"msvcrt" --- 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程
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这些函数提供了对 Windows 平台上一些有用功能的访问。一些更高级别的模块
使用这些函数来构建其服务的 Windows 实现。 例如， "getpass" 模块在实现
"getpass()" 函数时使用了这些函数。

关于这些函数的更多信息可以在平台 API 文档中找到。

该模块实现了控制台 I/O API 的普通和宽字符变体。普通的 API 只处理ASCII
字符，国际化应用受限。应该尽可能地使用宽字符 API 。

在 3.3 版更改: Operations in this module now raise "OSError" where
"IOError" was raised.


File Operations
===============

msvcrt.locking(fd, mode, nbytes)

   Lock part of a file based on file descriptor *fd* from the C
   runtime.  Raises "OSError" on failure.  The locked region of the
   file extends from the current file position for *nbytes* bytes, and
   may continue beyond the end of the file.  *mode* must be one of the
   "LK_*" constants listed below. Multiple regions in a file may be
   locked at the same time, but may not overlap.  Adjacent regions are
   not merged; they must be unlocked individually.

   Raises an auditing event "msvcrt.locking" with arguments "fd",
   "mode", "nbytes".

msvcrt.LK_LOCK
msvcrt.LK_RLCK

   Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the
   program immediately tries again after 1 second.  If, after 10
   attempts, the bytes cannot be locked, "OSError" is raised.

msvcrt.LK_NBLCK
msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK

   Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, "OSError"
   is raised.

msvcrt.LK_UNLCK

   Unlocks the specified bytes, which must have been previously
   locked.

msvcrt.setmode(fd, flags)

   Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor *fd*. To
   set it to text mode, *flags* should be "os.O_TEXT"; for binary, it
   should be "os.O_BINARY".

msvcrt.open_osfhandle(handle, flags)

   Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle *handle*.
   The *flags* parameter should be a bitwise OR of "os.O_APPEND",
   "os.O_RDONLY", and "os.O_TEXT".  The returned file descriptor may
   be used as a parameter to "os.fdopen()" to create a file object.

   Raises an auditing event "msvcrt.open_osfhandle" with arguments
   "handle", "flags".

msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)

   Return the file handle for the file descriptor *fd*.  Raises
   "OSError" if *fd* is not recognized.

   Raises an auditing event "msvcrt.get_osfhandle" with argument "fd".


Console I/O
===========

msvcrt.kbhit()

   Return "True" if a keypress is waiting to be read.

msvcrt.getch()

   Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte
   string. Nothing is echoed to the console.  This call will block if
   a keypress is not already available, but will not wait for "Enter"
   to be pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this
   will return "'\000'" or "'\xe0'"; the next call will return the
   keycode. The "Control-C" keypress cannot be read with this
   function.

msvcrt.getwch()

   Wide char variant of "getch()", returning a Unicode value.

msvcrt.getche()

   Similar to "getch()", but the keypress will be echoed if it
   represents a printable character.

msvcrt.getwche()

   Wide char variant of "getche()", returning a Unicode value.

msvcrt.putch(char)

   Print the byte string *char* to the console without buffering.

msvcrt.putwch(unicode_char)

   Wide char variant of "putch()", accepting a Unicode value.

msvcrt.ungetch(char)

   Cause the byte string *char* to be "pushed back" into the console
   buffer; it will be the next character read by "getch()" or
   "getche()".

msvcrt.ungetwch(unicode_char)

   Wide char variant of "ungetch()", accepting a Unicode value.


Other Functions
===============

msvcrt.heapmin()

   Force the "malloc()" heap to clean itself up and return unused
   blocks to the operating system.  On failure, this raises "OSError".
