25.1. "tkinter" --- Tcl/Tk的Python接口
**************************************

**源代码:** Lib/tkinter/__init__.py

======================================================================

The "tkinter" package ("Tk interface") is the standard Python
interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.  Both Tk and "tkinter" are available
on most Unix platforms, as well as on Windows systems.  (Tk itself is
not part of Python; it is maintained at ActiveState.)

在命令行中运行 "python -m tkinter"，应该会弹出一个Tk界面的窗口，表明
"tkinter" 包已经正确安装，而且告诉你 Tcl/Tk 的版本号，通过这个版本号，
你就可以参考对应的 Tcl/Tk 文档了。

参见:

  Tkinter文档：

  Python Tkinter 资源
     The Python Tkinter Topic Guide 提供了在 Python 中使用 Tk 的很多信
     息， 同时包含了Tk其他信息的链接。

  TKDocs
     大量的教程，部分可视化组件的介绍说明。

  Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python
     在线参考资料。

  Tkinter docs from effbot
     effbot.org 提供的 tkinter 在线参考资料。

  使用 Python 编程
     由 Mark Lutz 所著的书籍，对 Tkinter 进行了完美的介绍。

  为繁忙的 Python 开发者所准备的现代 Tkinter
     由 Mark Rozerman 所著的关于如何使用 Python 和 Tkinter 来搭建有吸
     引力的和现代化的图形用户界面的书籍

  Python 和 Tkinter 编程
     作者： John Grayson (ISBN 1-884777-81-3).

  Tcl/Tk 文档:

  Tk 命令
     多数命令以 "tkinter" 或者 "tkinter.ttk" 类的形式存在。改变 '8.6'
     以匹配所安装的 Tcl/Tk 版本。

  Tcl/Tk 最新手册页面
     www.tcl.tk 上面最新的 Tcl/Tk 手册。

  ActiveState Tcl Home Page
     Tk/Tcl 的多数开发工作发生在 ActiveState 。

  Tcl 及 Tk 工具集
     由 Tcl 发明者 John Ousterhout 所著的书籍。

  ` Tcl 和 Tk 编程实战 <http://www.beedub.com/book/>`_
     Brent Welch 所著的百科全局式书籍。


25.1.1. Tkinter 模块
====================

在大多数时候你只需要 "tkinter" 就足够了，但也有一些额外的模块可供使用
。Tk 接口位于一个名字 "_tkinter" 的二进制模块当中。此模块包含了低层级
的 Tk 接口，它不应该被应用程序员所直接使用。它通常是一个共享库（或 DLL
），但在某些情况下也可能被静态链接到 Python 解释器。

除了Tk接口， "tkinter" 也包含了若干 Python 模块，"tkinter.constants"
是其中最重要的。导入 "tkinter" 会自动导入 "tkinter.constants" ，所以，
要使用 Tkinter 通常你只需要一条简单的 import 语句:

   import tkinter

或者更常用的:

   from tkinter import *

class tkinter.Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=1)

   "Tk" 类被初始化时无参数。此时会创建一个 Tk 顶级控件，通常是应用程序
   的主窗口。每个实例都有自己关联的 Tcl 解释器。

tkinter.Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=0)

   "Tcl()" 函数是一个工厂函数，它创建的对象与 "Tk" 类创建的对象非常相
   似，只是它不初始化 Tk 子系统。 在不想创建或无法创建（如没有 X
   Server 的 Unix/Linux 系统）额外的顶层窗口的环境中驱动 Tcl 解释器时
   ，这一点非常有用。 由 "Tcl()" 对象创建的对象可以通过调用其
   "loadtk()" 方法来创建顶层窗口（并初始化 Tk 子系统）。

提供Tk支持的其他模块包括：

"tkinter.scrolledtext"
   Text widget with a vertical scroll bar built in.

"tkinter.colorchooser"
   让用户选择颜色的对话框。

"tkinter.commondialog"
   在此处列出的其他模块中定义的对话框的基类。

"tkinter.filedialog"
   Common dialogs to allow the user to specify a file to open or save.

"tkinter.font"
   Utilities to help work with fonts.

"tkinter.messagebox"
   Access to standard Tk dialog boxes.

"tkinter.simpledialog"
   Basic dialogs and convenience functions.

"tkinter.dnd"
   Drag-and-drop support for "tkinter". This is experimental and
   should become deprecated when it is replaced  with the Tk DND.

