"pdb" --- Python 的调试器
*************************

**源代码：** Lib/pdb.py

======================================================================

"pdb" 模块定义了一个交互式源代码调试器，用于 Python 程序。它支持在源码
行间设置（有条件的）断点和单步执行，检视堆栈帧，列出源码列表，以及在任
何堆栈帧的上下文中运行任意 Python 代码。它还支持事后调试，可以在程序控
制下调用。

调试器是可扩展的——调试器实际被定义为 "Pdb" 类。该类目前没有文档，但通
过阅读源码很容易理解它。扩展接口使用了 "bdb" 和 "cmd" 模块。

调试器的提示符是 "(Pdb)"。在调试器的控制下运行程序的典型用法是:

   >>> import pdb
   >>> import mymodule
   >>> pdb.run('mymodule.test()')
   > <string>(0)?()
   (Pdb) continue
   > <string>(1)?()
   (Pdb) continue
   NameError: 'spam'
   > <string>(1)?()
   (Pdb)

在 3.3 版更改: 由 "readline" 模块实现的 Tab 补全可用于补全本模块的命令
和命令的参数，例如，Tab 补全会提供当前的全局变量和局部变量，用作 "p"
命令的参数。

也可以将 "pdb.py" 作为脚本调用，来调试其他脚本。例如:

   python3 -m pdb myscript.py

当作为脚本调用时，如果要调试的程序异常退出，pdb 调试将自动进入事后调试
。事后调试之后（或程序正常退出之后），pdb 将重新启动程序。自动重启会保
留 pdb 的状态（如断点），在大多数情况下，这比在退出程序的同时退出调试
器更加实用。

3.2 新版功能: "pdb.py" 现在接受 "-c" 选项，可以执行命令，这与将该命令
写入 ".pdbrc" 文件相同，请参阅 Debugger Commands。

3.7 新版功能: "pdb.py" now accepts a "-m" option that execute modules
similar to the way "python3 -m" does. As with a script, the debugger
will pause execution just before the first line of the module.

The typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is
to insert

   import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

at the location you want to break into the debugger.  You can then
step through the code following this statement, and continue running
without the debugger using the "continue" command.

3.7 新版功能: The built-in "breakpoint()", when called with defaults,
can be used instead of "import pdb; pdb.set_trace()".

The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:

   >>> import pdb
   >>> import mymodule
   >>> mymodule.test()
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     File "./mymodule.py", line 4, in test
       test2()
     File "./mymodule.py", line 3, in test2
       print(spam)
   NameError: spam
   >>> pdb.pm()
   > ./mymodule.py(3)test2()
   -> print(spam)
   (Pdb)

The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger
in a slightly different way:

pdb.run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)

   Execute the *statement* (given as a string or a code object) under
   debugger control.  The debugger prompt appears before any code is
   executed; you can set breakpoints and type "continue", or you can
   step through the statement using "step" or "next" (all these
   commands are explained below).  The optional *globals* and *locals*
   arguments specify the environment in which the code is executed; by
   default the dictionary of the module "__main__" is used.  (See the
   explanation of the built-in "exec()" or "eval()" functions.)

pdb.runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)

   Evaluate the *expression* (given as a string or a code object)
   under debugger control.  When "runeval()" returns, it returns the
   value of the expression.  Otherwise this function is similar to
   "run()".

pdb.runcall(function, *args, **kwds)

   Call the *function* (a function or method object, not a string)
   with the given arguments.  When "runcall()" returns, it returns
   whatever the function call returned.  The debugger prompt appears
   as soon as the function is entered.

pdb.set_trace(*, header=None)

   Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame.  This is useful to
   hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the
   code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion
   fails).  If given, *header* is printed to the console just before
   debugging begins.

   在 3.7 版更改: The keyword-only argument *header*.

pdb.post_mortem(traceback=None)

   Enter post-mortem debugging of the given *traceback* object.  If no
   *traceback* is given, it uses the one of the exception that is
   currently being handled (an exception must be being handled if the
   default is to be used).

pdb.pm()

   Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in
   "sys.last_traceback".

The "run*" functions and "set_trace()" are aliases for instantiating
the "Pdb" class and calling the method of the same name.  If you want
to access further features, you have to do this yourself:

class pdb.Pdb(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None, skip=None, nosigint=False, readrc=True)

   "Pdb" is the debugger class.

   The *completekey*, *stdin* and *stdout* arguments are passed to the
   underlying "cmd.Cmd" class; see the description there.

