This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade and read the Python 当前稳定版本的文档.

# 7. 範例

This chapter provides a number of basic examples to help get started with distutils. Additional information about using distutils can be found in the Distutils Cookbook.

也參考

Distutils Cookbook

  Collection of recipes showing how to achieve more control over distutils.

## 7.1. Pure Python distribution (by module)

If you’re just distributing a couple of modules, especially if they don’t live in a particular package, you can specify them individually using the `py_modules` option in the setup script.

In the simplest case, you’ll have two files to worry about: a setup script and the single module you’re distributing, `foo.py` in this example:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            foo.py

(In all diagrams in this section, <root> will refer to the distribution root directory.) A minimal setup script to describe this situation would be:

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foo',
          version='1.0',
          py_modules=['foo'],
          )

Note that the name of the distribution is specified independently with the `name` option, and there’s no rule that says it has to be the same as the name of the sole module in the distribution (although that’s probably a good convention to follow). However, the distribution name is used to generate filenames, so you should stick to letters, digits, underscores, and hyphens.

Since `py_modules` is a list, you can of course specify multiple modules, eg. if you’re distributing modules `foo` and `bar`, your setup might look like this:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            foo.py
            bar.py

and the setup script might be

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          py_modules=['foo', 'bar'],
          )

You can put module source files into another directory, but if you have enough modules to do that, it’s probably easier to specify modules by package rather than listing them individually.

## 7.2. Pure Python distribution (by package)

If you have more than a couple of modules to distribute, especially if they are in multiple packages, it’s probably easier to specify whole packages rather than individual modules. This works even if your modules are not in a package; you can just tell the Distutils to process modules from the root package, and that works the same as any other package (except that you don’t have to have an `__init__.py` file).

The setup script from the last example could also be written as

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          packages=[''],
          )

(The empty string stands for the root package.)

If those two files are moved into a subdirectory, but remain in the root package, e.g.:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            src/      foo.py
                      bar.py

then you would still specify the root package, but you have to tell the Distutils where source files in the root package live:

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          package_dir={'': 'src'},
          packages=[''],
          )

More typically, though, you will want to distribute multiple modules in the same package (or in sub-packages). For example, if the `foo` and `bar` modules belong in package `foobar`, one way to layout your source tree is

    <root>/
            setup.py
            foobar/
                     __init__.py
                     foo.py
                     bar.py

This is in fact the default layout expected by the Distutils, and the one that requires the least work to describe in your setup script:

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          packages=['foobar'],
          )

If you want to put modules in directories not named for their package, then you need to use the `package_dir` option again. For example, if the `src` directory holds modules in the `foobar` package:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            src/
                     __init__.py
                     foo.py
                     bar.py

an appropriate setup script would be

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          package_dir={'foobar': 'src'},
          packages=['foobar'],
          )

Or, you might put modules from your main package right in the distribution root:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            __init__.py
            foo.py
            bar.py

in which case your setup script would be

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          package_dir={'foobar': ''},
          packages=['foobar'],
          )

(The empty string also stands for the current directory.)

If you have sub-packages, they must be explicitly listed in `packages`, but any entries in `package_dir` automatically extend to sub-packages. (In other words, the Distutils does not scan your source tree, trying to figure out which directories correspond to Python packages by looking for `__init__.py` files.) Thus, if the default layout grows a sub-package:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            foobar/
                     __init__.py
                     foo.py
                     bar.py
                     subfoo/
                               __init__.py
                               blah.py

then the corresponding setup script would be

    from distutils.core import setup
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          packages=['foobar', 'foobar.subfoo'],
          )

## 7.3. Single extension module

Extension modules are specified using the `ext_modules` option. `package_dir` has no effect on where extension source files are found; it only affects the source for pure Python modules. The simplest case, a single extension module in a single C source file, is:

    <root>/
            setup.py
            foo.c

If the `foo` extension belongs in the root package, the setup script for this could be

    from distutils.core import setup
    from distutils.extension import Extension
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          ext_modules=[Extension('foo', ['foo.c'])],
          )

If the extension actually belongs in a package, say `foopkg`, then

With exactly the same source tree layout, this extension can be put in the `foopkg` package simply by changing the name of the extension:

    from distutils.core import setup
    from distutils.extension import Extension
    setup(name='foobar',
          version='1.0',
          ext_modules=[Extension('foopkg.foo', ['foo.c'])],
          )