.3. Pure Embedding

      * 1.4. Extending Embedded Python

      * 1.5. Embedding Python in C++

      * 1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems

* Python/C API 參考手冊

  * 簡介

    * 編寫標準

    * 引入檔案 (include files)

    * 有用的巨集

    * 物件、型別和參照計數

      * 參照計數

        * 參照計數詳細資訊

      * 型別

    * 例外

    * 嵌入式Python

    * 除錯建置

  * C API 穩定性

    * 穩定的應用程式二進位介面

      * Limited C API

      * Stable ABI

      * 受限 API 範圍和性能

      * 受限 API 注意事項

    * 平台注意事項

    * 受限 API 的內容

  * The Very High Level Layer

  * 參照計數

  * 例外處理

    * Printing and clearing

    * Raising exceptions

    * Issuing warnings

    * Querying the error indicator

    * Signal Handling

    * 例外類別

    * 例外物件

    * Unicode Exception Objects

    * Recursion Control

    * Standard Exceptions

    * Standard Warning Categories

  * 工具

    * 作業系統工具

    * 系統函式

    * 行程（Process）控制

    * 引入模組

    * Data marshalling support

    * 剖析引數與建置數值

      * Parsing arguments

        * Strings and buffers

        * 數字

        * 其他物件

        * API 函式

      * Building values

    * 字串轉換與格式化

    * PyHash API

    * Reflection

    * Codec registry and support functions

      * Codec lookup API

      * Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers

  * 抽象物件層 (Abstract Objects Layer)

    * Object Protocol

    * 呼叫協定 (Call Protocol)

      * *tp_call* 協定

      * Vectorcall 協定

        * 遞迴控制

        * Vectorcall 支援 API

      * 物件呼叫 API

      * 呼叫支援 API

    * Number Protocol

    * Sequence Protocol

    * Mapping Protocol

    * 疊代器協議

    * 緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol)

      * Buffer structure

      * Buffer request types

        * request-independent fields

        * readonly, format

        * shape, strides, suboffsets

        * contiguity requests

        * compound requests

      * Complex arrays

        * NumPy-style: shape and strides

        * PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets

      * Buffer-related functions

    * 舊式緩衝協定 (Buffer Protocol)

  * 具體物件層

    * 基礎物件

      * Type Objects

        * Creating Heap-Allocated Types

      * "None" 物件

    * 數值物件

      * 整數物件

      * Boolean（布林）物件

      * 浮點數（Floating Point）物件

        * Pack and Unpack functions

          * Pack functions

          * Unpack functions

      * Complex Number Objects

        * Complex Numbers as C Structures

        * Complex Numbers as Python Objects

    * 序列物件

      * 位元組物件 (Bytes Objects)

      * 位元組串列物件 (Byte Array Objects)

        * Type check macros

        * Direct API functions

        * 巨集

      * Unicode物件與編碼

        * Unicode Objects

          * Unicode Type

          * Unicode Character Properties

          * Creating and accessing Unicode strings

          * Deprecated Py_UNICODE APIs

          * Locale Encoding

          * File System Encoding

          * wchar_t Support

        * Built-in Codecs

          * Generic Codecs

          * UTF-8 Codecs

          * UTF-32 Codecs

          * UTF-16 Codecs

          * UTF-7 Codecs

          * Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Latin-1 Codecs

          * ASCII Codecs

          * Character Map Codecs

          * MBCS codecs for Windows

          * Methods & Slots

        * Methods and Slot Functions

      * 元組（Tuple）物件

      * Struct Sequence Objects

      * List（串列）物件

    * 容器物件

      * 字典物件

      * Set Objects

    * 函式物件

      * 函式物件 (Function Objects)

      * 實例方法物件 (Instance Method Objects)

      * 方法物件 (Method Objects)

      * Cell 物件

      * 程式碼物件

    * 其他物件

      * 檔案物件 (File Objects)

      * 模組物件模組

        * Initializing C modules

          * Single-phase initialization

          * Multi-phase initialization

          * Low-level module creation functions

          * Support functions

        * Module lookup

      * 疊代器（Iterator）物件

      * Descriptor（描述器）物件

      * 切片物件

        * Ellipsis Object

      * MemoryView 物件

      * 弱參照物件

      * Capsules

      * Frame Objects

      * 產生器 (Generator) 物件

      * Coroutine（協程）物件

      * Context Variables Objects

      * DateTime 物件

      * 型別提示物件

  * Initialization, Finalization, and Threads

    * Before Python Initialization

    * Global configuration variables

    * Initializing and finalizing the interpreter

    * Process-wide parameters

    * Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock

      * Releasing the GIL from extension code

      * Non-Python created threads

      * Cautions about fork()