   The *skip* argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style
   module name patterns.  The debugger will not step into frames that
   originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. [1]

   By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent
   when the user presses "Ctrl-C" on the console) when you give a
   "continue" command. This allows you to break into the debugger
   again by pressing "Ctrl-C".  If you want Pdb not to touch the
   SIGINT handler, set *nosigint* to true.

   The *readrc* argument defaults to true and controls whether Pdb
   will load .pdbrc files from the filesystem.

   Example call to enable tracing with *skip*:

      import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=['django.*']).set_trace()

   Raises an auditing event "pdb.Pdb" with no arguments.

   3.1 新版功能: The *skip* argument.

   3.2 新版功能: The *nosigint* argument.  Previously, a SIGINT
   handler was never set by Pdb.

   在 3.6 版更改: The *readrc* argument.

   run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)
   runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
   runcall(function, *args, **kwds)
   set_trace()

      See the documentation for the functions explained above.


Debugger Commands
=================

The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below.  Most
commands can be abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g.
"h(elp)" means that either "h" or "help" can be used to enter the help
command (but not "he" or "hel", nor "H" or "Help" or "HELP").
Arguments to commands must be separated by whitespace (spaces or
tabs).  Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets ("[]") in
the command syntax; the square brackets must not be typed.
Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar
("|").

Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered.  Exception: if
the last command was a "list" command, the next 11 lines are listed.

Commands that the debugger doesn't recognize are assumed to be Python
statements and are executed in the context of the program being
debugged.  Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation
point ("!").  This is a powerful way to inspect the program being
debugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a function.
When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is
printed but the debugger's state is not changed.

The debugger supports aliases.  Aliases can have parameters which
allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under
examination.

Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by ";;".
(A single ";" is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands
in a line that is passed to the Python parser.)  No intelligence is
applied to separating the commands; the input is split at the first
";;" pair, even if it is in the middle of a quoted string.

If a file ".pdbrc" exists in the user's home directory or in the
current directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed
at the debugger prompt.  This is particularly useful for aliases.  If
both files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and
aliases defined there can be overridden by the local file.

在 3.2 版更改: ".pdbrc" can now contain commands that continue
debugging, such as "continue" or "next".  Previously, these commands
had no effect.

h(elp) [command]

   Without argument, print the list of available commands.  With a
   *command* as argument, print help about that command.  "help pdb"
   displays the full documentation (the docstring of the "pdb"
   module).  Since the *command* argument must be an identifier, "help
   exec" must be entered to get help on the "!" command.

w(here)

   Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom.  An
   arrow indicates the current frame, which determines the context of
   most commands.

d(own) [count]

   Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels down in the
   stack trace (to a newer frame).

u(p) [count]

   Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels up in the stack
   trace (to an older frame).

b(reak) [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]

   With a *lineno* argument, set a break there in the current file.
   With a *function* argument, set a break at the first executable
   statement within that function.  The line number may be prefixed
   with a filename and a colon, to specify a breakpoint in another
   file (probably one that hasn't been loaded yet).  The file is
   searched on "sys.path".  Note that each breakpoint is assigned a
   number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.

   If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must
   evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.

   Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint,
   the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current
   ignore count, and the associated condition if any.

tbreak [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]

   Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is
   first hit. The arguments are the same as for "break".

cl(ear) [filename:lineno | bpnumber ...]

   With a *filename:lineno* argument, clear all the breakpoints at
   this line. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear
   those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first
   ask confirmation).

disable [bpnumber ...]

   Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
   breakpoint numbers.  Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause
   the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it
   remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.

enable [bpnumber ...]

   Enable the breakpoints specified.

ignore bpnumber [count]

   Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number.  If count is
   omitted, the ignore count is set to 0.  A breakpoint becomes active
   when the ignore count is zero.  When non-zero, the count is
   decremented each time the breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint
   is not disabled and any associated condition evaluates to true.

condition bpnumber [condition]

   Set a new *condition* for the breakpoint, an expression which must
   evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.  If *condition*
   is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint
   is made unconditional.

commands [bpnumber]

   Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number *bpnumber*.  The
   commands themselves appear on the following lines.  Type a line
   containing just "end" to terminate the commands. An example:

      (Pdb) commands 1
      (com) p some_variable
      (com) end
      (Pdb)

   To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type "commands" and
   follow it immediately with "end"; that is, give no commands.

   With no *bpnumber* argument, "commands" refers to the last
   breakpoint set.

   You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again.
   Simply use the "continue" command, or "step", or any other command
   that resumes execution.

