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# 13.2. `ConfigParser` — Configuration file parser

備註

The `ConfigParser` module has been renamed to `configparser` in Python 3. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to Python 3.

This module defines the class `ConfigParser`. The `ConfigParser` class implements a basic configuration file parser language which provides a structure similar to what you would find on Microsoft Windows INI files. You can use this to write Python programs which can be customized by end users easily.

備註

This library does not interpret or write the value-type prefixes used in the Windows Registry extended version of INI syntax.

也參考

Module `shlex`

  Support for creating Unix shell-like mini-languages which can be used as an alternate format for application configuration files.

Module `json`

  The json module implements a subset of JavaScript syntax which can also be used for this purpose.

The configuration file consists of sections, led by a `[section]` header and followed by `name: value` entries, with continuations in the style of RFC 822 (see section 3.1.1, 「LONG HEADER FIELDS」); `name=value` is also accepted. Note that leading whitespace is removed from values. The optional values can contain format strings which refer to other values in the same section, or values in a special `DEFAULT` section. Additional defaults can be provided on initialization and retrieval. Lines beginning with `'#'` or `';'` are ignored and may be used to provide comments.

Configuration files may include comments, prefixed by specific characters (`#` and `;`). Comments may appear on their own in an otherwise empty line, or may be entered in lines holding values or section names. In the latter case, they need to be preceded by a whitespace character to be recognized as a comment. (For backwards compatibility, only `;` starts an inline comment, while `#` does not.)

On top of the core functionality, `SafeConfigParser` supports interpolation. This means values can contain format strings which refer to other values in the same section, or values in a special `DEFAULT` section. Additional defaults can be provided on initialization.

For example:

    [My Section]
    foodir: %(dir)s/whatever
    dir=frob
    long: this value continues
       in the next line

would resolve the `%(dir)s` to the value of `dir` (`frob` in this case). All reference expansions are done on demand.

Default values can be specified by passing them into the `ConfigParser` constructor as a dictionary. Additional defaults may be passed into the `get()` method which will override all others.

Sections are normally stored in a built-in dictionary. An alternative dictionary type can be passed to the `ConfigParser` constructor. For example, if a dictionary type is passed that sorts its keys, the sections will be sorted on write-back, as will be the keys within each section.

class `ConfigParser.``RawConfigParser`([defaults[, dict_type[, allow_no_value]]])

  The basic configuration object. When defaults is given, it is initialized into the dictionary of intrinsic defaults. When dict_type is given, it will be used to create the dictionary objects for the list of sections, for the options within a section, and for the default values. When allow_no_value is true (default: `False`), options without values are accepted; the value presented for these is `None`.

  This class does not support the magical interpolation behavior.

  All option names are passed through the `optionxform()` method. Its default implementation converts option names to lower case.

  2.3 版新加入.

  2.6 版更變: dict_type was added.

  2.7 版更變: The default dict_type is `collections.OrderedDict`. allow_no_value was added.

class `ConfigParser.``ConfigParser`([defaults[, dict_type[, allow_no_value]]])

  Derived class of `RawConfigParser` that implements the magical interpolation feature and adds optional arguments to the `get()` and `items()` methods. The values in defaults must be appropriate for the `%()s` string interpolation. Note that __name__ is an intrinsic default; its value is the section name, and will override any value provided in defaults.

  All option names used in interpolation will be passed through the `optionxform()` method just like any other option name reference. Using the default implementation of `optionxform()`, the values `foo %(bar)s` and `foo %(BAR)s` are equivalent.

  2.3 版新加入.

  2.6 版更變: dict_type was added.

  2.7 版更變: The default dict_type is `collections.OrderedDict`. allow_no_value was added.

class `ConfigParser.``SafeConfigParser`([defaults[, dict_type[, allow_no_value]]])

  Derived class of `ConfigParser` that implements a more-sane variant of the magical interpolation feature. This implementation is more predictable as well. New applications should prefer this version if they don’t need to be compatible with older versions of Python.

  2.3 版新加入.

  2.6 版更變: dict_type was added.

  2.7 版更變: The default dict_type is `collections.OrderedDict`. allow_no_value was added.

exception `ConfigParser.``Error`

  Base class for all other configparser exceptions.

exception `ConfigParser.``NoSectionError`

  Exception raised when a specified section is not found.

exception `ConfigParser.``DuplicateSectionError`

  Exception raised if `add_section()` is called with the name of a section that is already present.

exception `ConfigParser.``NoOptionError`

  Exception raised when a specified option is not found in the specified section.

exception `ConfigParser.``InterpolationError`

  Base class for exceptions raised when problems occur performing string interpolation.

exception `ConfigParser.``InterpolationDepthError`

  Exception raised when string interpolation cannot be completed because the number of iterations exceeds `MAX_INTERPOLATION_DEPTH`. Subclass of `InterpolationError`.

exception `ConfigParser.``InterpolationMissingOptionError`

  Exception raised when an option referenced from a value does not exist. Subclass of `InterpolationError`.