      * 高階 API

      * 低階 API

    * Sub-interpreter support

      * Bugs and caveats

    * Asynchronous Notifications

    * Profiling and Tracing

    * Advanced Debugger Support

    * Thread Local Storage Support

      * Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API

        * Dynamic Allocation

        * Methods

      * Thread Local Storage (TLS) API

  * Python Initialization Configuration

    * 範例

    * PyWideStringList

    * PyStatus

    * PyPreConfig

    * Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig

    * PyConfig

    * Initialization with PyConfig

    * Isolated Configuration

    * Python Configuration

    * Python Path Configuration

    * Py_RunMain()

    * Py_GetArgcArgv()

    * Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API

  * 記憶體管理

    * 總覽

    * Allocator Domains

    * Raw Memory Interface

    * Memory Interface

    * Object allocators

    * Default Memory Allocators

    * Customize Memory Allocators

    * Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators

    * The pymalloc allocator

      * Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator

    * tracemalloc C API

    * 範例

  * Object Implementation Support

    * 在 heap 上分配物件

    * 通用物件結構

      * Base object types and macros

      * Implementing functions and methods

      * Accessing attributes of extension types

    * 型別物件

      * Quick Reference

        * "tp slots"

        * sub-slots

        * slot typedefs

      * PyTypeObject Definition

      * PyObject Slots

      * PyVarObject Slots

      * PyTypeObject Slots

      * Static Types

      * Heap Types

    * Number Object Structures

    * Mapping Object Structures

    * Sequence Object Structures

    * Buffer Object Structures

    * Async Object Structures

    * Slot Type typedefs

    * 範例

    * Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection

      * Controlling the Garbage Collector State

  * API 和 ABI 版本管理

* 安裝 Python 模組

  * 關鍵術語

  * 基本用法

  * 我該如何...？

    * ...在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安裝 "pip"？

    * ...只為目前的使用者安裝套件？

    * ...安裝科學的 Python 套件？

    * ...平行安裝多個 Python 版本並使用它們？

  * 常見的安裝問題

    * 在 Linux 上安裝套件至系統 Python

    * 未安裝 pip

    * 安裝二進制擴充 (binary extension)

* Python 如何達成任務

  * 遷移延伸模組到 Python 3

  * Curses Programming with Python

    * What is curses?

      * The Python curses module

    * Starting and ending a curses application

    * Windows and Pads

    * Displaying Text

      * Attributes and Color

    * User Input

    * For More Information

  * 修飾器 HowTo 指南

    * Primer

      * Simple example: A descriptor that returns a constant

      * Dynamic lookups

      * Managed attributes

      * Customized names

      * Closing thoughts

    * Complete Practical Example

      * Validator class

      * Custom validators

      * Practical application

    * Technical Tutorial

      * 摘要

      * Definition and introduction

      * Descriptor protocol

      * Overview of descriptor invocation

      * Invocation from an instance

      * Invocation from a class

      * Invocation from super

      * Summary of invocation logic

      * Automatic name notification

      * ORM 範例

    * Pure Python Equivalents

      * Properties

      * Functions and methods

      * Kinds of methods

      * Static methods

      * Class methods

      * Member objects and __slots__

  * Debugging C API extensions and CPython Internals with GDB

    * Prerequisites

      * Setup with Python built from source

      * Setup for Python from a Linux distro

    * Using the Debug build and Development mode

    * Using the "python-gdb" extension

      * Pretty-printers

      * "py-list"

      * "py-up" and "py-down"

      * "py-bt"

      * "py-print"

      * "py-locals"

    * Use with GDB commands

  * Enum HOWTO

    * Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes

    * Duplicating enum members and values

    * Ensuring unique enumeration values

    * Using automatic values

    * Iteration

    * Comparisons

    * Allowed members and attributes of enumerations

    * Restricted Enum subclassing

    * Pickling

    * Functional API

    * Derived Enumerations

      * IntEnum

      * StrEnum

      * IntFlag

      * Flag

      * Others

    * When to use "__new__()" vs. "__init__()"

      * Finer Points

        * Supported "__dunder__" names

        * Supported "_sunder_" names

        * _Private__names

        * "Enum" member type

        * Creating members that are mixed with other data types

        * Boolean value of "Enum" classes and members

        * "Enum" classes with methods

        * Combining members of "Flag"

        * "Flag" and "IntFlag" minutia

    * How are Enums and Flags different?

