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# 10.10. `shutil` — High-level file operations

Source code: Lib/shutil.py

The `shutil` module offers a number of high-level operations on files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the `os` module.

警告

Even the higher-level file copying functions (`shutil.copy()`, `shutil.copy2()`) can’t copy all file metadata.

On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used. This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams are not copied.

## 10.10.1. Directory and files operations

`shutil.``copyfileobj`(fsrc, fdst[, length])

  Copy the contents of the file-like object fsrc to the file-like object fdst. The integer length, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative length value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory consumption. Note that if the current file position of the fsrc object is not 0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will be copied.

`shutil.``copyfile`(src, dst)

  Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named src to a file named dst. dst must be the complete target file name; look at `shutil.copy()` for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If src and dst are the same files, `Error` is raised. The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an `IOError` exception will be raised. If dst already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. src and dst are path names given as strings.

`shutil.``copymode`(src, dst)

  Copy the permission bits from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.

`shutil.``copystat`(src, dst)

  Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.

`shutil.``copy`(src, dst)

  Copy the file src to the file or directory dst. If dst is a directory, a file with the same basename as src is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission bits are copied. src and dst are path names given as strings.

`shutil.``copy2`(src, dst)

  Identical to `copy()` except that `copy2()` also attempts to preserve file metadata.

  `copy2()` uses `copystat()` to copy the file metadata. Please see `copystat()` for more information.

`shutil.``ignore_patterns`(*patterns)

  This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for `copytree()`』s ignore argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style patterns provided. See the example below.

  2.6 版新加入.

`shutil.``copytree`(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

  Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src. The destination directory, named by dst, must not already exist; it will be created as well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are copied with `copystat()`, individual files are copied using `shutil.copy2()`.

  If symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree, but the metadata of the original links is NOT copied; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.

  If ignore is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its arguments the directory being visited by `copytree()`, and a list of its contents, as returned by `os.listdir()`. Since `copytree()` is called recursively, the ignore callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy process. `ignore_patterns()` can be used to create such a callable that ignores names based on glob-style patterns.

  If exception(s) occur, an `Error` is raised with a list of reasons.

  The source code for this should be considered an example rather than the ultimate tool.

  2.3 版更變: `Error` is raised if any exceptions occur during copying, rather than printing a message.

  2.5 版更變: Create intermediate directories needed to create dst, rather than raising an error. Copy permissions and times of directories using `copystat()`.

  2.6 版更變: Added the ignore argument to be able to influence what is being copied.

`shutil.``rmtree`(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

  Delete an entire directory tree; path must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.

  If onerror is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: function, path, and excinfo. The first parameter, function, is the function which raised the exception; it will be `os.path.islink()`, `os.listdir()`, `os.remove()` or `os.rmdir()`. The second parameter, path, will be the path name passed to function. The third parameter, excinfo, will be the exception information return by `sys.exc_info()`. Exceptions raised by onerror will not be caught.

  2.6 版更變: Explicitly check for path being a symbolic link and raise `OSError` in that case.

`shutil.``move`(src, dst)

  Recursively move a file or directory (src) to another location (dst).

  If the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on `os.rename()` semantics.

  If the destination is on the current filesystem, then `os.rename()` is used. Otherwise, src is copied (using `shutil.copy2()`) to dst and then removed.

  2.3 版新加入.

exception `shutil.``Error`

  This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file operation. For `copytree()`, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples (srcname, dstname, exception).

  2.3 版新加入.

### 10.10.1.1. copytree example

This example is the implementation of the `copytree()` function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.

    def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
        names = os.listdir(src)
        if ignore is not None:
            ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
        else:
            ignored_names = set()

        os.makedirs(dst)
        errors = []
        for name in names:
            if name in ignored_names:
                continue
            srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
            dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
            try:
                if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                    linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                    os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
                elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                    copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
                else:
                    copy2(srcname, dstname)
                # XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
            except (IOError, os.error) as why:
                errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
            # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
            # continue with other files
            except Error as err:
                errors.extend(err.args[0])
        try:
            copystat(src, dst)
        except WindowsError:
            # can't copy file access times on Windows
            pass
        except OSError as why:
            errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
        if errors:
            raise Error(errors)

Another example that uses the `ignore_patterns()` helper:

    from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns

    copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

This will copy everything except `.pyc` files and files or directories whose name starts with `tmp`.

Another example that uses the ignore argument to add a logging call:

    from shutil import copytree
    import logging

    def _logpath(path, names):
        logging.info('Working in %s' % path)
        return []   # nothing will be ignored

    copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)

## 10.10.2. Archiving operations

High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the `zipfile` and `tarfile` modules.

`shutil.``make_archive`(base_name, format[, root_dir[, base_dir[, verbose[, dry_run[, owner[, group[, logger]]]]]]])

  Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar) and returns its name.

  base_name is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus any format-specific extension. format is the archive format: one of 「zip」 (if the `zlib` module or external `zip` executable is available), 「tar」, 「gztar」 (if the `zlib` module is available), or 「bztar」 (if the `bz2` module is available).

  root_dir is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into root_dir before creating the archive.

  base_dir is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. base_dir will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive.

  root_dir and base_dir both default to the current directory.

  owner and group are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.

  logger must be an object compatible with PEP 282, usually an instance of `logging.Logger`.

  2.7 版新加入.

`shutil.``get_archive_formats`()

  Return a list of supported formats for archiving. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple `(name, description)`.

  By default `shutil` provides these formats:

  - zip: ZIP file (if the `zlib` module or external `zip` executable is available).

  - tar: uncompressed tar file.

  - gztar: gzip’ed tar-file (if the `zlib` module is available).

  - bztar: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the `bz2` module is available).

  You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing formats, by using `register_archive_format()`.

  2.7 版新加入.

`shutil.``register_archive_format`(name, function[, extra_args[, description]])

  Register an archiver for the format name. function is a callable that will be used to invoke the archiver.

  If given, extra_args is a sequence of `(name, value)` that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.

  description is used by `get_archive_formats()` which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.

  2.7 版新加入.

`shutil.``unregister_archive_format`(name)

  Remove the archive format name from the list of supported formats.

  2.7 版新加入.

### 10.10.2.1. Archiving example

In this example, we create a gzip’ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the `.ssh` directory of the user:

    >>> from shutil import make_archive
    >>> import os
    >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
    >>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
    >>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
    '/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'

The resulting archive contains:

    $ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
    drwx------ tarek/staff       0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
    -rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
    -rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff      65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
    -rwx------ tarek/staff     668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
    -rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
    -rw------- tarek/staff    1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
    -rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
    -rw-r--r-- tarek/staff   37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts