Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)

Python 語言參考手冊說明 Python 這門語言確切的文法及語意，而這份函式庫參考手冊則是說明隨著 Python 一起發佈的標準函式庫，除此之外，其內容也包含一些時常出現在 Python 發佈版本中的非必要套件。

Python 的標準函式庫是非常龐大的，其提供了如下所述極多且涵蓋用途極廣的許多模組。包含一些用 C 語言撰寫，可以操作像是檔案讀寫等系統相關功能的內建模組，當然也有用 Python 撰寫，並使用標準解法解決許多常見問題的模組。其中有些模組則是特別針對 Python 的可攜性去設計的，為此特地將一些平台特殊相依性的功能抽象化成可跨平台的 API。

Python 的 Windows 安裝檔基本上包含整個標準函式庫，且通常也包含許多附加的組件；而在類 Unix 作業系統方面，Python 通常是以一系列的套件被安裝，因此對於某些或全部的可選組件，可能都必須使用該作業系統提供的套件管理工具來安裝。

在標準函式庫之外，還有成千上萬且不斷增加的組件（從個別的程式、模組、套件到完整的應用程式開發框架），可以從 Python 套件索引 (Python Package Index) 中取得。

• 簡介
  • 可用性之註釋
• 內建函式
• 內建常數
  • 由 site module（模組）所添增的常數
• 內建型別
  • 真值檢測
  • Boolean Operations --- and, or, not
  • Comparisons
  • Numeric Types --- int, float, complex
  • Iterator Types
  • Sequence Types --- list, tuple, range
  • Text Sequence Type --- str
  • Binary Sequence Types --- bytes, bytearray, memoryview
  • Set Types --- set, frozenset
  • Mapping Types --- dict
  • Context Manager Types
  • Type Annotation Types --- Generic Alias, Union
  • Other Built-in Types
  • Special Attributes
  • Integer string conversion length limitation
• 內建的例外
  • Exception context
  • 繼承自內建的例外
  • Base classes
  • Concrete exceptions
  • 警告
  • Exception groups
  • Exception hierarchy
• 文本處理 (Text Processing) 服務
  • string --- Common string operations
  • re --- 正規表示式 (regular expression) 操作
  • difflib --- Helpers for computing deltas
  • textwrap --- Text wrapping and filling
  • unicodedata --- Unicode Database
  • stringprep --- Internet String Preparation
  • readline --- GNU readline interface
  • rlcompleter --- Completion function for GNU readline
• Binary Data Services
  • struct --- Interpret bytes as packed binary data
  • codecs --- Codec registry and base classes
• 資料型別
  • datetime --- 日期與時間的基本型別
  • zoneinfo --- IANA 時區支援
  • calendar --- General calendar-related functions
  • collections --- 容器資料型態
  • collections.abc --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers
  • heapq --- 堆積佇列 (heap queue) 演算法
  • bisect --- 陣列二分演算法 (Array bisection algorithm)
  • array --- 高效率的數值型陣列
  • weakref --- Weak references
  • types --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
  • copy --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作
  • pprint --- Data pretty printer
  • reprlib --- Alternate repr() implementation
  • enum --- Support for enumerations
  • graphlib —-- 使用類圖 (graph-like) 結構進行操作的功能
• 數值與數學模組
  • numbers --- 數值的抽象基底類別
  • math --- 數學函式
  • cmath --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • decimal --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • fractions --- Rational numbers
  • random --- 生成偽隨機數
  • statistics --- 數學統計函式
• 函式編程模組
  • itertools --- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  • functools --- Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
  • operator --- 標準運算子替代函式
• 檔案與目錄存取
  • pathlib --- Object-oriented filesystem paths
  • os.path --- 常見的路徑名操作
  • fileinput --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • stat --- Interpreting stat() results
  • filecmp --- File and Directory Comparisons
  • tempfile --- 生成臨時檔案和目錄
  • glob --- Unix 風格的路徑名稱模式擴展
  • fnmatch --- Unix filename pattern matching
  • linecache --- Random access to text lines
  • shutil --- High-level file operations
• Data Persistence
  • pickle --- Python object serialization
  • copyreg --- Register pickle support functions
  • shelve --- Python object persistence
  • marshal --- 内部 Python 物件序列化
  • dbm --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"
  • sqlite3 --- SQLite 資料庫的 DB-API 2.0 介面
• 資料壓縮與保存
  • zlib --- 相容於 gzip 的壓縮
  • gzip --- Support for gzip files
  • bz2 --- Support for bzip2 compression
  • lzma --- Compression using the LZMA algorithm
  • zipfile --- Work with ZIP archives
  • tarfile --- Read and write tar archive files
• 檔案格式
  • csv --- CSV File Reading and Writing
  • configparser --- Configuration file parser
  • tomllib --- 剖析 TOML 檔案
  • netrc --- netrc 檔案處理
  • plistlib --- Generate and parse Apple .plist files
• 加密服務
  • hashlib --- Secure hashes and message digests
  • hmac --- 基於金鑰雜湊的訊息驗證
  • secrets --- 產生用於管理機密的安全亂數
• 通用作業系統服務
  • os --- 各種作業系統介面
  • io — 處理資料串流的核心工具
  • time --- Time access and conversions
  • argparse --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
  • getopt --- C-style parser for command line options
