# 11.7. `glob` — Unix style pathname pattern expansion

Source code: Lib/glob.py

The `glob` module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern according to the rules used by the Unix shell, although results are returned in arbitrary order. No tilde expansion is done, but `*`, `?`, and character ranges expressed with `[]` will be correctly matched. This is done by using the `os.scandir()` and `fnmatch.fnmatch()` functions in concert, and not by actually invoking a subshell. Note that unlike `fnmatch.fnmatch()`, `glob` treats filenames beginning with a dot (`.`) as special cases. (For tilde and shell variable expansion, use `os.path.expanduser()` and `os.path.expandvars()`.)

对于字面值匹配，请将原字符用方括号括起来。 例如，`'[?]'` 将匹配字符 `'?'`。

参见

`pathlib` 模块提供高级路径对象。

`glob.``glob`(pathname, *, recursive=False)

  Return a possibly-empty list of path names that match pathname, which must be a string containing a path specification. pathname can be either absolute (like `/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile`) or relative (like `../../Tools/*/*.gif`), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell).

  If recursive is true, the pattern “`**`” will match any files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by an `os.sep`, only directories and subdirectories match.

  注解

  在一个较大的目录树中使用 “`**`” 模式可能会消耗非常多的时间。

  在 3.5 版更改: Support for recursive globs using “`**`”.

`glob.``iglob`(pathname, *, recursive=False)

  Return an iterator which yields the same values as `glob()` without actually storing them all simultaneously.

`glob.``escape`(pathname)

  Escape all special characters (`'?'`, `'*'` and `'['`). This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows `escape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')` returns `'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'`.

  3.4 新版功能.

For example, consider a directory containing the following files: `1.gif`, `2.txt`, `card.gif` and a subdirectory `sub` which contains only the file `3.txt`. `glob()` will produce the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are preserved.

    >>> import glob
    >>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
    ['./1.gif', './2.txt']
    >>> glob.glob('*.gif')
    ['1.gif', 'card.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('?.gif')
    ['1.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('**/*.txt', recursive=True)
    ['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']
    >>> glob.glob('./**/', recursive=True)
    ['./', './sub/']

If the directory contains files starting with `.` they won’t be matched by default. For example, consider a directory containing `card.gif` and `.card.gif`:

    >>> import glob
    >>> glob.glob('*.gif')
    ['card.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('.c*')
    ['.card.gif']

参见

Module `fnmatch`

  Shell-style filename (not path) expansion