      * Enum Classes

      * Flag Classes

      * Enum Members (aka instances)

      * Flag Members

    * Enum Cookbook

      * Omitting values

        * Using "auto"

        * Using "object"

        * Using a descriptive string

        * Using a custom "__new__()"

      * OrderedEnum

      * DuplicateFreeEnum

      * Planet

      * TimePeriod

    * Subclassing EnumType

  * 函式編程 HOWTO

    * 簡介

      * Formal provability

      * Modularity

      * Ease of debugging and testing

      * Composability

    * Iterators

      * Data Types That Support Iterators

    * Generator expressions and list comprehensions

    * Generators

      * Passing values into a generator

    * Built-in functions

    * The itertools module

      * Creating new iterators

      * Calling functions on elements

      * Selecting elements

      * Combinatoric functions

      * Grouping elements

    * The functools module

      * The operator module

    * Small functions and the lambda expression

    * Revision History and Acknowledgements

    * References

      * General

      * Python-specific

      * Python 說明文件

  * 如何使用 Logging 模組

    * 基礎 Logging 指南

      * 什麼時候使用 logging

      * 一個簡單範例

      * Logging to a file

      * Logging variable data

      * Changing the format of displayed messages

      * Displaying the date/time in messages

      * Next Steps

    * Advanced Logging Tutorial

      * Logging Flow

      * Loggers

      * Handlers

      * Formatters

      * Configuring Logging

      * What happens if no configuration is provided

      * Configuring Logging for a Library

    * Logging Levels

      * Custom Levels

    * Useful Handlers

    * Exceptions raised during logging

    * Using arbitrary objects as messages

    * Optimization

  * Logging Cookbook

    * Using logging in multiple modules

    * Logging from multiple threads

    * Multiple handlers and formatters

    * Logging to multiple destinations

    * Custom handling of levels

    * Configuration server example

    * Dealing with handlers that block

    * Sending and receiving logging events across a network

      * Running a logging socket listener in production

    * Adding contextual information to your logging output

      * Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information

        * Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual
          information

      * Using Filters to impart contextual information

    * Use of "contextvars"

    * Imparting contextual information in handlers

    * Logging to a single file from multiple processes

      * Using concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor

      * Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGI

    * Using file rotation

    * Use of alternative formatting styles

    * Customizing "LogRecord"

    * Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a ZeroMQ example

      * Subclass "QueueHandler"

      * Subclass "QueueListener"

    * Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a "pynng" example

      * Subclass "QueueListener"

      * Subclass "QueueHandler"

    * An example dictionary-based configuration

    * Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing

    * A more elaborate multiprocessing example

    * Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler

    * Implementing structured logging

    * Customizing handlers with "dictConfig()"

    * Using particular formatting styles throughout your application

      * Using LogRecord factories

      * Using custom message objects

    * Configuring filters with "dictConfig()"

    * Customized exception formatting

    * Speaking logging messages

    * Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally

    * Sending logging messages to email, with buffering

    * Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration

    * Using a context manager for selective logging

    * A CLI application starter template

    * A Qt GUI for logging

    * Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support

    * How to treat a logger like an output stream

    * Patterns to avoid

      * Opening the same log file multiple times

      * Using loggers as attributes in a class or passing them as
        parameters

      * Adding handlers other than "NullHandler" to a logger in a
        library

      * Creating a lot of loggers

    * Other resources

  * 如何使用正規表達式

    * 簡介

    * Simple Patterns

      * Matching Characters

      * Repeating Things

    * Using Regular Expressions

      * Compiling Regular Expressions

      * The Backslash Plague

      * Performing Matches

      * Module-Level Functions

      * Compilation Flags

    * More Pattern Power

      * More Metacharacters

      * Grouping

      * Non-capturing and Named Groups

      * Lookahead Assertions

    * Modifying Strings

      * Splitting Strings

      * Search and Replace

    * Common Problems

      * Use String Methods

      * match() versus search()