  • logging --- Logging facility for Python
  • logging.config --- Logging configuration
  • logging.handlers --- Logging handlers
  • getpass --- 可攜式密碼輸入工具
  • curses --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • curses.textpad --- Text input widget for curses programs
  • curses.ascii --- ASCII 字元的工具程式
  • curses.panel --- A panel stack extension for curses
  • platform --- 獲取底層平臺的標識資料
  • errno --- Standard errno system symbols
  • ctypes --- A foreign function library for Python
• 並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)
  • threading --- Thread-based parallelism
  • multiprocessing --- Process-based parallelism
  • multiprocessing.shared_memory --- Shared memory for direct access across processes
  • The concurrent package
  • concurrent.futures -- 啟動平行任務
  • subprocess --- Subprocess management
  • sched --- Event scheduler
  • queue --- 同步佇列 (queue) class（類別）
  • contextvars --- Context Variables
  • _thread --- Low-level threading API
• Networking and Interprocess Communication
  • asyncio --- 非同步 I/O
  • socket --- Low-level networking interface
  • ssl --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
  • select --- Waiting for I/O completion
  • selectors --- High-level I/O multiplexing
  • signal --- Set handlers for asynchronous events
  • mmap --- Memory-mapped file support
• 網際網路資料處理
  • email --- An email and MIME handling package
  • json --- JSON encoder and decoder
  • mailbox --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  • mimetypes --- Map filenames to MIME types
  • base64 —— Base16、Base32、Base64、Base85 資料編碼
  • binascii --- Convert between binary and ASCII
  • quopri --- 編碼和解碼 MIME 可列印字元資料
• Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • html --- HyperText Markup Language support
  • html.parser --- 簡單的 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器
  • html.entities --- HTML 一般實體的定義
  • XML 處理模組
  • xml.etree.ElementTree --- The ElementTree XML API
  • xml.dom --- The Document Object Model API
  • xml.dom.minidom --- Minimal DOM implementation
  • xml.dom.pulldom --- Support for building partial DOM trees
  • xml.sax --- Support for SAX2 parsers
  • xml.sax.handler --- Base classes for SAX handlers
  • xml.sax.saxutils --- SAX Utilities
  • xml.sax.xmlreader --- Interface for XML parsers
  • xml.parsers.expat --- Fast XML parsing using Expat
• Internet Protocols and Support
  • webbrowser --- Convenient web-browser controller
  • wsgiref --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • urllib --- URL 處理模組
  • urllib.request --- 用來開啟 URLs 的可擴充函式庫
  • urllib.response --- Response classes used by urllib
  • urllib.parse --- Parse URLs into components
  • urllib.error --- urllib.request 引發的例外類別
  • urllib.robotparser --- robots.txt 的剖析器
  • http --- HTTP 模組
  • http.client --- HTTP protocol client
  • ftplib --- FTP 協定用戶端
  • poplib --- POP3 protocol client
  • imaplib --- IMAP4 protocol client
  • smtplib --- SMTP protocol client
  • uuid --- UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • socketserver --- A framework for network servers
  • http.server --- HTTP servers
  • http.cookies --- HTTP state management
  • http.cookiejar --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • xmlrpc --- XMLRPC server and client modules
  • xmlrpc.client --- XML-RPC client access
  • xmlrpc.server --- Basic XML-RPC servers
  • ipaddress --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
• 多媒體服務
  • wave --- Read and write WAV files
  • colorsys --- 顏色系統間的轉換
• 國際化
  • gettext --- Multilingual internationalization services
  • locale --- Internationalization services
• 程式框架
  • turtle --- 龜圖學
  • cmd --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  • shlex --- Simple lexical analysis
• 以 Tk 打造圖形使用者介面 (Graphical User Interfaces)
  • tkinter --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • tkinter.colorchooser --- Color choosing dialog
  • tkinter.font --- Tkinter font wrapper
  • Tkinter Dialogs
  • tkinter.messagebox --- Tkinter message prompts
  • tkinter.scrolledtext --- Scrolled Text Widget
  • tkinter.dnd --- Drag and drop support
  • tkinter.ttk --- Tk themed widgets
  • tkinter.tix --- Tk 擴充小工具
  • IDLE
• 開發工具
  • typing --- Support for type hints
  • pydoc --- Documentation generator and online help system
  • Python Development Mode
