28.3. venv — 创建虚拟环境

3.3 新版功能.

源码： Lib/venv/

---

The venv module provides support for creating lightweight “virtual environments” with their own site directories, optionally isolated from system site directories. Each virtual environment has its own Python binary (allowing creation of environments with various Python versions) and can have its own independent set of installed Python packages in its site directories.

有关 Python 虚拟环境的更多信息，请参阅 PEP 405 。

注解

从 Python 3.6 开始，不推荐使用 pyvenv 脚本，而是使用 python3 -m venv 来帮助防止任何关于虚拟环境将基于哪个 Python 解释器的混淆。

28.3.1. 创建虚拟环境

Creation of virtual environments is done by executing the pyvenv script:

pyvenv /path/to/new/virtual/environment

Running this command creates the target directory (creating any parent directories that don’t exist already) and places a pyvenv.cfg file in it with a home key pointing to the Python installation the command was run from. It also creates a bin (or Scripts on Windows) subdirectory containing a copy of the python binary (or binaries, in the case of Windows). It also creates an (initially empty) lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages subdirectory (on Windows, this is Lib\site-packages).

参见

Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments

On Windows, you may have to invoke the pyvenv script as follows, if you don’t have the relevant PATH and PATHEXT settings:

c:\Temp>c:\Python35\python c:\Python35\Tools\Scripts\pyvenv.py myenv

or equivalently:

c:\Temp>c:\Python35\python -m venv myenv

本命令如果以 -h 参数运行，将显示可用的选项:

usage: venv [-h] [--system-site-packages] [--symlinks | --copies] [--clear]
            [--upgrade] [--without-pip]
            ENV_DIR [ENV_DIR ...]

Creates virtual Python environments in one or more target directories.

positional arguments:
  ENV_DIR             A directory to create the environment in.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help             show this help message and exit
  --system-site-packages Give the virtual environment access to the system
                         site-packages dir.
  --symlinks             Try to use symlinks rather than copies, when symlinks
                         are not the default for the platform.
  --copies               Try to use copies rather than symlinks, even when
                         symlinks are the default for the platform.
  --clear                Delete the contents of the environment directory if it
                         already exists, before environment creation.
  --upgrade              Upgrade the environment directory to use this version
                         of Python, assuming Python has been upgraded in-place.
  --without-pip          Skips installing or upgrading pip in the virtual
                         environment (pip is bootstrapped by default)

Depending on how the venv functionality has been invoked, the usage message may vary slightly, e.g. referencing pyvenv rather than venv.

在 3.4 版更改: 默认安装 pip，并添加 --without-pip 和 --copies 选项

在 3.4 版更改: In earlier versions, if the target directory already existed, an error was raised, unless the --clear or --upgrade option was provided. Now, if an existing directory is specified, its contents are removed and the directory is processed as if it had been newly created.

生成的 pyvenv.cfg 文件还包括 include-system-site-packages 键，如果运行 venv 带有 --system-site-packages 选项，则键值为 true，否则为 false。

除非采用 --without-pip 选项，否则将会调用 ensurepip 将 pip 引导到虚拟环境中。

Multiple paths can be given to pyvenv, in which case an identical virtualenv will be created, according to the given options, at each provided path.

Once a venv has been created, it can be “activated” using a script in the venv’s binary directory. The invocation of the script is platform-specific:

平台	Shell	用于激活虚拟环境的命令
Posix	bash/zsh	$ source <venv>/bin/activate
	fish	$ . <venv>/bin/activate.fish
	csh/tcsh	$ source <venv>/bin/activate.csh
Windows	cmd.exe	C:\> <venv>\Scripts\activate.bat
	PowerShell	PS C:\> <venv>\Scripts\Activate.ps1

You don’t specifically need to activate an environment; activation just prepends the venv’s binary directory to your path, so that “python” invokes the venv’s Python interpreter and you can run installed scripts without having to use their full path. However, all scripts installed in a venv should be runnable without activating it, and run with the venv’s Python automatically.

You can deactivate a venv by typing “deactivate” in your shell. The exact mechanism is platform-specific: for example, the Bash activation script defines a “deactivate” function, whereas on Windows there are separate scripts called deactivate.bat and Deactivate.ps1 which are installed when the venv is created.

3.4 新版功能: fish 和 csh 激活脚本。

注解

A virtual environment (also called a venv) is a Python environment such that the Python interpreter, libraries and scripts installed into it are isolated from those installed in other virtual environments, and (by default) any libraries installed in a “system” Python, i.e. one which is installed as part of your operating system.

A venv is a directory tree which contains Python executable files and other files which indicate that it is a venv.

Common installation tools such as Setuptools and pip work as expected with venvs - i.e. when a venv is active, they install Python packages into the venv without needing to be told to do so explicitly.

