28.3. "venv" --- Creation of virtual environments
*************************************************

3.3 新版功能.

**Source code:** Lib/venv/

======================================================================

The "venv" module provides support for creating lightweight "virtual
environments" with their own site directories, optionally isolated
from system site directories.  Each virtual environment has its own
Python binary (allowing creation of environments with various Python
versions) and can have its own independent set of installed Python
packages in its site directories.

See **PEP 405** for more information about Python virtual
environments.

注解: The "pyvenv" script has been deprecated as of Python 3.6 in
  favor of using "python3 -m venv" to help prevent any potential
  confusion as to which Python interpreter a virtual environment will
  be based on.


28.3.1. Creating virtual environments
=====================================

Creation of virtual environments is done by executing the command
"venv":

   python3 -m venv /path/to/new/virtual/environment

Running this command creates the target directory (creating any parent
directories that don't exist already) and places a "pyvenv.cfg" file
in it with a "home" key pointing to the Python installation from which
the command was run.  It also creates a "bin" (or "Scripts" on
Windows) subdirectory containing a copy/symlink of the Python
binary/binaries (as appropriate for the platform or arguments used at
environment creation time). It also creates an (initially empty)
"lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages" subdirectory (on Windows, this is "Lib
\site-packages"). If an existing directory is specified, it will be
re-used.

3.6 版后已移除: "pyvenv" was the recommended tool for creating virtual
environments for Python 3.3 and 3.4, and is deprecated in Python 3.6.

在 3.5 版更改: The use of "venv" is now recommended for creating
virtual environments.

参见: Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual
  environments

On Windows, invoke the "venv" command as follows:

   c:\>c:\Python35\python -m venv c:\path\to\myenv

Alternatively, if you configured the "PATH" and "PATHEXT" variables
for your Python installation:

   c:\>python -m venv c:\path\to\myenv

The command, if run with "-h", will show the available options:

   usage: venv [-h] [--system-site-packages] [--symlinks | --copies] [--clear]
               [--upgrade] [--without-pip]
               ENV_DIR [ENV_DIR ...]

   Creates virtual Python environments in one or more target directories.

   positional arguments:
     ENV_DIR               A directory to create the environment in.

   optional arguments:
     -h, --help            show this help message and exit
     --system-site-packages
                           Give the virtual environment access to the system
                           site-packages dir.
     --symlinks            Try to use symlinks rather than copies, when symlinks
                           are not the default for the platform.
     --copies              Try to use copies rather than symlinks, even when
                           symlinks are the default for the platform.
     --clear               Delete the contents of the environment directory if it
                           already exists, before environment creation.
     --upgrade             Upgrade the environment directory to use this version
                           of Python, assuming Python has been upgraded in-place.
     --without-pip         Skips installing or upgrading pip in the virtual
                           environment (pip is bootstrapped by default)

   Once an environment has been created, you may wish to activate it, e.g. by
   sourcing an activate script in its bin directory.

在 3.4 版更改: Installs pip by default, added the "--without-pip"  and
"--copies" options

在 3.4 版更改: In earlier versions, if the target directory already
existed, an error was raised, unless the "--clear" or "--upgrade"
option was provided.

The created "pyvenv.cfg" file also includes the "include-system-site-
packages" key, set to "true" if "venv" is run with the "--system-site-
packages" option, "false" otherwise.

Unless the "--without-pip" option is given, "ensurepip" will be
invoked to bootstrap "pip" into the virtual environment.

Multiple paths can be given to "venv", in which case an identical
virtual environment will be created, according to the given options,
at each provided path.

Once a virtual environment has been created, it can be "activated"
using a script in the virtual environment's binary directory. The
invocation of the script is platform-specific (*<venv>* must be
replaced by the path of the directory containing the virtual
environment):

+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Platform      | Shell             | Command to activate virtual environment   |
+===============+===================+===========================================+
| Posix         | bash/zsh          | $ source <venv>/bin/activate              |
+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|               | fish              | $ . <venv>/bin/activate.fish              |
+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|               | csh/tcsh          | $ source <venv>/bin/activate.csh          |
+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Windows       | cmd.exe           | C:\> <venv>\Scripts\activate.bat          |
+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|               | PowerShell        | PS C:\> <venv>\Scripts\Activate.ps1       |
+---------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+

You don't specifically *need* to activate an environment; activation
just prepends the virtual environment's binary directory to your path,
so that "python" invokes the virtual environment's Python interpreter
and you can run installed scripts without having to use their full
path. However, all scripts installed in a virtual environment should
be runnable without activating it, and run with the virtual
environment's Python automatically.

