# 缓冲协议

在 Python 中可使用一些对象来包装对底层内存数组或称 缓冲 的访问。此类对象包括内置的 `bytes` 和 `bytearray` 以及一些如 `array.array` 这样的扩展类型。第三方库也可能会为了特殊的目的而定义它们自己的类型，例如用于图像处理和数值分析等。

虽然这些类型中的每一种都有自己的语义，但它们具有由可能较大的内存缓冲区支持的共同特征。 在某些情况下，希望直接访问该缓冲区而无需中间复制。

Python 以 缓冲协议 的形式在 C 层级上提供这样的功能。 此协议包括两个方面:

- 在生产者这一方面，该类型的协议可以导出一个“缓冲区接口”，允许公开它的底层缓冲区信息。该接口的描述信息在 Buffer Object Structures 一节中；

- 在消费者一侧，有几种方法可用于获得指向对象的原始底层数据的指针（例如一个方法的形参）。

一些简单的对象例如 `bytes` 和 `bytearray` 会以面向字节的形式公开它们的底层缓冲区。 也可能会用其他形式；例如 `array.array` 所公开的元素可以是多字节值。

缓冲区接口的消费者的一个例子是文件对象的 `write()` 方法：任何可以输出为一系列字节流的对象可以被写入文件。然而 `write()` 方法只需要对于传入对象的只读权限，其他的方法，如 `readinto()` 需要参数内容的写入权限。缓冲区接口使得对象可以选择性地允许或拒绝读写或只读缓冲区的导出。

对于缓冲接口的消费者而言，有两种方式来获取一个目的对象的缓冲：

- 使用正确的参数来调用 `PyObject_GetBuffer()` 函数；

- 调用 `PyArg_ParseTuple()` (或其同级对象之一) 并传入 `y*`, `w*` or `s*` 格式代码 中的一个。

在这两种情况下，当不再需要缓冲区时必须调用 `PyBuffer_Release()` 。如果此操作失败，可能会导致各种问题，例如资源泄漏。

## 缓冲区结构

缓冲区结构(或者简单地称为“buffers”)对于将二进制数据从另一个对象公开给 Python 程序员非常有用。它们还可以用作零拷贝切片机制。使用它们引用内存块的能力，可以很容易地将任何数据公开给 Python 程序员。内存可以是 C 扩展中的一个大的常量数组，也可以是在传递到操作系统库之前用于操作的原始内存块，或者可以用来传递本机内存格式的结构化数据。

与 Python 解释器公开的大多部数据类型不同，缓冲区不是 `PyObject` 指针而是简单的 C 结构。 这使得它们可以非常简单地创建和复制。 当需要为缓冲区加上泛型包装器时，可以创建一个 内存视图 对象。

有关如何编写并导出对象的简短说明，请参阅 缓冲区对象结构。 要获取缓冲区对象，请参阅 `PyObject_GetBuffer()`。

`Py_buffer`
  void *`buf`

    指向由缓冲区字段描述的逻辑结构开始的指针。 这可以是导出程序底层物理内存块中的任何位置。 例如，使用负的 `strides` 值可能指向内存块的末尾。

    对于 contiguous ，‘邻接’数组，值指向内存块的开头。

  void *`obj`

    对导出对象的新引用。 该引用归使用者所有，并由 `PyBuffer_Release()` 自动递减并设置为 `NULL`。 该字段等于任何标准 C-API 函数的返回值。

    作为一种特殊情况，对于由 `PyMemoryView_FromBuffer()` 或 `PyBuffer_FillInfo()` 包装的 temporary 缓冲区，此字段为 `NULL`。 通常，导出对象不得使用此方案。

  Py_ssize_t `len`

    `product(shape) * itemsize`。对于连续数组，这是基础内存块的长度。对于非连续数组，如果逻辑结构复制到连续表示形式，则该长度将具有该长度。