   Specifying any command resuming execution (currently "continue",
   "step", "next", "return", "jump", "quit" and their abbreviations)
   terminates the command list (as if that command was immediately
   followed by end). This is because any time you resume execution
   (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another
   breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to
   ambiguities about which list to execute.

   If you use the 'silent' command in the command list, the usual
   message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed.  This may be
   desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and
   then continue.  If none of the other commands print anything, you
   see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.

s(tep)

   Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion
   (either in a function that is called or on the next line in the
   current function).

n(ext)

   Continue execution until the next line in the current function is
   reached or it returns.  (The difference between "next" and "step"
   is that "step" stops inside a called function, while "next"
   executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at
   the next line in the current function.)

unt(il) [lineno]

   Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number
   greater than the current one is reached.

   With a line number, continue execution until a line with a number
   greater or equal to that is reached.  In both cases, also stop when
   the current frame returns.

   在 3.2 版更改: Allow giving an explicit line number.

r(eturn)

   Continue execution until the current function returns.

c(ont(inue))

   Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.

j(ump) lineno

   Set the next line that will be executed.  Only available in the
   bottom-most frame.  This lets you jump back and execute code again,
   or jump forward to skip code that you don't want to run.

   It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed -- for instance
   it is not possible to jump into the middle of a "for" loop or out
   of a "finally" clause.

l(ist) [first[, last]]

   List source code for the current file.  Without arguments, list 11
   lines around the current line or continue the previous listing.
   With "." as argument, list 11 lines around the current line.  With
   one argument, list 11 lines around at that line.  With two
   arguments, list the given range; if the second argument is less
   than the first, it is interpreted as a count.

   The current line in the current frame is indicated by "->".  If an
   exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was
   originally raised or propagated is indicated by ">>", if it differs
   from the current line.

   3.2 新版功能: The ">>" marker.

ll | longlist

   List all source code for the current function or frame.
   Interesting lines are marked as for "list".

   3.2 新版功能.

a(rgs)

   Print the argument list of the current function.

p expression

   Evaluate the *expression* in the current context and print its
   value.

   注解:

     "print()" can also be used, but is not a debugger command ---
     this executes the Python "print()" function.

pp expression

   Like the "p" command, except the value of the expression is pretty-
   printed using the "pprint" module.

whatis expression

   Print the type of the *expression*.

source expression

   Try to get source code for the given object and display it.

   3.2 新版功能.

display [expression]

   Display the value of the expression if it changed, each time
   execution stops in the current frame.

   Without expression, list all display expressions for the current
   frame.

   3.2 新版功能.

undisplay [expression]

   Do not display the expression any more in the current frame.
   Without expression, clear all display expressions for the current
   frame.

   3.2 新版功能.

interact

   Start an interactive interpreter (using the "code" module) whose
   global namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in
   the current scope.

   3.2 新版功能.

alias [name [command]]

   Create an alias called *name* that executes *command*.  The command
   must *not* be enclosed in quotes.  Replaceable parameters can be
   indicated by "%1", "%2", and so on, while "%*" is replaced by all
   the parameters. If no command is given, the current alias for
   *name* is shown. If no arguments are given, all aliases are listed.

   Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally
   typed at the pdb prompt.  Note that internal pdb commands *can* be
   overridden by aliases.  Such a command is then hidden until the
   alias is removed.  Aliasing is recursively applied to the first
   word of the command line; all other words in the line are left
   alone.

   As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed
   in the ".pdbrc" file):

      # Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")
      alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print("%1.",k,"=",%1.__dict__[k])
      # Print instance variables in self
      alias ps pi self

unalias name

   Delete the specified alias.

! statement

   Execute the (one-line) *statement* in the context of the current
   stack frame. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first
   word of the statement resembles a debugger command.  To set a
   global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with a
   "global" statement on the same line, e.g.:

      (Pdb) global list_options; list_options = ['-l']
      (Pdb)

run [args ...]
restart [args ...]

   Restart the debugged Python program.  If an argument is supplied,
   it is split with "shlex" and the result is used as the new
   "sys.argv". History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are
   preserved. "restart" is an alias for "run".

q(uit)

   Quit from the debugger.  The program being executed is aborted.

debug code

   Enter a recursive debugger that steps through the code argument
   (which is an arbitrary expression or statement to be executed in
   the current environment).

retval
Print the return value for the last return of a function.

-[ 脚注 ]-

[1] Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module is
    determined by the "__name__" in the frame globals.
