# `email`: 示例

以下是一些如何使用 `email` 包来读取、写入和发送简单电子邮件以及更复杂的MIME邮件的示例。

首先，让我们看看如何创建和发送简单的文本消息（文本内容和地址都可能包含unicode字符）：

    # 导入 smtplib 以使用实际的发送函数
    import smtplib

    # 导入我们需要的 email 模块
    from email.message import EmailMessage

    # 打开 textfile 中相应名称的纯文本文件供读取。
    with open(textfile) as fp:
        # 创建纯文本消息
        msg = EmailMessage()
        msg.set_content(fp.read())

    # me == 发送方 email 地址
    # you == 接收方 email 地址
    msg['Subject'] = f'The contents of {textfile}'
    msg['From'] = me
    msg['To'] = you

    # 通过我们使用的 SMTP 服务器发送消息。
    s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
    s.send_message(msg)
    s.quit()

解析 RFC 822 标题可以通过使用 `parser` 模块中的类来轻松完成：

    # 导入我们需要的 email 模块
    #from email.parser import BytesParser
    from email.parser import Parser
    from email.policy import default

    # 如果 email 标头保存在文件中，则取消注释这两行：
    # with open(messagefile, 'rb') as fp:
    #     headers = BytesParser(policy=default).parse(fp)

    #  或者如果要从字符串中解析标头（这是不太常见的操作），使用：
    headers = Parser(policy=default).parsestr(
            'From: Foo Bar <user@example.com>\n'
            'To: <someone_else@example.com>\n'
            'Subject: Test message\n'
            '\n'
            'Body would go here\n')

    #  现在标头条目将可作为字典访问：
    print('To: {}'.format(headers['to']))
    print('From: {}'.format(headers['from']))
    print('Subject: {}'.format(headers['subject']))

    # 你也可以访问地址的各个部分：
    print('Recipient username: {}'.format(headers['to'].addresses[0].username))
    print('Sender name: {}'.format(headers['from'].addresses[0].display_name))

以下是如何发送包含可能在目录中的一系列家庭照片的MIME消息示例：

    # 导入 smtplib 以使用实际的发送函数。
    import smtplib

    # 以下是我们要用到的 email 包模块。
    from email.message import EmailMessage

    # 创建容器 email 消息。
    msg = EmailMessage()
    msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
    # me == 发送方 email 地址
    # family = 所有接收方的 email 地址列表
    msg['From'] = me
    msg['To'] = ', '.join(family)
    msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'

    # 以二进制模式打开文件。 你也可以忽略子类型
    # 如果你想要 MIMEImage 自动猜测的话。
    for file in pngfiles:
        with open(file, 'rb') as fp:
            img_data = fp.read()
        msg.add_attachment(img_data, maintype='image',
                                     subtype='png')

    # 通过我们自己的 SMTP 服务器发送 email。
    with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
        s.send_message(msg)

以下是如何将目录的全部内容作为电子邮件消息发送的示例： [1]

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    """将目录的内容作为 MIME 消息来发送。"""

    import os
    import smtplib
    # 用于根据文件扩展名来猜测 MIME 类型
    import mimetypes

    from argparse import ArgumentParser

    from email.message import EmailMessage
    from email.policy import SMTP

    def main():
        parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
    Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.
    Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local
    SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process.  Your local machine
    must be running an SMTP server.
    """)
        parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory',
                            help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory,
                            otherwise use the current directory.  Only the regular
                            files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to
                            subdirectories.""")
        parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
                            metavar='FILE',
                            help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of
                            sending the message to the SMTP server.""")
        parser.add_argument('-s', '--sender', required=True,
                            help='The value of the From: header (required)')
        parser.add_argument('-r', '--recipient', required=True,
                            action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT',
                            default=[], dest='recipients',
                            help='A To: header value (at least one required)')
        args = parser.parse_args()
        directory = args.directory
        if not directory:
            directory = '.'
        # 创建消息
        msg = EmailMessage()
        msg['Subject'] = f'Contents of directory {os.path.abspath(directory)}'
        msg['To'] = ', '.join(args.recipients)
        msg['From'] = args.sender
        msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'

        for filename in os.listdir(directory):
            path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
            if not os.path.isfile(path):
                continue
            # 根据文件扩展名来猜测内容类型。
            # 编码格式将被忽略，不过我们应当检查某些简单事务
            # 例如是否为 gzip 或压缩文件。
            ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_file_type(path)
            if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
                # 不可以猜测，或者文件已被编码（压缩），
                # 因此我们使用基本的比特位数据类型。
                ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
            maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
            with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
                msg.add_attachment(fp.read(),
                                   maintype=maintype,
                                   subtype=subtype,
                                   filename=filename)
        # 现在执行消息发送或存储
        if args.output:
            with open(args.output, 'wb') as fp:
                fp.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=SMTP))
        else:
            with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
                s.send_message(msg)