You can deactivate a virtual environment by typing "deactivate" in
your shell. The exact mechanism is platform-specific: for example, the
Bash activation script defines a "deactivate" function, whereas on
Windows there are separate scripts called "deactivate.bat" and
"Deactivate.ps1" which are installed when the virtual environment is
created.

3.4 新版功能: "fish" and "csh" activation scripts.

注解: A virtual environment is a Python environment such that the
  Python interpreter, libraries and scripts installed into it are
  isolated from those installed in other virtual environments, and (by
  default) any libraries installed in a "system" Python, i.e., one
  which is installed as part of your operating system.A virtual
  environment is a directory tree which contains Python executable
  files and other files which indicate that it is a virtual
  environment.Common installation tools such as "Setuptools" and "pip"
  work as expected with virtual environments. In other words, when a
  virtual environment is active, they install Python packages into the
  virtual environment without needing to be told to do so
  explicitly.When a virtual environment is active (i.e., the virtual
  environment's Python interpreter is running), the attributes
  "sys.prefix" and "sys.exec_prefix" point to the base directory of
  the virtual environment, whereas "sys.base_prefix" and
  "sys.base_exec_prefix" point to the non-virtual environment Python
  installation which was used to create the virtual environment. If a
  virtual environment is not active, then "sys.prefix" is the same as
  "sys.base_prefix" and "sys.exec_prefix" is the same as
  "sys.base_exec_prefix" (they all point to a non-virtual environment
  Python installation).When a virtual environment is active, any
  options that change the installation path will be ignored from all
  distutils configuration files to prevent projects being
  inadvertently installed outside of the virtual environment.When
  working in a command shell, users can make a virtual environment
  active by running an "activate" script in the virtual environment's
  executables directory (the precise filename is shell-dependent),
  which prepends the virtual environment's directory for executables
  to the "PATH" environment variable for the running shell. There
  should be no need in other circumstances to activate a virtual
  environment—scripts installed into virtual environments have a
  "shebang" line which points to the virtual environment's Python
  interpreter. This means that the script will run with that
  interpreter regardless of the value of "PATH". On Windows, "shebang"
  line processing is supported if you have the Python Launcher for
  Windows installed (this was added to Python in 3.3 - see **PEP 397**
  for more details). Thus, double-clicking an installed script in a
  Windows Explorer window should run the script with the correct
  interpreter without there needing to be any reference to its virtual
  environment in "PATH".


28.3.2. API
===========

The high-level method described above makes use of a simple API which
provides mechanisms for third-party virtual environment creators to
customize environment creation according to their needs, the
"EnvBuilder" class.

class venv.EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None)

   The "EnvBuilder" class accepts the following keyword arguments on
   instantiation:

   * "system_site_packages" -- a Boolean value indicating that the
     system Python site-packages should be available to the
     environment (defaults to "False").

   * "clear" -- a Boolean value which, if true, will delete the
     contents of any existing target directory, before creating the
     environment.

   * "symlinks" -- a Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to
     symlink the Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other
     binaries, e.g. "pythonw.exe"), rather than copying.

   * "upgrade" -- a Boolean value which, if true, will upgrade an
     existing environment with the running Python - for use when that
     Python has been upgraded in-place (defaults to "False").

   * "with_pip" -- a Boolean value which, if true, ensures pip is
     installed in the virtual environment. This uses "ensurepip" with
     the "--default-pip" option.

   * "prompt" -- a String to be used after virtual environment is
     activated (defaults to "None" which means directory name of the
     environment would be used).

   在 3.4 版更改: Added the "with_pip" parameter

   3.6 新版功能: Added the "prompt" parameter

   Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to
   use the provided "EnvBuilder" class as a base class.

   The returned env-builder is an object which has a method, "create":

   create(env_dir)

      This method takes as required argument the path (absolute or
      relative to the current directory) of the target directory which
      is to contain the virtual environment.  The "create" method will
      either create the environment in the specified directory, or
      raise an appropriate exception.