    仅当缓冲区是通过保证连续性的请求获取时，才访问 `((char *)buf)[0] up to ((char *)buf)[len-1]` 时才有效。在大多数情况下，此类请求将为 `PyBUF_SIMPLE` 或 `PyBUF_WRITABLE`。

  int `readonly`

    缓冲区是否为只读的指示器。此字段由 `PyBUF_WRITABLE` 标志控制。

  Py_ssize_t `itemsize`

    单个元素的项大小（以字节为单位）。与 `struct.calcsize()` 调用非 `NULL` `format` 的值相同。

    重要例外：如果使用者请求的缓冲区没有 `PyBUF_FORMAT` 标志，`format` 将设置为 `NULL`，但 `itemsize` 仍具有原始格式的值。

    如果 `shape` 存在，则相等的 `product(shape) * itemsize == len` 仍然存在，使用者可以使用 `itemsize` 来导航缓冲区。

    如果 `shape` 是 `NULL`，因为结果为 `PyBUF_SIMPLE` 或 `PyBUF_WRITABLE` 请求，则使用者必须忽略 `itemsize`，并假设 `itemsize == 1`。

  const char *`format`

    在 `struct` 模块样式语法中 NUL 字符串，描述单个项的内容。如果这是 `NULL`，则假定为``"B"`` (无符号字节) 。

    此字段由 `PyBUF_FORMAT` 标志控制。

  int `ndim`

    The number of dimensions the memory represents as an n-dimensional array. If it is `0`, `buf` points to a single item representing a scalar. In this case, `shape`, `strides` and `suboffsets` MUST be `NULL`.

    The macro `PyBUF_MAX_NDIM` limits the maximum number of dimensions to 64. Exporters MUST respect this limit, consumers of multi-dimensional buffers SHOULD be able to handle up to `PyBUF_MAX_NDIM` dimensions.

  Py_ssize_t *`shape`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t` of length `ndim` indicating the shape of the memory as an n-dimensional array. Note that `shape[0] * ... * shape[ndim-1] * itemsize` MUST be equal to `len`.

    Shape values are restricted to `shape[n] >= 0`. The case `shape[n] == 0` requires special attention. See complex arrays for further information.

    The shape array is read-only for the consumer.

  Py_ssize_t *`strides`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t` of length `ndim` giving the number of bytes to skip to get to a new element in each dimension.

    Stride values can be any integer. For regular arrays, strides are usually positive, but a consumer MUST be able to handle the case `strides[n] <= 0`. See complex arrays for further information.

    The strides array is read-only for the consumer.

  Py_ssize_t *`suboffsets`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t` of length `ndim`. If `suboffsets[n] >= 0`, the values stored along the nth dimension are pointers and the suboffset value dictates how many bytes to add to each pointer after de-referencing. A suboffset value that is negative indicates that no de-referencing should occur (striding in a contiguous memory block).

    If all suboffsets are negative (i.e. no de-referencing is needed), then this field must be `NULL` (the default value).

    This type of array representation is used by the Python Imaging Library (PIL). See complex arrays for further information how to access elements of such an array.

    The suboffsets array is read-only for the consumer.

  void *`internal`

    This is for use internally by the exporting object. For example, this might be re-cast as an integer by the exporter and used to store flags about whether or not the shape, strides, and suboffsets arrays must be freed when the buffer is released. The consumer MUST NOT alter this value.

## Buffer request types

Buffers are usually obtained by sending a buffer request to an exporting object via `PyObject_GetBuffer()`. Since the complexity of the logical structure of the memory can vary drastically, the consumer uses the flags argument to specify the exact buffer type it can handle.

All `Py_buffer` fields are unambiguously defined by the request type.

### request-independent fields

The following fields are not influenced by flags and must always be filled in with the correct values: `obj`, `buf`, `len`, `itemsize`, `ndim`.

### readonly, format

> `PyBUF_WRITABLE`

>   Controls the `readonly` field. If set, the exporter MUST provide a writable buffer or else report failure. Otherwise, the exporter MAY provide either a read-only or writable buffer, but the choice MUST be consistent for all consumers.

> `PyBUF_FORMAT`

>   Controls the `format` field. If set, this field MUST be filled in correctly. Otherwise, this field MUST be `NULL`.

`PyBUF_WRITABLE` can be |'d to any of the flags in the next section. Since `PyBUF_SIMPLE` is defined as 0, `PyBUF_WRITABLE` can be used as a stand-alone flag to request a simple writable buffer.

