"msvcrt" --- 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程
******************************************

======================================================================

These functions provide access to some useful capabilities on Windows
platforms. Some higher-level modules use these functions to build the
Windows implementations of their services. For example, the "getpass"
module uses this in the implementation of the "getpass()" function.

关于这些函数的更多信息可以在平台 API 文档中找到。

该模块实现了控制台 I/O API 的普通和宽字符变体。普通的 API 只处理ASCII
字符，国际化应用受限。应该尽可能地使用宽字符 API 。

在 3.3 版本发生变更: 此模块中过去会引发 "IOError" 的操作现在将引发
"OSError"。


文件操作
========

msvcrt.locking(fd, mode, nbytes)

   Lock part of a file based on file descriptor *fd* from the C
   runtime. Raises "OSError" on failure. The locked region of the file
   extends from the current file position for *nbytes* bytes, and may
   continue beyond the end of the file. *mode* must be one of the
   "LK_*" constants listed below. Multiple regions in a file may be
   locked at the same time, but may not overlap. Adjacent regions are
   not merged; they must be unlocked individually.

   引发一个 审计事件 "msvcrt.locking"，附带参数 "fd", "mode", "nbytes"
   。

msvcrt.LK_LOCK
msvcrt.LK_RLCK

   Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the
   program immediately tries again after 1 second. If, after 10
   attempts, the bytes cannot be locked, "OSError" is raised.

msvcrt.LK_NBLCK
msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK

   锁定指定的字节数据。 如果字节数据无法被锁定，则会引发 "OSError"。

msvcrt.LK_UNLCK

   解锁指定的字节数据，该对象必须在之前被锁定。

msvcrt.setmode(fd, flags)

   设置文件描述符 *fd* 的行结束符转写模式。 要将其设为文本模式，则
   *flags* 应当为 "os.O_TEXT"；设为二进制模式，则应当为 "os.O_BINARY"
   。

msvcrt.open_osfhandle(handle, flags)

   Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle *handle*.
   The *flags* parameter should be a bitwise OR of "os.O_APPEND",
   "os.O_RDONLY", "os.O_TEXT" and "os.O_NOINHERIT". The returned file
   descriptor may be used as a parameter to "os.fdopen()" to create a
   file object.

   The file descriptor is inheritable by default. Pass
   "os.O_NOINHERIT" flag to make it non inheritable.

   引发一个 审计事件 "msvcrt.open_osfhandle"，附带参数 "handle",
   "flags"。

msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)

   Return the file handle for the file descriptor *fd*. Raises
   "OSError" if *fd* is not recognized.

   引发一个 审计事件 "msvcrt.get_osfhandle"，附带参数 "fd"。


控制台 I/O
==========

msvcrt.kbhit()

   Returns a nonzero value if a keypress is waiting to be read.
   Otherwise, return 0.

msvcrt.getch()

   Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte
   string. Nothing is echoed to the console. This call will block if a
   keypress is not already available, but will not wait for "Enter" to
   be pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this
   will return "'\000'" or "'\xe0'"; the next call will return the
   keycode. The "Control-C" keypress cannot be read with this
   function.

msvcrt.getwch()

   "getch()" 的宽字符版本，返回一个 Unicode 值。

msvcrt.getche()

   Similar to "getch()", but the keypress will be echoed if it
   represents a printable character.

msvcrt.getwche()

   "getche()" 的宽字符版本，返回一个 Unicode 值。

msvcrt.putch(char)

   将字符串 *char* 打印到终端，不使用缓冲区。

msvcrt.putwch(unicode_char)

   "putch()" 的宽字符版本，接受一个 Unicode 值。

msvcrt.ungetch(char)

   使得字节串 *char* 被“推回”终端缓冲区；它将是被 "getch()" 或
   "getche()" 读取的下一个字符。

msvcrt.ungetwch(unicode_char)

   "ungetch()" 的宽字符版本，接受一个 Unicode 值。


其他函数
========

msvcrt.heapmin()

   强制 "malloc()" 堆清空自身并将未使用的块返回给操作系统。 失败时，这
   将引发 "OSError"。

msvcrt.set_error_mode(mode)

   Changes the location where the C runtime writes an error message
   for an error that might end the program. *mode* must be one of the
   "OUT_*" constants listed below  or "REPORT_ERRMODE". Returns the
   old setting or -1 if an error occurs. Only available in debug build
   of Python.

msvcrt.OUT_TO_DEFAULT

   Error sink is determined by the app's type. Only available in debug
   build of Python.

msvcrt.OUT_TO_STDERR

   Error sink is a standard error. Only available in debug build of
   Python.

msvcrt.OUT_TO_MSGBOX

   Error sink is a message box. Only available in debug build of
   Python.

msvcrt.REPORT_ERRMODE

   Report the current error mode value. Only available in debug build
   of Python.

msvcrt.CrtSetReportMode(type, mode)

   Specifies the destination or destinations for a specific report
   type generated by "_CrtDbgReport()" in the MS VC++ runtime. *type*
   must be one of the "CRT_*" constants listed below. *mode* must be
   one of the "CRTDBG_*" constants listed below. Only available in
   debug build of Python.

msvcrt.CrtSetReportFile(type, file)

   After you use "CrtSetReportMode()" to specify "CRTDBG_MODE_FILE",
   you can specify the file handle to receive the message text. *type*
   must be one of the "CRT_*" constants listed below. *file* should be
   the file handle your want specified. Only available in debug build
   of Python.

msvcrt.CRT_WARN

   Warnings, messages, and information that doesn't need immediate
   attention.

msvcrt.CRT_ERROR

   Errors, unrecoverable problems, and issues that require immediate
   attention.

msvcrt.CRT_ASSERT

   Assertion failures.

msvcrt.CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG

   Writes the message to the debugger's output window.

msvcrt.CRTDBG_MODE_FILE

   将消息写入用户提供的文件句柄。 应当调用 "CrtSetReportFile()" 来定义
   要用作写入目标的特定文件或流。

msvcrt.CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW

   创建一个消息框来显示消息并提供 "Abort", "Retry" 和 "Ignore" 等按钮
   。

msvcrt.CRTDBG_REPORT_MODE

   返回指定 *type* 当前的 *mode*。

msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION

   CRT 汇编版，来自 "crtassem.h" 头文件。

msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN

   VC 汇编公钥凭据，来自 "crtassem.h" 头文件。

msvcrt.LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX

   库汇编名称前缀，来自 "crtassem.h" 头文件。