      * Greedy versus Non-Greedy

      * Using re.VERBOSE

    * Feedback

  * Socket 程式設計指南

    * Sockets

      * 歷史

    * 建立一個 Socket

      * IPC

    * 使用一個 Socket

      * Binary Data

    * Disconnecting

      * When Sockets Die

    * Non-blocking Sockets

  * 如何排序

    * 基礎排序

    * Key Functions

    * Operator Module Functions

    * 升冪與降冪

    * Sort Stability and Complex Sorts

    * Decorate-Sort-Undecorate

    * Comparison Functions

    * Odds and Ends

  * Unicode HOWTO

    * Introduction to Unicode

      * 定義

      * Encodings

      * References

    * Python's Unicode Support

      * The String Type

      * Converting to Bytes

      * Unicode Literals in Python Source Code

      * Unicode Properties

      * Comparing Strings

      * Unicode Regular Expressions

      * References

    * Reading and Writing Unicode Data

      * Unicode filenames

      * Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs

        * Converting Between File Encodings

        * Files in an Unknown Encoding

      * References

    * 致謝

  * 如何使用 urllib 套件取得網路資源

    * 簡介

    * 從 URL 取得資源

      * Data

      * Headers

    * Handling Exceptions

      * URLError

      * HTTPError

        * Error Codes

      * Wrapping it Up

        * Number 1

        * Number 2

    * info and geturl

    * Openers and Handlers

    * Basic Authentication

    * Proxies

    * Sockets and Layers

    * 註解

  * Argparse 教學

    * 概念

    * 基本用法

    * 介紹位置參數

    * 介紹選項參數

      * Short options

    * 現在結合位置與選項參數

    * Getting a little more advanced

      * Conflicting options

    * How to translate the argparse output

    * 結論

  * ipaddress 模組介紹

    * Creating Address/Network/Interface objects

      * A Note on IP Versions

      * IP Host Addresses

      * Defining Networks

      * Host Interfaces

    * Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objects

    * Networks as lists of Addresses

    * Comparisons

    * Using IP Addresses with other modules

    * Getting more detail when instance creation fails

  * Instrumenting CPython with DTrace and SystemTap

    * Enabling the static markers

    * Static DTrace probes

    * Static SystemTap markers

    * Available static markers

    * SystemTap Tapsets

    * 範例

  * Annotations Best Practices

    * Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.10 And
      Newer

    * Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.9 And
      Older

    * Manually Un-Stringizing Stringized Annotations

    * Best Practices For "__annotations__" In Any Python Version

    * "__annotations__" Quirks

  * Isolating Extension Modules

    * Who should read this

    * Background

      * Enter Per-Module State

      * Isolated Module Objects

      * Surprising Edge Cases

    * Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpreters

      * Managing Global State

      * Managing Per-Module State

      * Opt-Out: Limiting to One Module Object per Process

      * Module State Access from Functions

    * Heap Types

      * Changing Static Types to Heap Types

      * Defining Heap Types

      * Garbage-Collection Protocol

        * "tp_traverse" in Python 3.8 and lower

        * Delegating "tp_traverse"

        * Defining "tp_dealloc"

        * Not overriding "tp_free"

        * Avoiding "PyObject_New"

      * Module State Access from Classes

      * Module State Access from Regular Methods

      * Module State Access from Slot Methods, Getters and Setters

      * Lifetime of the Module State

    * Open Issues

      * Per-Class Scope

      * Lossless Conversion to Heap Types

* Python 常見問題

  * 一般的 Python 常見問答集

    * 一般資訊

    * 在真實世界中的 Python

  * 程式開發常見問答集

    * 常見問題

    * Core Language

    * 數字和字串

    * Performance

    * Sequences (Tuples/Lists)

    * 物件

    * 模組

  * 設計和歷史常見問答集

    * 為什麼 Python 使用縮排將陳述式進行分組？

    * 為什麼我會從簡單的數學運算得到奇怪的結果？

    * 為何浮點數運算如此不精確？

    * 為什麼 Python 字串不可變動？

    * 為何「self」在方法 (method) 定義和呼叫時一定要明確使用？

    * 為何我不能在運算式 (expression) 中使用指派運算？

    * 為何 Python 對於一些功能實作使用方法（像是 list.index()），另一
      些使用函式（像是 len(list)）？

    * 為何 join() 是字串方法而非串列 (list) 或元組 (tuple) 方法？

    * 例外處理有多快？

    * 為什麼 Python 內沒有 switch 或 case 陳述式？

    * 為何不能在直譯器上模擬執行緒，而要使用作業系統的特定實作方式？

    * 為何 lambda 運算式不能包含陳述式？

    * Python 可以被編譯成機器語言、C 語言或其他種語言嗎？

    * Python 如何管理記憶體？

    * 為何 CPython 不使用更多傳統的垃圾回收機制？

    * 當 CPython 結束時，為何所有的記憶體不會被釋放？

    * 為何要把元組 (tuple) 和串列 (list) 分成兩個資料型態？

    * 串列 (list) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 字典 (dictionaries) 在 CPython 中是怎麼實作的？