When a venv is active (i.e. the venv’s Python interpreter is running), the attributes sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix point to the base directory of the venv, whereas sys.base_prefix and sys.base_exec_prefix point to the non-venv Python installation which was used to create the venv. If a venv is not active, then sys.prefix is the same as sys.base_prefix and sys.exec_prefix is the same as sys.base_exec_prefix (they all point to a non-venv Python installation).

When a venv is active, any options that change the installation path will be ignored from all distutils configuration files to prevent projects being inadvertently installed outside of the virtual environment.

When working in a command shell, users can make a venv active by running an activate script in the venv’s executables directory (the precise filename is shell-dependent), which prepends the venv’s directory for executables to the PATH environment variable for the running shell. There should be no need in other circumstances to activate a venv – scripts installed into venvs have a shebang line which points to the venv’s Python interpreter. This means that the script will run with that interpreter regardless of the value of PATH. On Windows, shebang line processing is supported if you have the Python Launcher for Windows installed (this was added to Python in 3.3 - see PEP 397 for more details). Thus, double-clicking an installed script in a Windows Explorer window should run the script with the correct interpreter without there needing to be any reference to its venv in PATH.

28.3.2. API

上述的高级方法使用了一个简单的 API，该 API 提供了一种机制，第三方虚拟环境创建者可以根据其需求自定义环境创建过程，该 API 为 EnvBuilder 类。

class venv.EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False)

EnvBuilder 类在实例化时接受以下关键字参数：

• system_site_packages – 一个布尔值，要求系统 Python 的 site-packages 对环境可用（默认为 False）。
• clear – 一个布尔值，如果为 true，则在创建环境前将删除目标目录的现有内容。
• symlinks – a Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to symlink the Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other binaries, e.g. pythonw.exe), rather than copying. Defaults to True on Linux and Unix systems, but False on Windows.
• upgrade – 一个布尔值，如果为 true，则将使用当前运行的 Python 去升级一个现有的环境，这主要在原位置的 Python 更新后使用（默认为 False）。
• with_pip – 一个布尔值，如果为 true，则确保在虚拟环境中已安装 pip。这使用的是带有 --default-pip 选项的 ensurepip。

在 3.4 版更改: 添加 with_pip 参数

Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to use the provided EnvBuilder class as a base class.

返回的 env-builder 是一个对象，包含一个 create 方法：

create(env_dir)

This method takes as required argument the path (absolute or relative to the current directory) of the target directory which is to contain the virtual environment. The create method will either create the environment in the specified directory, or raise an appropriate exception.

The create method of the EnvBuilder class illustrates the hooks available for subclass customization:

def create(self, env_dir):
    """
    Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory.
    env_dir is the target directory to create an environment in.
    """
    env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir)
    context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir)
    self.create_configuration(context)
    self.setup_python(context)
    self.setup_scripts(context)
    self.post_setup(context)

每个方法 ensure_directories(), create_configuration(), setup_python(), setup_scripts() 和 post_setup() 都可以被重写。

ensure_directories(env_dir)

创建环境目录和所有必需的目录，并返回一个上下文对象。该对象只是一个容器，保存属性（如路径），供其他方法使用。允许目录已经存在，如果指定了 clear 或 upgrade 就允许在现有环境目录上进行操作。

create_configuration(context)

在环境中创建 pyvenv.cfg 配置文件。

setup_python(context)

Creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows, DLLs) in the environment. On a POSIX system, if a specific executable python3.x was used, symlinks to python and python3 will be created pointing to that executable, unless files with those names already exist.

setup_scripts(context)

将适用于平台的激活脚本安装到虚拟环境中。

post_setup(context)

占位方法，可以在第三方实现中重写，用于在虚拟环境中预安装软件包，或是其他创建后要执行的步骤。

此外，EnvBuilder 提供了如下实用方法，可以从子类的 setup_scripts() 或 post_setup() 调用，用来将自定义脚本安装到虚拟环境中。

install_scripts(context, path)

path 是一个目录的路径，该目录应包含子目录 “common”, “posix”, “nt”，每个子目录存有发往对应环境中 bin 目录的脚本。在下列占位符替换完毕后，将复制 “common” 的内容和与 os.name 对应的子目录：

• __VENV_DIR__ 会被替换为环境目录的绝对路径。
• __VENV_NAME__ 会被替换为环境名称（环境目录的最后一个字段）。
• __VENV_PROMPT__ 会被替换为提示符（用括号括起来的环境名称紧跟着一个空格）。
• __VENV_BIN_NAME__ 会被替换为 bin 目录的名称（ bin 或 Scripts ）。
• __VENV_PYTHON__ 会被替换为环境可执行文件的绝对路径。

允许目录已存在（用于升级现有环境时）。

有一个方便实用的模块级别的函数:

venv.create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, with_pip=False)

通过关键词参数来创建一个 EnvBuilder，并且使用 env_dir 参数来调用它的 create() 方法。

在 3.4 版更改: 添加 with_pip 参数

28.3.3. 一个扩展 EnvBuilder 的例子

The following script shows how to extend EnvBuilder by implementing a subclass which installs setuptools and pip into a created venv:

import os
import os.path
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import sys
from threading import Thread
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from urllib.request import urlretrieve
import venv

class ExtendedEnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
    """
    This builder installs setuptools and pip so that you can pip or
    easy_install other packages into the created environment.