"turtle"
   Turtle graphics in a Tk window.


25.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
==============================

This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk
or Tkinter.  Rather, it is intended as a stop gap, providing some
introductory orientation on the system.

Credits:

* Tk was written by John Ousterhout while at Berkeley.

* Tkinter was written by Steen Lumholt and Guido van Rossum.

* This Life Preserver was written by Matt Conway at the University of
  Virginia.

* The HTML rendering, and some liberal editing, was produced from a
  FrameMaker version by Ken Manheimer.

* Fredrik Lundh elaborated and revised the class interface
  descriptions, to get them current with Tk 4.2.

* Mike Clarkson converted the documentation to LaTeX, and compiled the
  User Interface chapter of the reference manual.


25.1.2.1. How To Use This Section
---------------------------------

This section is designed in two parts: the first half (roughly) covers
background material, while the second half can be taken to the
keyboard as a handy reference.

When trying to answer questions of the form "how do I do blah", it is
often best to find out how to do "blah" in straight Tk, and then
convert this back into the corresponding "tkinter" call. Python
programmers can often guess at the correct Python command by looking
at the Tk documentation. This means that in order to use Tkinter, you
will have to know a little bit about Tk. This document can't fulfill
that role, so the best we can do is point you to the best
documentation that exists. Here are some hints:

* The authors strongly suggest getting a copy of the Tk man pages.
  Specifically, the man pages in the "manN" directory are most useful.
  The "man3" man pages describe the C interface to the Tk library and
  thus are not especially helpful for script writers.

* Addison-Wesley publishes a book called Tcl and the Tk Toolkit by
  John Ousterhout (ISBN 0-201-63337-X) which is a good introduction to
  Tcl and Tk for the novice.  The book is not exhaustive, and for many
  details it defers to the man pages.

* "tkinter/__init__.py" is a last resort for most, but can be a good
  place to go when nothing else makes sense.


25.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
--------------------------------------

   import tkinter as tk

   class Application(tk.Frame):
       def __init__(self, master=None):
           super().__init__(master)
           self.master = master
           self.pack()
           self.create_widgets()

       def create_widgets(self):
           self.hi_there = tk.Button(self)
           self.hi_there["text"] = "Hello World\n(click me)"
           self.hi_there["command"] = self.say_hi
           self.hi_there.pack(side="top")

           self.quit = tk.Button(self, text="QUIT", fg="red",
                                 command=self.master.destroy)
           self.quit.pack(side="bottom")

       def say_hi(self):
           print("hi there, everyone!")

   root = tk.Tk()
   app = Application(master=root)
   app.mainloop()


25.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
=====================================

The class hierarchy looks complicated, but in actual practice,
application programmers almost always refer to the classes at the very
bottom of the hierarchy.

注释:

* These classes are provided for the purposes of organizing certain
  functions under one namespace. They aren't meant to be instantiated
  independently.

* The "Tk" class is meant to be instantiated only once in an
  application. Application programmers need not instantiate one
  explicitly, the system creates one whenever any of the other classes
  are instantiated.

* The "Widget" class is not meant to be instantiated, it is meant only
  for subclassing to make "real" widgets (in C++, this is called an
  'abstract class').

To make use of this reference material, there will be times when you
will need to know how to read short passages of Tk and how to identify
the various parts of a Tk command.   (See section Mapping Basic Tk
into Tkinter for the "tkinter" equivalents of what's below.)

Tk scripts are Tcl programs.  Like all Tcl programs, Tk scripts are
just lists of tokens separated by spaces.  A Tk widget is just its
*class*, the *options* that help configure it, and the *actions* that
make it do useful things.

To make a widget in Tk, the command is always of the form:

   classCommand newPathname options

*classCommand*
   denotes which kind of widget to make (a button, a label, a menu...)

*newPathname*
   is the new name for this widget.  All names in Tk must be unique.
   To help enforce this, widgets in Tk are named with *pathnames*,
   just like files in a file system.  The top level widget, the
   *root*, is called "." (period) and children are delimited by more
   periods.  For example, ".myApp.controlPanel.okButton" might be the
   name of a widget.

*options*
   configure the widget's appearance and in some cases, its behavior.
   The options come in the form of a list of flags and values. Flags
   are preceded by a '-', like Unix shell command flags, and values
   are put in quotes if they are more than one word.

例如

   button   .fred   -fg red -text "hi there"
      ^       ^     \______________________/
      |       |                |
    class    new            options
   command  widget  (-opt val -opt val ...)