`PyBUF_FORMAT` can be |'d to any of the flags except `PyBUF_SIMPLE`. The latter already implies format `B` (unsigned bytes).

### shape, strides, suboffsets

The flags that control the logical structure of the memory are listed in decreasing order of complexity. Note that each flag contains all bits of the flags below it.

请求 | 形状 | 步幅 | 子偏移量
--- | --- | --- | ---
`PyBUF_INDIRECT` | 是 | 是 | 如果需要的话
`PyBUF_STRIDES` | 是 | 是 | NULL
`PyBUF_ND` | 是 | NULL | NULL
`PyBUF_SIMPLE` | NULL | NULL | NULL

### 连续性的请求

C or Fortran contiguity can be explicitly requested, with and without stride information. Without stride information, the buffer must be C-contiguous.

请求 | 形状 | 步幅 | 子偏移量 | 邻接
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS` | 是 | 是 | NULL | C
`PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS` | 是 | 是 | NULL | F
`PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS` | 是 | 是 | NULL | C 或 F
`PyBUF_ND` | 是 | NULL | NULL | C

### 复合请求

所有可能的请求都由上一节中某些标志的组合完全定义。为方便起见，缓冲区协议提供常用的组合作为单个标志。

In the following table U stands for undefined contiguity. The consumer would have to call `PyBuffer_IsContiguous()` to determine contiguity.

请求 | 形状 | 步幅 | 子偏移量 | 邻接 | 只读 | 格式
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`PyBUF_FULL` | 是 | 是 | 如果需要的话 | U | 0 | 是
`PyBUF_FULL_RO` | 是 | 是 | 如果需要的话 | U | 1 或 0 | 是
`PyBUF_RECORDS` | 是 | 是 | NULL | U | 0 | 是
`PyBUF_RECORDS_RO` | 是 | 是 | NULL | U | 1 或 0 | 是
`PyBUF_STRIDED` | 是 | 是 | NULL | U | 0 | NULL
`PyBUF_STRIDED_RO` | 是 | 是 | NULL | U | 1 或 0 | NULL
`PyBUF_CONTIG` | 是 | NULL | NULL | C | 0 | NULL
`PyBUF_CONTIG_RO` | 是 | NULL | NULL | C | 1 或 0 | NULL

## 复杂数组

### NumPy-style: shape and strides

The logical structure of NumPy-style arrays is defined by `itemsize`, `ndim`, `shape` and `strides`.

If `ndim == 0`, the memory location pointed to by `buf` is interpreted as a scalar of size `itemsize`. In that case, both `shape` and `strides` are `NULL`.

If `strides` is `NULL`, the array is interpreted as a standard n-dimensional C-array. Otherwise, the consumer must access an n-dimensional array as follows:

    ptr = (char *)buf + indices[0] * strides[0] + ... + indices[n-1] * strides[n-1];
    item = *((typeof(item) *)ptr);

As noted above, `buf` can point to any location within the actual memory block. An exporter can check the validity of a buffer with this function:

    def verify_structure(memlen, itemsize, ndim, shape, strides, offset):
        """Verify that the parameters represent a valid array within
           the bounds of the allocated memory:
               char *mem: start of the physical memory block
               memlen: length of the physical memory block
               offset: (char *)buf - mem
        """
        if offset % itemsize:
            return False
        if offset < 0 or offset+itemsize > memlen:
            return False
        if any(v % itemsize for v in strides):
            return False

        if ndim <= 0:
            return ndim == 0 and not shape and not strides
        if 0 in shape:
            return True

        imin = sum(strides[j]*(shape[j]-1) for j in range(ndim)
                   if strides[j] <= 0)
        imax = sum(strides[j]*(shape[j]-1) for j in range(ndim)
                   if strides[j] > 0)

        return 0 <= offset+imin and offset+imax+itemsize <= memlen

### PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets

In addition to the regular items, PIL-style arrays can contain pointers that must be followed in order to get to the next element in a dimension. For example, the regular three-dimensional C-array `char v[2][2][3]` can also be viewed as an array of 2 pointers to 2 two-dimensional arrays: `char (*v[2])[2][3]`. In suboffsets representation, those two pointers can be embedded at the start of `buf`, pointing to two `char x[2][3]` arrays that can be located anywhere in memory.