  • doctest --- Test interactive Python examples
  • unittest --- 單元測試框架
  • unittest.mock --- mock object library
  • unittest.mock --- getting started
  • 2to3 --- 自動將 Python 2的程式碼轉成 Python 3
  • test --- Regression tests package for Python
  • test.support --- Utilities for the Python test suite
  • test.support.socket_helper --- Utilities for socket tests
  • test.support.script_helper --- Utilities for the Python execution tests
  • test.support.bytecode_helper --- Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation
  • test.support.threading_helper --- Utilities for threading tests
  • test.support.os_helper --- Utilities for os tests
  • test.support.import_helper --- Utilities for import tests
  • test.support.warnings_helper --- Utilities for warnings tests
• 除錯與效能分析
  • 稽核事件表
  • bdb --- Debugger framework
  • faulthandler --- Dump the Python traceback
  • pdb --- The Python Debugger
  • The Python Profilers
  • timeit --- 測量小量程式片段的執行時間
  • trace --- Trace or track Python statement execution
  • tracemalloc --- Trace memory allocations
• 軟體封裝與發布
  • distutils --- Building and installing Python modules
  • ensurepip --- Bootstrapping the pip installer
  • venv --- Creation of virtual environments
  • zipapp --- Manage executable Python zip archives
• Python Runtime Services
  • sys --- 系統特定的參數與函式
  • sysconfig --- Provide access to Python's configuration information
  • builtins --- 內建物件
  • __main__ --- Top-level code environment
  • warnings --- Warning control
  • dataclasses --- Data Classes
  • contextlib --- Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • abc --- 抽象基底類別
  • atexit --- Exit handlers
  • traceback --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • __future__ --- Future statement definitions
  • gc --- 垃圾回收器介面 (Garbage Collector interface)
  • inspect --- Inspect live objects
  • site --- Site-specific configuration hook
• Custom Python Interpreters
  • code --- Interpreter base classes
  • codeop --- Compile Python code
• 引入模組
  • zipimport --- Import modules from Zip archives
  • pkgutil --- Package extension utility
  • modulefinder --- Find modules used by a script
  • runpy --- Locating and executing Python modules
  • importlib --- The implementation of import
  • importlib.resources -- Package resource reading, opening and access
  • importlib.resources.abc -- Abstract base classes for resources
  • importlib.metadata -- Accessing package metadata
  • The initialization of the sys.path module search path
• Python Language Services
  • ast --- Abstract Syntax Trees
  • symtable --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables
  • token --- Constants used with Python parse trees
  • keyword --- 檢驗 Python 關鍵字
  • tokenize --- Tokenizer for Python source
  • tabnanny --- 偵測不良縮排
  • pyclbr --- Python module browser support
  • py_compile --- Compile Python source files
  • compileall --- Byte-compile Python libraries
  • dis --- Python bytecode的反組譯器
  • pickletools --- Tools for pickle developers
• MS Windows 特有服務
  • msvcrt --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  • winreg --- Windows registry access
  • winsound --- Sound-playing interface for Windows
• Unix 特有服務
  • posix --- 最常見的 POSIX 系統呼叫
  • pwd --- 密碼資料庫
  • grp --- The group database
  • termios --- POSIX style tty control
  • tty --- 終端機控制函式
  • pty --- Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • fcntl --- The fcntl and ioctl system calls
  • resource --- Resource usage information
  • syslog --- Unix syslog library routines
• Modules command-line interface (CLI)
• 已被取代的模組
  • aifc --- 讀寫 AIFF 與 AIFC 檔案
  • asynchat --- 非同步 socket 指令/回應處理函式
  • asyncore --- 非同步 socket 處理函式
  • audioop --- 操作原始聲音檔案
  • cgi --- 通用閘道器介面支援
  • cgitb --- CGI 腳本的回溯 (traceback) 管理程式
  • chunk --- 讀取 IFF 分塊資料
  • crypt --- 用於檢查 Unix 密碼的函式
  • imghdr --- 推測圖片種類
  • imp --- Access the import internals
  • mailcap --- Mailcap file handling
  • msilib --- 讀寫 Microsoft Installer 檔案
  • nis --- Sun NIS (Yellow Pages) 介面
  • nntplib --- NNTP 協定客戶端
  • optparse --- Parser for command line options
  • ossaudiodev --- 對 OSS 相容聲音裝置的存取
  • pipes --- shell pipelines 介面
  • smtpd --- SMTP 伺服器
  • sndhdr --- 判定聲音檔案的型別
  • spwd --- shadow 密碼資料庫
  • sunau --- 讀寫 Sun AU 檔案
  • telnetlib --- Telnet 客戶端
  • xdrlib --- uuencode 檔案的編碼與解碼
  • xdrlib --- XDR 資料的編碼與解碼
• Security Considerations