Once created, the pathname to the widget becomes a new command.  This
new *widget command* is the programmer's handle for getting the new
widget to perform some *action*.  In C, you'd express this as
someAction(fred, someOptions), in C++, you would express this as
fred.someAction(someOptions), and in Tk, you say:

   .fred someAction someOptions

Note that the object name, ".fred", starts with a dot.

As you'd expect, the legal values for *someAction* will depend on the
widget's class: ".fred disable" works if fred is a button (fred gets
greyed out), but does not work if fred is a label (disabling of labels
is not supported in Tk).

The legal values of *someOptions* is action dependent.  Some actions,
like "disable", require no arguments, others, like a text-entry box's
"delete" command, would need arguments to specify what range of text
to delete.


25.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
=====================================

Class commands in Tk correspond to class constructors in Tkinter.

   button .fred                =====>  fred = Button()

The master of an object is implicit in the new name given to it at
creation time.  In Tkinter, masters are specified explicitly.

   button .panel.fred          =====>  fred = Button(panel)

The configuration options in Tk are given in lists of hyphened tags
followed by values.  In Tkinter, options are specified as keyword-
arguments in the instance constructor, and keyword-args for configure
calls or as instance indices, in dictionary style, for established
instances.  See section Setting Options on setting options.

   button .fred -fg red        =====>  fred = Button(panel, fg="red")
   .fred configure -fg red     =====>  fred["fg"] = red
                               OR ==>  fred.config(fg="red")

In Tk, to perform an action on a widget, use the widget name as a
command, and follow it with an action name, possibly with arguments
(options).  In Tkinter, you call methods on the class instance to
invoke actions on the widget.  The actions (methods) that a given
widget can perform are listed in "tkinter/__init__.py".

   .fred invoke                =====>  fred.invoke()

To give a widget to the packer (geometry manager), you call pack with
optional arguments.  In Tkinter, the Pack class holds all this
functionality, and the various forms of the pack command are
implemented as methods.  All widgets in "tkinter" are subclassed from
the Packer, and so inherit all the packing methods. See the
"tkinter.tix" module documentation for additional information on the
Form geometry manager.

   pack .fred -side left       =====>  fred.pack(side="left")


25.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
======================================

From the top down:

Your App Here (Python)
   A Python application makes a "tkinter" call.

tkinter (Python Package)
   This call (say, for example, creating a button widget), is
   implemented in the "tkinter" package, which is written in Python.
   This Python function will parse the commands and the arguments and
   convert them into a form that makes them look as if they had come
   from a Tk script instead of a Python script.

_tkinter (C)
   These commands and their arguments will be passed to a C function
   in the "_tkinter" - note the underscore - extension module.

Tk Widgets (C and Tcl)
   This C function is able to make calls into other C modules,
   including the C functions that make up the Tk library.  Tk is
   implemented in C and some Tcl. The Tcl part of the Tk widgets is
   used to bind certain default behaviors to widgets, and is executed
   once at the point where the Python "tkinter" package is imported.
   (The user never sees this stage).

Tk (C)
   The Tk part of the Tk Widgets implement the final mapping to ...

Xlib (C)
   the Xlib library to draw graphics on the screen.


25.1.6. Handy Reference
=======================


25.1.6.1. Setting Options
-------------------------

Options control things like the color and border width of a widget.
Options can be set in three ways:

At object creation time, using keyword arguments
      fred = Button(self, fg="red", bg="blue")

After object creation, treating the option name like a dictionary
index
      fred["fg"] = "red"
      fred["bg"] = "blue"

Use the config() method to update multiple attrs subsequent to object
creation
      fred.config(fg="red", bg="blue")

For a complete explanation of a given option and its behavior, see the
Tk man pages for the widget in question.

Note that the man pages list "STANDARD OPTIONS" and "WIDGET SPECIFIC
OPTIONS" for each widget.  The former is a list of options that are
common to many widgets, the latter are the options that are
idiosyncratic to that particular widget.  The Standard Options are
documented on the *options(3)* man page.

No distinction between standard and widget-specific options is made in
this document.  Some options don't apply to some kinds of widgets.
Whether a given widget responds to a particular option depends on the
class of the widget; buttons have a "command" option, labels do not.

