# `importlib.resources` -- Package resource reading, opening and access

源代码: Lib/importlib/resources/__init__.py

Added in version 3.7.

此模块调整了 Python 的导入系统以便提供对 包 内部的 资源 的访问。

“资源”是指 Python 中与模块或包相关联的文件类资源。 资源可以直接包含在某个包中，包含在某个包的子目录中，或是与某个包外部的模块相邻。 资源可以是文本或二进制数据。 因此，从技术上说 Python 包的模块源代码文件 (.py) 和编译结果文件 (pycache) 就是包实际所包含的资源。 但是，在实践中，资源主要是指包作者专门公开的非 Python 文件。

资源可以使用二进制或文本模式打开。

资源大致相当于目录内的文件，不过需要记住这只是一个比喻。 资源和包 不是 必须如文件系统上的物理文件和目录那样存在的：例如，一个包及其资源可使用 `zipimport` 从一个 ZIP 文件导入。

备注

本模块提供了类似于 pkg_resources Basic Resource Access 的功能而没有那样高的性能开销。 这使得读取包中的资源更为容易，并具有更为稳定和一致的语义。

此模块的独立向下移植版本在 using importlib.resources 和 migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources 中提供了更多信息。

想要支持资源读取的 `加载器` 应当实现 `importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader` 中规定的 `get_resource_reader(fullname)` 方法。

class importlib.resources.Anchor

  代表资源的锚点，可以是一个 `模块对象` 或字符串形式的模块名称不。 定义为 `Union[str, ModuleType]`。

importlib.resources.files(anchor: Anchor | None = None)

  返回一个代表资源容器（相当于目录）及其资源（相当于文件）的 `Traversable` 对象。 Traversable 可以包含其他容器（相当于子目录）。

  anchor 是一个可选的 `Anchor`。 如果 anchor 是一个包，则会从这个包获取资源。 如果是一个模块，则会从这个模块的相邻位置获取资源（在同一个包或包的根目录中）。 如果省略了 anchor,则会使用调用方的模块。

  Added in version 3.9.

  在 3.12 版本发生变更: package 形参被重命名为 anchor。 anchor 现在可以是一个不为包的模块，如果被省略则默认为调用方的模块。 为保持兼容性 package 仍然被接受但会引发 `DeprecationWarning`。 请考虑以位置参数方式传入或使用 `importlib_resources >= 5.10` 作为针对旧版 Python 的兼容接口。

importlib.resources.as_file(traversable)

  给定一个代表文件或目录的 `Traversable` 对象，通常是来自 `importlib.resources.files()`，返回一个上下文管理器以供 `with` 语句使用。 该上下文管理器提供一个 `pathlib.Path` 对象。

  退出上下文管理器后会清除从 zip 文件等提取资源时创建的任何临时文件或目录。

  当 Traversable 的方法（如 `read_text` 等）不足以满足需要而需要文件系统中的真实文件或目录时请使用 `as_file`。

  Added in version 3.9.

  在 3.12 版本发生变更: 增加了对代表目录的 traversable 的支持。

## 函数式 API

A set of simplified, backwards-compatible helpers is available. These allow common operations in a single function call.

For all the following functions:

- anchor is an `Anchor`, as in `files()`. Unlike in `files`, it may not be omitted.

- path_names are components of a resource's path name, relative to the anchor. For example, to get the text of resource named `info.txt`, use:

      importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info.txt")

  Like `Traversable.joinpath`, The individual components should use forward slashes (`/`) as path separators. For example, the following are equivalent:

      importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics/painting.png")
      importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics", "painting.png")

  For backward compatibility reasons, functions that read text require an explicit encoding argument if multiple path_names are given. For example, to get the text of `info/chapter1.txt`, use:

      importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info", "chapter1.txt",
                                    encoding='utf-8')

importlib.resources.open_binary(anchor, *path_names)

  Open the named resource for binary reading.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function returns a `BinaryIO` object, that is, a binary stream open for reading.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('rb')

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.open_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

  Open the named resource for text reading. By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names. encoding and errors have the same meaning as in built-in `open()`.

  For backward compatibility reasons, the encoding argument must be given explicitly if there are multiple path_names. This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

  This function returns a `TextIO` object, that is, a text stream open for reading.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('r', encoding=encoding)

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted. encoding and errors must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.read_binary(anchor, *path_names)

  Read and return the contents of the named resource as `bytes`.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_bytes()

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.read_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

  Read and return the contents of the named resource as `str`. By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names. encoding and errors have the same meaning as in built-in `open()`.

  For backward compatibility reasons, the encoding argument must be given explicitly if there are multiple path_names. This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_text(encoding=encoding)

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted. encoding and errors must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.path(anchor, *path_names)

  Provides the path to the resource as an actual file system path. This function returns a context manager for use in a `with` statement. The context manager provides a `pathlib.Path` object.

  Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary files created, e.g. when the resource needs to be extracted from a zip file.

  For example, the `stat()` method requires an actual file system path; it can be used like this:

      with importlib.resources.path(anchor, "resource.txt") as fspath:
          result = fspath.stat()

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      as_file(files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names))

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted. encoding and errors must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.is_resource(anchor, *path_names)

  Return `True` if the named resource exists, otherwise `False`. This function does not consider directories to be resources.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).is_file()

  在 3.13 版本发生变更: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.contents(anchor, *path_names)

  Return an iterable over the named items within the package or path. The iterable returns names of resources (e.g. files) and non-resources (e.g. directories) as `str`. The iterable does not recurse into subdirectories.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      for resource in files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).iterdir():
          yield resource.name

  自 3.11 版本弃用: Prefer `iterdir()` as above, which offers more control over the results and richer functionality.