      The "create" method of the "EnvBuilder" class illustrates the
      hooks available for subclass customization:

         def create(self, env_dir):
             """
             Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory.
             env_dir is the target directory to create an environment in.
             """
             env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir)
             context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir)
             self.create_configuration(context)
             self.setup_python(context)
             self.setup_scripts(context)
             self.post_setup(context)

      Each of the methods "ensure_directories()",
      "create_configuration()", "setup_python()", "setup_scripts()"
      and "post_setup()" can be overridden.

   ensure_directories(env_dir)

      Creates the environment directory and all necessary directories,
      and returns a context object.  This is just a holder for
      attributes (such as paths), for use by the other methods. The
      directories are allowed to exist already, as long as either
      "clear" or "upgrade" were specified to allow operating on an
      existing environment directory.

   create_configuration(context)

      Creates the "pyvenv.cfg" configuration file in the environment.

   setup_python(context)

      Creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows,
      DLLs) in the environment. On a POSIX system, if a specific
      executable "python3.x" was used, symlinks to "python" and
      "python3" will be created pointing to that executable, unless
      files with those names already exist.

   setup_scripts(context)

      Installs activation scripts appropriate to the platform into the
      virtual environment.

   post_setup(context)

      A placeholder method which can be overridden in third party
      implementations to pre-install packages in the virtual
      environment or perform other post-creation steps.

   In addition, "EnvBuilder" provides this utility method that can be
   called from "setup_scripts()" or "post_setup()" in subclasses to
   assist in installing custom scripts into the virtual environment.

   install_scripts(context, path)

      *path* is the path to a directory that should contain
      subdirectories "common", "posix", "nt", each containing scripts
      destined for the bin directory in the environment.  The contents
      of "common" and the directory corresponding to "os.name" are
      copied after some text replacement of placeholders:

      * "__VENV_DIR__" is replaced with the absolute path of the
        environment directory.

      * "__VENV_NAME__" is replaced with the environment name (final
        path segment of environment directory).

      * "__VENV_PROMPT__" is replaced with the prompt (the
        environment name surrounded by parentheses and with a
        following space)

      * "__VENV_BIN_NAME__" is replaced with the name of the bin
        directory (either "bin" or "Scripts").

      * "__VENV_PYTHON__" is replaced with the absolute path of the
        environment's executable.

      The directories are allowed to exist (for when an existing
      environment is being upgraded).

There is also a module-level convenience function:

venv.create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, with_pip=False)

   Create an "EnvBuilder" with the given keyword arguments, and call
   its "create()" method with the *env_dir* argument.

   在 3.4 版更改: Added the "with_pip" parameter


28.3.3. An example of extending "EnvBuilder"
============================================

The following script shows how to extend "EnvBuilder" by implementing
a subclass which installs setuptools and pip into a created virtual
environment:

   import os
   import os.path
   from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
   import sys
   from threading import Thread
   from urllib.parse import urlparse
   from urllib.request import urlretrieve
   import venv

   class ExtendedEnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
       """
       This builder installs setuptools and pip so that you can pip or
       easy_install other packages into the created virtual environment.

       :param nodist: If True, setuptools and pip are not installed into the
                      created virtual environment.
       :param nopip: If True, pip is not installed into the created
                     virtual environment.
       :param progress: If setuptools or pip are installed, the progress of the
                        installation can be monitored by passing a progress
                        callable. If specified, it is called with two
                        arguments: a string indicating some progress, and a
                        context indicating where the string is coming from.
                        The context argument can have one of three values:
                        'main', indicating that it is called from virtualize()
                        itself, and 'stdout' and 'stderr', which are obtained
                        by reading lines from the output streams of a subprocess
                        which is used to install the app.

                        If a callable is not specified, default progress
                        information is output to sys.stderr.
       """

       def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
           self.nodist = kwargs.pop('nodist', False)
           self.nopip = kwargs.pop('nopip', False)
           self.progress = kwargs.pop('progress', None)
           self.verbose = kwargs.pop('verbose', False)
           super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

       def post_setup(self, context):
           """
           Set up any packages which need to be pre-installed into the
           virtual environment being created.