The options supported by a given widget are listed in that widget's
man page, or can be queried at runtime by calling the "config()"
method without arguments, or by calling the "keys()" method on that
widget.  The return value of these calls is a dictionary whose key is
the name of the option as a string (for example, "'relief'") and whose
values are 5-tuples.

Some options, like "bg" are synonyms for common options with long
names ("bg" is shorthand for "background"). Passing the "config()"
method the name of a shorthand option will return a 2-tuple, not
5-tuple. The 2-tuple passed back will contain the name of the synonym
and the "real" option (such as "('bg', 'background')").

+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 索引    | 含义                              | 示例           |
|=========|===================================|================|
| 0       | 选项名称                          | "'relief'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 1       | 数据库查找的选项名称              | "'relief'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 2       | 数据库查找的选项类                | "'Relief'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 3       | 默认值                            | "'raised'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 4       | 当前值                            | "'groove'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+

示例:

   >>> print(fred.config())
   {'relief': ('relief', 'relief', 'Relief', 'raised', 'groove')}

Of course, the dictionary printed will include all the options
available and their values.  This is meant only as an example.


25.1.6.2. The Packer
--------------------

The packer is one of Tk's geometry-management mechanisms.    Geometry
managers are used to specify the relative positioning of the
positioning of widgets within their container - their mutual *master*.
In contrast to the more cumbersome *placer* (which is used less
commonly, and we do not cover here), the packer takes qualitative
relationship specification - *above*, *to the left of*, *filling*, etc
- and works everything out to determine the exact placement
coordinates for you.

The size of any *master* widget is determined by the size of the
"slave widgets" inside.  The packer is used to control where slave
widgets appear inside the master into which they are packed.  You can
pack widgets into frames, and frames into other frames, in order to
achieve the kind of layout you desire. Additionally, the arrangement
is dynamically adjusted to accommodate incremental changes to the
configuration, once it is packed.

Note that widgets do not appear until they have had their geometry
specified with a geometry manager.  It's a common early mistake to
leave out the geometry specification, and then be surprised when the
widget is created but nothing appears.  A widget will appear only
after it has had, for example, the packer's "pack()" method applied to
it.

The pack() method can be called with keyword-option/value pairs that
control where the widget is to appear within its container, and how it
is to behave when the main application window is resized.  Here are
some examples:

   fred.pack()                     # defaults to side = "top"
   fred.pack(side="left")
   fred.pack(expand=1)


25.1.6.3. Packer Options
------------------------

For more extensive information on the packer and the options that it
can take, see the man pages and page 183 of John Ousterhout's book.

anchor
   Anchor type.  Denotes where the packer is to place each slave in
   its parcel.

expand
   Boolean, "0" or "1".

fill
   Legal values: "'x'", "'y'", "'both'", "'none'".

ipadx 和 ipady
   A distance - designating internal padding on each side of the slave
   widget.

padx 和 pady
   A distance - designating external padding on each side of the slave
   widget.

side
   Legal values are: "'left'", "'right'", "'top'", "'bottom'".


25.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
-----------------------------------

The current-value setting of some widgets (like text entry widgets)
can be connected directly to application variables by using special
options.  These options are "variable", "textvariable", "onvalue",
"offvalue", and "value".  This connection works both ways: if the
variable changes for any reason, the widget it's connected to will be
updated to reflect the new value.

Unfortunately, in the current implementation of "tkinter" it is not
possible to hand over an arbitrary Python variable to a widget through
a "variable" or "textvariable" option.  The only kinds of variables
for which this works are variables that are subclassed from a class
called Variable, defined in "tkinter".

There are many useful subclasses of Variable already defined:
"StringVar", "IntVar", "DoubleVar", and "BooleanVar".  To read the
current value of such a variable, call the "get()" method on it, and
to change its value you call the "set()" method.  If you follow this
protocol, the widget will always track the value of the variable, with
no further intervention on your part.

例如

   class App(Frame):
       def __init__(self, master=None):
           super().__init__(master)
           self.pack()

           self.entrythingy = Entry()
           self.entrythingy.pack()

           # here is the application variable
           self.contents = StringVar()
           # set it to some value
           self.contents.set("this is a variable")
           # tell the entry widget to watch this variable
           self.entrythingy["textvariable"] = self.contents

           # and here we get a callback when the user hits return.
           # we will have the program print out the value of the
           # application variable when the user hits return
           self.entrythingy.bind('<Key-Return>',
                                 self.print_contents)

       def print_contents(self, event):
           print("hi. contents of entry is now ---->",
                 self.contents.get())


25.1.6.5. The Window Manager
----------------------------

In Tk, there is a utility command, "wm", for interacting with the
window manager.  Options to the "wm" command allow you to control
things like titles, placement, icon bitmaps, and the like.  In
"tkinter", these commands have been implemented as methods on the "Wm"
class.  Toplevel widgets are subclassed from the "Wm" class, and so
can call the "Wm" methods directly.