    * 為何字典的鍵一定是不可變的？

    * 為何 list.sort() 不是回傳排序過的串列？

    * 如何在 Python 中指定和強制使用一個介面規範 (interface spec)？

    * 為何沒有 goto 語法？

    * 為何純字串 (r-string) 不能以反斜線結尾？

    * 為何 Python 沒有屬性賦值的 with 陳述式？

    * 為何產生器 (generator) 不支援 with 陳述式？

    * 為何 if、while、def、class 陳述式裡需要冒號？

    * 為何 Python 允許在串列和元組末端加上逗號？

  * 函式庫和擴充功能的常見問題

    * 常見函式問題

    * 常見課題

    * 執行緒

    * 輸入與輸出

    * 網路 (Network)/網際網路 (Internet) 程式

    * 資料庫

    * 數學和數值

  * 擴充/嵌入常見問題集

    * 我可以在 C 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 我可以在 C++ 中建立自己的函式嗎？

    * 寫 C 很難；還有其他選擇嗎？

    * 如何從 C 執行任意 Python 陳述式？

    * How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?

    * 如何從 Python 物件中提取 C 值？

    * 如何使用 Py_BuildValue() 建立任意長度的元組？

    * 如何從 C 呼叫物件的方法？

    * 我如何捕捉 PyErr_Print() 的輸出（或任何印出到 stdout/stderr 的東
      西）？

    * 如何從 C 存取用 Python 編寫的模組？

    * How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?

    * 我使用安裝檔案新增了一個模組，但 make 失敗了；為什麼？

    * 如何為擴充套件除錯？

    * 我想在我的 Linux 系統上編譯一個 Python 模組，但是缺少一些檔案。
      為什麼？

    * 如何從「無效輸入」區分出「不完整輸入」？

    * 如何找到未定義的 g++ 符號 __builtin_new 或 __pure_virtual？

    * Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C
      and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?

  * 在 Windows 使用 Python 的常見問答集

    * 如何在 Windows 作業系統裡運行 Python 程式？

    * 如何使 Python 腳本可以執行？

    * 為什麼 Python 有時需要這麼長的時間才能開始？

    * 如何從 Python 腳本製作可執行檔？

    * "*.pyd" 檔是否與 DLL 相同？

    * 如何將 Python 嵌入 Windows 應用程式中？

    * 如何防止編輯器在我的 Python 原始碼中插入 tab？

    * 如何在不阻塞的情況下檢查 keypress？

    * 如何解決遺漏 api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll 的錯誤？

  * 圖形使用者介面常見問答集

    * 圖形使用者介面 (GUI) 的常見問題

    * Python 有哪些 GUI 套件？

    * Tkinter 的問答

  * 「為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上？」常見問答集

    * 什麼是 Python？

    * 為什麼 Python 被安裝在我的機器上?

    * 我能夠自行刪除 Python 嗎？

* 術語表

* 關於這些說明文件

  * Python 文件的貢獻者們

* 處理錯誤 (Bug)

  * 說明文件的錯誤

  * 使用 Python 問題追蹤系統

  * 開始讓自己貢獻 Python

* 版權宣告

* 沿革與授權

  * 軟體沿革

  * 關於存取或以其他方式使用 Python 的合約條款

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.11.8 的 PSF 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 2.0 的 BEOPEN.COM 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 1.6.1 的 CNRI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 授權合約

    * 用於 PYTHON 3.11.8 說明文件內程式碼的 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD 授權

  * 被收錄軟體的授權與致謝

    * Mersenne Twister

    * Sockets

    * 非同步 socket 服務

    * Cookie 管理

    * 執行追蹤

    * UUencode 與 UUdecode 函式

    * XML 遠端程序呼叫

    * test_epoll

    * Select kqueue

    * SipHash24

    * strtod 與 dtoa

    * OpenSSL

    * expat

    * libffi

    * zlib

    * cfuhash

    * libmpdec

    * W3C C14N 測試套件

    * Audioop

    * asyncio