  2.3 版新加入.

exception `ConfigParser.``InterpolationSyntaxError`

  Exception raised when the source text into which substitutions are made does not conform to the required syntax. Subclass of `InterpolationError`.

  2.3 版新加入.

exception `ConfigParser.``MissingSectionHeaderError`

  Exception raised when attempting to parse a file which has no section headers.

exception `ConfigParser.``ParsingError`

  Exception raised when errors occur attempting to parse a file.

`ConfigParser.``MAX_INTERPOLATION_DEPTH`

  The maximum depth for recursive interpolation for `get()` when the raw parameter is false. This is relevant only for the `ConfigParser` class.

也參考

Module `shlex`

  Support for a creating Unix shell-like mini-languages which can be used as an alternate format for application configuration files.

## 13.2.1. RawConfigParser Objects

`RawConfigParser` instances have the following methods:

`RawConfigParser.``defaults`()

  Return a dictionary containing the instance-wide defaults.

`RawConfigParser.``sections`()

  Return a list of the sections available; `DEFAULT` is not included in the list.

`RawConfigParser.``add_section`(section)

  Add a section named section to the instance. If a section by the given name already exists, `DuplicateSectionError` is raised. If the name `DEFAULT` (or any of it’s case-insensitive variants) is passed, `ValueError` is raised.

`RawConfigParser.``has_section`(section)

  Indicates whether the named section is present in the configuration. The `DEFAULT` section is not acknowledged.

`RawConfigParser.``options`(section)

  Returns a list of options available in the specified section.

`RawConfigParser.``has_option`(section, option)

  If the given section exists, and contains the given option, return `True`; otherwise return `False`.

  1.6 版新加入.

`RawConfigParser.``read`(filenames)

  Attempt to read and parse a list of filenames, returning a list of filenames which were successfully parsed. If filenames is a string or Unicode string, it is treated as a single filename. If a file named in filenames cannot be opened, that file will be ignored. This is designed so that you can specify a list of potential configuration file locations (for example, the current directory, the user’s home directory, and some system-wide directory), and all existing configuration files in the list will be read. If none of the named files exist, the `ConfigParser` instance will contain an empty dataset. An application which requires initial values to be loaded from a file should load the required file or files using `readfp()` before calling `read()` for any optional files:

      import ConfigParser, os

      config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
      config.readfp(open('defaults.cfg'))
      config.read(['site.cfg', os.path.expanduser('~/.myapp.cfg')])

  2.4 版更變: Returns list of successfully parsed filenames.

`RawConfigParser.``readfp`(fp[, filename])

  Read and parse configuration data from the file or file-like object in fp (only the `readline()` method is used). If filename is omitted and fp has a `name` attribute, that is used for filename; the default is `<???>`.

`RawConfigParser.``get`(section, option)

  Get an option value for the named section.

`RawConfigParser.``getint`(section, option)

  A convenience method which coerces the option in the specified section to an integer.

`RawConfigParser.``getfloat`(section, option)

  A convenience method which coerces the option in the specified section to a floating point number.

`RawConfigParser.``getboolean`(section, option)

  A convenience method which coerces the option in the specified section to a Boolean value. Note that the accepted values for the option are `"1"`, `"yes"`, `"true"`, and `"on"`, which cause this method to return `True`, and `"0"`, `"no"`, `"false"`, and `"off"`, which cause it to return `False`. These string values are checked in a case-insensitive manner. Any other value will cause it to raise `ValueError`.

`RawConfigParser.``items`(section)

  Return a list of `(name, value)` pairs for each option in the given section.

`RawConfigParser.``set`(section, option, value)

  If the given section exists, set the given option to the specified value; otherwise raise `NoSectionError`. While it is possible to use `RawConfigParser` (or `ConfigParser` with raw parameters set to true) for internal storage of non-string values, full functionality (including interpolation and output to files) can only be achieved using string values.

  1.6 版新加入.

`RawConfigParser.``write`(fileobject)

  Write a representation of the configuration to the specified file object. This representation can be parsed by a future `read()` call.

  1.6 版新加入.

`RawConfigParser.``remove_option`(section, option)

  Remove the specified option from the specified section. If the section does not exist, raise `NoSectionError`. If the option existed to be removed, return `True`; otherwise return `False`.

  1.6 版新加入.

`RawConfigParser.``remove_section`(section)

  Remove the specified section from the configuration. If the section in fact existed, return `True`. Otherwise return `False`.

`RawConfigParser.``optionxform`(option)

  Transforms the option name option as found in an input file or as passed in by client code to the form that should be used in the internal structures. The default implementation returns a lower-case version of option; subclasses may override this or client code can set an attribute of this name on instances to affect this behavior.

  You don’t necessarily need to subclass a ConfigParser to use this method, you can also re-set it on an instance, to a function that takes a string argument. Setting it to `str`, for example, would make option names case sensitive:

      cfgparser = ConfigParser()
      ...
      cfgparser.optionxform = str

  Note that when reading configuration files, whitespace around the option names are stripped before `optionxform()` is called.