To get at the toplevel window that contains a given widget, you can
often just refer to the widget's master.  Of course if the widget has
been packed inside of a frame, the master won't represent a toplevel
window.  To get at the toplevel window that contains an arbitrary
widget, you can call the "_root()" method. This method begins with an
underscore to denote the fact that this function is part of the
implementation, and not an interface to Tk functionality.

Here are some examples of typical usage:

   import tkinter as tk

   class App(tk.Frame):
       def __init__(self, master=None):
           super().__init__(master)
           self.pack()

   # create the application
   myapp = App()

   #
   # here are method calls to the window manager class
   #
   myapp.master.title("My Do-Nothing Application")
   myapp.master.maxsize(1000, 400)

   # start the program
   myapp.mainloop()


25.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
------------------------------

anchor
   Legal values are points of the compass: ""n"", ""ne"", ""e"",
   ""se"", ""s"", ""sw"", ""w"", ""nw"", and also ""center"".

位图
   There are eight built-in, named bitmaps: "'error'", "'gray25'",
   "'gray50'", "'hourglass'", "'info'", "'questhead'", "'question'",
   "'warning'".  To specify an X bitmap filename, give the full path
   to the file, preceded with an "@", as in
   ""@/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit"".

boolean
   You can pass integers 0 or 1 or the strings ""yes"" or ""no"".

callback -- 回调
   This is any Python function that takes no arguments.  For example:

      def print_it():
          print("hi there")
      fred["command"] = print_it

color
   Colors can be given as the names of X colors in the rgb.txt file,
   or as strings representing RGB values in 4 bit: ""#RGB"", 8 bit:
   ""#RRGGBB"", 12 bit" ""#RRRGGGBBB"", or 16 bit ""#RRRRGGGGBBBB""
   ranges, where R,G,B here represent any legal hex digit.  See page
   160 of Ousterhout's book for details.

cursor
   The standard X cursor names from "cursorfont.h" can be used,
   without the "XC_" prefix.  For example to get a hand cursor
   ("XC_hand2"), use the string ""hand2"".  You can also specify a
   bitmap and mask file of your own. See page 179 of Ousterhout's
   book.

distance
   Screen distances can be specified in either pixels or absolute
   distances. Pixels are given as numbers and absolute distances as
   strings, with the trailing character denoting units: "c" for
   centimetres, "i" for inches, "m" for millimetres, "p" for printer's
   points.  For example, 3.5 inches is expressed as ""3.5i"".

font
   Tk uses a list font name format, such as "{courier 10 bold}". Font
   sizes with positive numbers are measured in points; sizes with
   negative numbers are measured in pixels.

geometry
   This is a string of the form "widthxheight", where width and height
   are measured in pixels for most widgets (in characters for widgets
   displaying text). For example: "fred["geometry"] = "200x100"".

justify
   Legal values are the strings: ""left"", ""center"", ""right"", and
   ""fill"".

region
   This is a string with four space-delimited elements, each of which
   is a legal distance (see above).  For example: ""2 3 4 5"" and ""3i
   2i 4.5i 2i"" and ""3c 2c 4c 10.43c""  are all legal regions.

relief
   Determines what the border style of a widget will be.  Legal values
   are: ""raised"", ""sunken"", ""flat"", ""groove"", and ""ridge"".

scrollcommand
   This is almost always the "set()" method of some scrollbar widget,
   but can be any widget method that takes a single argument.

wrap:
   Must be one of: ""none"", ""char"", or ""word"".


25.1.6.7. Bindings and Events
-----------------------------

The bind method from the widget command allows you to watch for
certain events and to have a callback function trigger when that event
type occurs.  The form of the bind method is:

   def bind(self, sequence, func, add=''):

where:

sequence -- 序列
   is a string that denotes the target kind of event.  (See the bind
   man page and page 201 of John Ousterhout's book for details).

func
   is a Python function, taking one argument, to be invoked when the
   event occurs. An Event instance will be passed as the argument.
   (Functions deployed this way are commonly known as *callbacks*.)

add
   is optional, either "''" or "'+'".  Passing an empty string denotes
   that this binding is to replace any other bindings that this event
   is associated with.  Passing a "'+'" means that this function is to
   be added to the list of functions bound to this event type.