           :param context: The information for the virtual environment
                           creation request being processed.
           """
           os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = context.env_dir
           if not self.nodist:
               self.install_setuptools(context)
           # Can't install pip without setuptools
           if not self.nopip and not self.nodist:
               self.install_pip(context)

       def reader(self, stream, context):
           """
           Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
           callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
           """
           progress = self.progress
           while True:
               s = stream.readline()
               if not s:
                   break
               if progress is not None:
                   progress(s, context)
               else:
                   if not self.verbose:
                       sys.stderr.write('.')
                   else:
                       sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
                   sys.stderr.flush()
           stream.close()

       def install_script(self, context, name, url):
           _, _, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
           fn = os.path.split(path)[-1]
           binpath = context.bin_path
           distpath = os.path.join(binpath, fn)
           # Download script into the virtual environment's binaries folder
           urlretrieve(url, distpath)
           progress = self.progress
           if self.verbose:
               term = '\n'
           else:
               term = ''
           if progress is not None:
               progress('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term), 'main')
           else:
               sys.stderr.write('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term))
               sys.stderr.flush()
           # Install in the virtual environment
           args = [context.env_exe, fn]
           p = Popen(args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=binpath)
           t1 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
           t1.start()
           t2 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
           t2.start()
           p.wait()
           t1.join()
           t2.join()
           if progress is not None:
               progress('done.', 'main')
           else:
               sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
           # Clean up - no longer needed
           os.unlink(distpath)

       def install_setuptools(self, context):
           """
           Install setuptools in the virtual environment.

           :param context: The information for the virtual environment
                           creation request being processed.
           """
           url = 'https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/downloads/ez_setup.py'
           self.install_script(context, 'setuptools', url)
           # clear up the setuptools archive which gets downloaded
           pred = lambda o: o.startswith('setuptools-') and o.endswith('.tar.gz')
           files = filter(pred, os.listdir(context.bin_path))
           for f in files:
               f = os.path.join(context.bin_path, f)
               os.unlink(f)

       def install_pip(self, context):
           """
           Install pip in the virtual environment.

           :param context: The information for the virtual environment
                           creation request being processed.
           """
           url = 'https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py'
           self.install_script(context, 'pip', url)

   def main(args=None):
       compatible = True
       if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
           compatible = False
       elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
           compatible = False
       if not compatible:
           raise ValueError('This script is only for use with '
                            'Python 3.3 or later')
       else:
           import argparse

           parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__,
                                            description='Creates virtual Python '
                                                        'environments in one or '
                                                        'more target '
                                                        'directories.')
           parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+',
                               help='A directory in which to create the
                                    'virtual environment.')
           parser.add_argument('--no-setuptools', default=False,
                               action='store_true', dest='nodist',
                               help="Don't install setuptools or pip in the "
                                    "virtual environment.")
           parser.add_argument('--no-pip', default=False,
                               action='store_true', dest='nopip',
                               help="Don't install pip in the virtual "
                                    "environment.")
           parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False,
                               action='store_true', dest='system_site',
                               help='Give the virtual environment access to the '
                                    'system site-packages dir.')
           if os.name == 'nt':
               use_symlinks = False
           else:
               use_symlinks = True
           parser.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks,
                               action='store_true', dest='symlinks',
                               help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, '
                                    'when symlinks are not the default for '
                                    'the platform.')
           parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true',
                               dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the '
                                                  'virtual environment '
                                                  'directory if it already '
                                                  'exists, before virtual '
                                                  'environment creation.')
           parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true',
                               dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the virtual '
                                                    'environment directory to '
                                                    'use this version of '
                                                    'Python, assuming Python '
                                                    'has been upgraded '
                                                    'in-place.')
           parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true',
                               dest='verbose', help='Display the output '
                                                  'from the scripts which '
                                                  'install setuptools and pip.')
           options = parser.parse_args(args)
           if options.upgrade and options.clear:
               raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.')
           builder = ExtendedEnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site,
                                          clear=options.clear,
                                          symlinks=options.symlinks,
                                          upgrade=options.upgrade,
                                          nodist=options.nodist,
                                          nopip=options.nopip,
                                          verbose=options.verbose)
           for d in options.dirs:
               builder.create(d)

   if __name__ == '__main__':
       rc = 1
       try:
           main()
           rc = 0
       except Exception as e:
           print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr)
       sys.exit(rc)

This script is also available for download online.