## 13.2.2. ConfigParser Objects

The `ConfigParser` class extends some methods of the `RawConfigParser` interface, adding some optional arguments.

`ConfigParser.``get`(section, option[, raw[, vars]])

  Get an option value for the named section. If vars is provided, it must be a dictionary. The option is looked up in vars (if provided), section, and in defaults in that order.

  All the `'%'` interpolations are expanded in the return values, unless the raw argument is true. Values for interpolation keys are looked up in the same manner as the option.

`ConfigParser.``items`(section[, raw[, vars]])

  Return a list of `(name, value)` pairs for each option in the given section. Optional arguments have the same meaning as for the `get()` method.

  2.3 版新加入.

## 13.2.3. SafeConfigParser Objects

The `SafeConfigParser` class implements the same extended interface as `ConfigParser`, with the following addition:

`SafeConfigParser.``set`(section, option, value)

  If the given section exists, set the given option to the specified value; otherwise raise `NoSectionError`. value must be a string (`str` or `unicode`); if not, `TypeError` is raised.

  2.4 版新加入.

## 13.2.4. Examples

An example of writing to a configuration file:

    import ConfigParser

    config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()

    # When adding sections or items, add them in the reverse order of
    # how you want them to be displayed in the actual file.
    # In addition, please note that using RawConfigParser's and the raw
    # mode of ConfigParser's respective set functions, you can assign
    # non-string values to keys internally, but will receive an error
    # when attempting to write to a file or when you get it in non-raw
    # mode. SafeConfigParser does not allow such assignments to take place.
    config.add_section('Section1')
    config.set('Section1', 'an_int', '15')
    config.set('Section1', 'a_bool', 'true')
    config.set('Section1', 'a_float', '3.1415')
    config.set('Section1', 'baz', 'fun')
    config.set('Section1', 'bar', 'Python')
    config.set('Section1', 'foo', '%(bar)s is %(baz)s!')

    # Writing our configuration file to 'example.cfg'
    with open('example.cfg', 'wb') as configfile:
        config.write(configfile)

An example of reading the configuration file again:

    import ConfigParser

    config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
    config.read('example.cfg')

    # getfloat() raises an exception if the value is not a float
    # getint() and getboolean() also do this for their respective types
    a_float = config.getfloat('Section1', 'a_float')
    an_int = config.getint('Section1', 'an_int')
    print a_float + an_int

    # Notice that the next output does not interpolate '%(bar)s' or '%(baz)s'.
    # This is because we are using a RawConfigParser().
    if config.getboolean('Section1', 'a_bool'):
        print config.get('Section1', 'foo')

To get interpolation, you will need to use a `ConfigParser` or `SafeConfigParser`:

    import ConfigParser

    config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('example.cfg')

    # Set the third, optional argument of get to 1 if you wish to use raw mode.
    print config.get('Section1', 'foo', 0)  # -> "Python is fun!"
    print config.get('Section1', 'foo', 1)  # -> "%(bar)s is %(baz)s!"

    # The optional fourth argument is a dict with members that will take
    # precedence in interpolation.
    print config.get('Section1', 'foo', 0, {'bar': 'Documentation',
                                            'baz': 'evil'})

Defaults are available in all three types of ConfigParsers. They are used in interpolation if an option used is not defined elsewhere.

    import ConfigParser

    # New instance with 'bar' and 'baz' defaulting to 'Life' and 'hard' each
    config = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser({'bar': 'Life', 'baz': 'hard'})
    config.read('example.cfg')

    print config.get('Section1', 'foo')  # -> "Python is fun!"
    config.remove_option('Section1', 'bar')
    config.remove_option('Section1', 'baz')
    print config.get('Section1', 'foo')  # -> "Life is hard!"

The function `opt_move` below can be used to move options between sections:

    def opt_move(config, section1, section2, option):
        try:
            config.set(section2, option, config.get(section1, option, 1))
        except ConfigParser.NoSectionError:
            # Create non-existent section
            config.add_section(section2)
            opt_move(config, section1, section2, option)
        else:
            config.remove_option(section1, option)

Some configuration files are known to include settings without values, but which otherwise conform to the syntax supported by `ConfigParser`. The allow_no_value parameter to the constructor can be used to indicate that such values should be accepted:

    >>> import ConfigParser
    >>> import io

    >>> sample_config = """
    ... [mysqld]
    ... user = mysql
    ... pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
    ... skip-external-locking
    ... old_passwords = 1
    ... skip-bdb
    ... skip-innodb
    ... """
    >>> config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser(allow_no_value=True)
    >>> config.readfp(io.BytesIO(sample_config))

    >>> # Settings with values are treated as before:
    >>> config.get("mysqld", "user")
    'mysql'

    >>> # Settings without values provide None:
    >>> config.get("mysqld", "skip-bdb")

    >>> # Settings which aren't specified still raise an error:
    >>> config.get("mysqld", "does-not-exist")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ConfigParser.NoOptionError: No option 'does-not-exist' in section: 'mysqld'