例如

   def turn_red(self, event):
       event.widget["activeforeground"] = "red"

   self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.turn_red)

Notice how the widget field of the event is being accessed in the
"turn_red()" callback.  This field contains the widget that caught the
X event.  The following table lists the other event fields you can
access, and how they are denoted in Tk, which can be useful when
referring to the Tk man pages.

+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| Tk   | Tkinter Event Field   | Tk   | Tkinter Event Field   |
|======|=======================|======|=======================|
| %f   | 焦点                  | %A   | char                  |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %h   | height                | %E   | send_event            |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %k   | keycode               | %K   | keysym                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %s   | 状况                  | %N   | keysym_num            |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %t   | time                  | %T   | type -- 类型          |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %w   | 宽度                  | %W   | widget                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %x   | x                     | %X   | x_root                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %y   | y                     | %Y   | y_root                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+


25.1.6.8. The index Parameter
-----------------------------

A number of widgets require "index" parameters to be passed.  These
are used to point at a specific place in a Text widget, or to
particular characters in an Entry widget, or to particular menu items
in a Menu widget.

Entry widget indexes (index, view index, etc.)
   Entry widgets have options that refer to character positions in the
   text being displayed.  You can use these "tkinter" functions to
   access these special points in text widgets:

Text widget indexes
   The index notation for Text widgets is very rich and is best
   described in the Tk man pages.

Menu indexes (menu.invoke(), menu.entryconfig(), etc.)
   Some options and methods for menus manipulate specific menu
   entries. Anytime a menu index is needed for an option or a
   parameter, you may pass in:

   * an integer which refers to the numeric position of the entry in
     the widget, counted from the top, starting with 0;

   * the string ""active"", which refers to the menu position that is
     currently under the cursor;

   * the string ""last"" which refers to the last menu item;

   * An integer preceded by "@", as in "@6", where the integer is
     interpreted as a y pixel coordinate in the menu's coordinate
     system;

   * the string ""none"", which indicates no menu entry at all, most
     often used with menu.activate() to deactivate all entries, and
     finally,

   * a text string that is pattern matched against the label of the
     menu entry, as scanned from the top of the menu to the bottom.
     Note that this index type is considered after all the others,
     which means that matches for menu items labelled "last",
     "active", or "none" may be interpreted as the above literals,
     instead.


25.1.6.9. Images
----------------

Images of different formats can be created through the corresponding
subclass of "tkinter.Image":

* "BitmapImage" for images in XBM format.

* "PhotoImage" for images in PGM, PPM, GIF and PNG formats. The latter
  is supported starting with Tk 8.6.

Either type of image is created through either the "file" or the
"data" option (other options are available as well).

The image object can then be used wherever an "image" option is
supported by some widget (e.g. labels, buttons, menus). In these
cases, Tk will not keep a reference to the image. When the last Python
reference to the image object is deleted, the image data is deleted as
well, and Tk will display an empty box wherever the image was used.

参见:

  The Pillow package adds support for formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF,
  and WebP, among others.


25.1.7. File Handlers
=====================

Tk allows you to register and unregister a callback function which
will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file
descriptor. Only one handler may be registered per file descriptor.
Example code:

   import tkinter
   widget = tkinter.Tk()
   mask = tkinter.READABLE | tkinter.WRITABLE
   widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
   ...
   widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

This feature is not available on Windows.

Since you don't know how many bytes are available for reading, you may
not want to use the "BufferedIOBase" or "TextIOBase" "read()" or
"readline()" methods, since these will insist on reading a predefined
number of bytes. For sockets, the "recv()" or "recvfrom()" methods
will work fine; for other files, use raw reads or
"os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)".

Widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, func)

   Registers the file handler callback function *func*. The *file*
   argument may either be an object with a "fileno()" method (such as
   a file or socket object), or an integer file descriptor. The *mask*
   argument is an ORed combination of any of the three constants
   below. The callback is called as follows:

      callback(file, mask)

Widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

   Unregisters a file handler.

tkinter.READABLE
tkinter.WRITABLE
tkinter.EXCEPTION

   Constants used in the *mask* arguments.