    :param nodist: If True, setuptools and pip are not installed into the
                   created environment.
    :param nopip: If True, pip is not installed into the created
                  environment.
    :param progress: If setuptools or pip are installed, the progress of the
                     installation can be monitored by passing a progress
                     callable. If specified, it is called with two
                     arguments: a string indicating some progress, and a
                     context indicating where the string is coming from.
                     The context argument can have one of three values:
                     'main', indicating that it is called from virtualize()
                     itself, and 'stdout' and 'stderr', which are obtained
                     by reading lines from the output streams of a subprocess
                     which is used to install the app.

                     If a callable is not specified, default progress
                     information is output to sys.stderr.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.nodist = kwargs.pop('nodist', False)
        self.nopip = kwargs.pop('nopip', False)
        self.progress = kwargs.pop('progress', None)
        self.verbose = kwargs.pop('verbose', False)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def post_setup(self, context):
        """
        Set up any packages which need to be pre-installed into the
        environment being created.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = context.env_dir
        if not self.nodist:
            self.install_setuptools(context)
        # Can't install pip without setuptools
        if not self.nopip and not self.nodist:
            self.install_pip(context)

    def reader(self, stream, context):
        """
        Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
        callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
        """
        progress = self.progress
        while True:
            s = stream.readline()
            if not s:
                break
            if progress is not None:
                progress(s, context)
            else:
                if not self.verbose:
                    sys.stderr.write('.')
                else:
                    sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
                sys.stderr.flush()
        stream.close()

    def install_script(self, context, name, url):
        _, _, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
        fn = os.path.split(path)[-1]
        binpath = context.bin_path
        distpath = os.path.join(binpath, fn)
        # Download script into the env's binaries folder
        urlretrieve(url, distpath)
        progress = self.progress
        if self.verbose:
            term = '\n'
        else:
            term = ''
        if progress is not None:
            progress('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term), 'main')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term))
            sys.stderr.flush()
        # Install in the env
        args = [context.env_exe, fn]
        p = Popen(args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=binpath)
        t1 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
        t1.start()
        t2 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
        t2.start()
        p.wait()
        t1.join()
        t2.join()
        if progress is not None:
            progress('done.', 'main')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
        # Clean up - no longer needed
        os.unlink(distpath)

    def install_setuptools(self, context):
        """
        Install setuptools in the environment.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        url = 'https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/downloads/ez_setup.py'
        self.install_script(context, 'setuptools', url)
        # clear up the setuptools archive which gets downloaded
        pred = lambda o: o.startswith('setuptools-') and o.endswith('.tar.gz')
        files = filter(pred, os.listdir(context.bin_path))
        for f in files:
            f = os.path.join(context.bin_path, f)
            os.unlink(f)

    def install_pip(self, context):
        """
        Install pip in the environment.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        url = 'https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py'
        self.install_script(context, 'pip', url)

def main(args=None):
    compatible = True
    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
        compatible = False
    elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
        compatible = False
    if not compatible:
        raise ValueError('This script is only for use with '
                         'Python 3.3 or later')
    else:
        import argparse

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__,
                                         description='Creates virtual Python '
                                                     'environments in one or '
                                                     'more target '
                                                     'directories.')
        parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+',
                            help='A directory to create the environment in.')
        parser.add_argument('--no-setuptools', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='nodist',
                            help="Don't install setuptools or pip in the "
                                 "virtual environment.")
        parser.add_argument('--no-pip', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='nopip',
                            help="Don't install pip in the virtual "
                                 "environment.")
        parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='system_site',
                            help='Give the virtual environment access to the '
                                 'system site-packages dir.')
        if os.name == 'nt':
            use_symlinks = False
        else:
            use_symlinks = True
        parser.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks,
                            action='store_true', dest='symlinks',
                            help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, '
                                 'when symlinks are not the default for '
                                 'the platform.')
        parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the '
                                               'environment directory if it '
                                               'already exists, before '
                                               'environment creation.')
        parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment '
                                               'directory to use this version '
                                               'of Python, assuming Python '
                                               'has been upgraded in-place.')
        parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='verbose', help='Display the output '
                                               'from the scripts which '
                                               'install setuptools and pip.')
        options = parser.parse_args(args)
        if options.upgrade and options.clear:
            raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.')
        builder = ExtendedEnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site,
                                       clear=options.clear,
                                       symlinks=options.symlinks,
                                       upgrade=options.upgrade,
                                       nodist=options.nodist,
                                       nopip=options.nopip,
                                       verbose=options.verbose)
        for d in options.dirs:
            builder.create(d)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rc = 1
    try:
        main()
        rc = 0
    except Exception as e:
        print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(rc)

This script is also available for download online.