The Python Language Reference
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This reference manual describes the syntax and 「core semantics」 of
the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The
semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in
functions and modules are described in Python 標準函式庫 (Standard
Library). For an informal introduction to the language, see Python 教
學. For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending
and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture
of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python / C API 參考
手冊 describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in
detail.

* 1. 簡介

  * 1.1. Alternate Implementations

  * 1.2. Notation

* 2. Lexical analysis

  * 2.1. Line structure

  * 2.2. Other tokens

  * 2.3. Identifiers and keywords

  * 2.4. Literals

  * 2.5. Operators

  * 2.6. Delimiters

* 3. Data model

  * 3.1. Objects, values and types

  * 3.2. The standard type hierarchy

  * 3.3. New-style and classic classes

  * 3.4. Special method names

* 4. Execution model

  * 4.1. Naming and binding

  * 4.2. Exceptions

* 5. Expressions

  * 5.1. Arithmetic conversions

  * 5.2. Atoms

  * 5.3. Primaries

  * 5.4. The power operator

  * 5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

  * 5.6. Binary arithmetic operations

  * 5.7. Shifting operations

  * 5.8. Binary bitwise operations

  * 5.9. Comparisons

  * 5.10. Boolean operations

  * 5.11. Conditional Expressions

  * 5.12. Lambdas

  * 5.13. Expression lists

  * 5.14. Evaluation order

  * 5.15. Operator precedence

* 6. Simple statements

  * 6.1. Expression statements

  * 6.2. Assignment statements

  * 6.3. The "assert" statement

  * 6.4. The "pass" statement

  * 6.5. The "del" statement

  * 6.6. The "print" statement

  * 6.7. The "return" statement

  * 6.8. The "yield" statement

  * 6.9. The "raise" statement

  * 6.10. The "break" statement

  * 6.11. The "continue" statement

  * 6.12. The "import" statement

  * 6.13. The "global" statement

  * 6.14. The "exec" statement

* 7. Compound statements

  * 7.1. The "if" statement

  * 7.2. The "while" statement

  * 7.3. The "for" statement

  * 7.4. The "try" statement

  * 7.5. The "with" statement

  * 7.6. Function definitions

  * 7.7. Class definitions

* 8. Top-level components

  * 8.1. Complete Python programs

  * 8.2. File input

  * 8.3. Interactive input

  * 8.4. Expression input

* 9. 完整的語法規格書