Here is a function that returns a pointer to the element in an N-D array pointed to by an N-dimensional index when there are both non-`NULL` strides and suboffsets:

    void *get_item_pointer(int ndim, void *buf, Py_ssize_t *strides,
                           Py_ssize_t *suboffsets, Py_ssize_t *indices) {
        char *pointer = (char*)buf;
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) {
            pointer += strides[i] * indices[i];
            if (suboffsets[i] >=0 ) {
                pointer = *((char**)pointer) + suboffsets[i];
            }
        }
        return (void*)pointer;
    }

## Buffer-related functions

int `PyObject_CheckBuffer`(PyObject *obj)

  Return `1` if obj supports the buffer interface otherwise `0`. When `1` is returned, it doesn't guarantee that `PyObject_GetBuffer()` will succeed. This function always succeeds.

int `PyObject_GetBuffer`(PyObject *exporter, Py_buffer *view, int flags)

  Send a request to exporter to fill in view as specified by flags. If the exporter cannot provide a buffer of the exact type, it MUST raise `PyExc_BufferError`, set `view->obj` to `NULL` and return `-1`.

  On success, fill in view, set `view->obj` to a new reference to exporter and return 0. In the case of chained buffer providers that redirect requests to a single object, `view->obj` MAY refer to this object instead of exporter (See Buffer Object Structures).

  Successful calls to `PyObject_GetBuffer()` must be paired with calls to `PyBuffer_Release()`, similar to `malloc()` and `free()`. Thus, after the consumer is done with the buffer, `PyBuffer_Release()` must be called exactly once.

void `PyBuffer_Release`(Py_buffer *view)

  Release the buffer view and decrement the reference count for `view->obj`. This function MUST be called when the buffer is no longer being used, otherwise reference leaks may occur.

  It is an error to call this function on a buffer that was not obtained via `PyObject_GetBuffer()`.

Py_ssize_t `PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat`(const char *format)

  Return the implied `itemsize` from `format`. On error, raise an exception and return -1.

  3.9 新版功能.

int `PyBuffer_IsContiguous`(Py_buffer *view, char order)

  Return `1` if the memory defined by the view is C-style (order is `'C'`) or Fortran-style (order is `'F'`) contiguous or either one (order is `'A'`). Return `0` otherwise. This function always succeeds.

void* `PyBuffer_GetPointer`(Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t *indices)

  Get the memory area pointed to by the indices inside the given view. indices must point to an array of `view->ndim` indices.

int `PyBuffer_FromContiguous`(Py_buffer *view, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, char fort)

  Copy contiguous len bytes from buf to view. fort can be `'C'` or `'F'` (for C-style or Fortran-style ordering). `0` is returned on success, `-1` on error.

int `PyBuffer_ToContiguous`(void *buf, Py_buffer *src, Py_ssize_t len, char order)

  Copy len bytes from src to its contiguous representation in buf. order can be `'C'` or `'F'` or `'A'` (for C-style or Fortran-style ordering or either one). `0` is returned on success, `-1` on error.

  This function fails if len != src->len.

void `PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides`(int ndims, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, int itemsize, char order)

  Fill the strides array with byte-strides of a contiguous (C-style if order is `'C'` or Fortran-style if order is `'F'`) array of the given shape with the given number of bytes per element.

int `PyBuffer_FillInfo`(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *exporter, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, int readonly, int flags)

  Handle buffer requests for an exporter that wants to expose buf of size len with writability set according to readonly. buf is interpreted as a sequence of unsigned bytes.

  The flags argument indicates the request type. This function always fills in view as specified by flags, unless buf has been designated as read-only and `PyBUF_WRITABLE` is set in flags.

  On success, set `view->obj` to a new reference to exporter and return 0. Otherwise, raise `PyExc_BufferError`, set `view->obj` to `NULL` and return `-1`;

  如果此函数用作 getbufferproc 的一部分，则 exporter 必须设置为导出对象，并且必须在未修改的情况下传递 flags。否则，exporter 必须是 `NULL`。