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

以下是如何将上述MIME消息解压缩到文件目录中的示例：

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    """将 MIME 消息解包到一个文件目录中。"""

    import os
    import email
    import mimetypes

    from email.policy import default

    from argparse import ArgumentParser

    def main():
        parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
    Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.
    """)
        parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', required=True,
                            help="""Unpack the MIME message into the named
                            directory, which will be created if it doesn't already
                            exist.""")
        parser.add_argument('msgfile')
        args = parser.parse_args()

        with open(args.msgfile, 'rb') as fp:
            msg = email.message_from_binary_file(fp, policy=default)

        try:
            os.mkdir(args.directory)
        except FileExistsError:
            pass

        counter = 1
        for part in msg.walk():
            # multipart/* 只是一些容器
            if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
                continue
            # 应用程序真的应该对所给文件名做无害化处理
            # 以保证 email 消息不能被用来覆盖重要的文件
            filename = part.get_filename()
            if not filename:
                ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
                if not ext:
                    # Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
                    ext = '.bin'
                filename = f'part-{counter:03d}{ext}'
            counter += 1
            with open(os.path.join(args.directory, filename), 'wb') as fp:
                fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=True))

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

以下是如何使用备用纯文本版本创建 HTML 消息的示例。 为了让事情变得更有趣，我们在 html 部分中包含了一个相关的图像，我们保存了一份我们要发送的内容到硬盘中，然后发送它。

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    import smtplib

    from email.message import EmailMessage
    from email.headerregistry import Address
    from email.utils import make_msgid

    # 创建基本的文本消息。
    msg = EmailMessage()
    msg['Subject'] = "Pourquoi pas des asperges pour ce midi ?"
    msg['From'] = Address("Pepé Le Pew", "pepe", "example.com")
    msg['To'] = (Address("Penelope Pussycat", "penelope", "example.com"),
                 Address("Fabrette Pussycat", "fabrette", "example.com"))
    msg.set_content("""\
    Salut!

    Cette recette [1] sera sûrement un très bon repas.

    [1] http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718

    --Pepé
    """)

    # 增加 html 版本。 这会将消息转换为一个 multipart/alternative 容器，
    # 原始文本消息作为第一部分而新的 html 消息作为第二部分。
    asparagus_cid = make_msgid()
    msg.add_alternative("""\
    <html>
      <head></head>
      <body>
        <p>Salut!</p>
        <p>Cette
            <a href="http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718">
                recette
            </a> sera sûrement un très bon repas.
        </p>
        <img src="cid:{asparagus_cid}" />
      </body>
    </html>
    """.format(asparagus_cid=asparagus_cid[1:-1]), subtype='html')
    # 请注意我们需要将 <> 从 msgid 中去掉以便在 html 中使用。

    # 现在添加相关图像到 html 部分中。
    with open("roasted-asparagus.jpg", 'rb') as img:
        msg.get_payload()[1].add_related(img.read(), 'image', 'jpeg',
                                         cid=asparagus_cid)

    # 创建我们将要发送的内容的本地副本。
    with open('outgoing.msg', 'wb') as f:
        f.write(bytes(msg))

    # 通过本地 SMTP 服务器发送消息。
    with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
        s.send_message(msg)

如果我们发送最后一个示例中的消息，这是我们可以处理它的一种方法：

    import os
    import sys
    import tempfile
    import mimetypes
    import webbrowser

    # Import the email modules we'll need
    from email import policy
    from email.parser import BytesParser

    def magic_html_parser(html_text, partfiles):
        """Return safety-sanitized html linked to partfiles.

        Rewrite the href="cid:...." attributes to point to the filenames in partfiles.
        Though not trivial, this should be possible using html.parser.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("Add the magic needed")

    # In a real program you'd get the filename from the arguments.
    with open('outgoing.msg', 'rb') as fp:
        msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(fp)

    # Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary, and any non-ASCII will
    # be converted to unicode:
    print('To:', msg['to'])
    print('From:', msg['from'])
    print('Subject:', msg['subject'])

    # If we want to print a preview of the message content, we can extract whatever
    # the least formatted payload is and print the first three lines.  Of course,
    # if the message has no plain text part printing the first three lines of html
    # is probably useless, but this is just a conceptual example.
    simplest = msg.get_body(preferencelist=('plain', 'html'))
    print()
    print(''.join(simplest.get_content().splitlines(keepends=True)[:3]))

    ans = input("View full message?")
    if ans.lower()[0] == 'n':
        sys.exit()

    # We can extract the richest alternative in order to display it:
    richest = msg.get_body()
    partfiles = {}
    if richest['content-type'].maintype == 'text':
        if richest['content-type'].subtype == 'plain':
            for line in richest.get_content().splitlines():
                print(line)
            sys.exit()
        elif richest['content-type'].subtype == 'html':
            body = richest
        else:
            print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
            sys.exit()
    elif richest['content-type'].content_type == 'multipart/related':
        body = richest.get_body(preferencelist=('html'))
        for part in richest.iter_attachments():
            fn = part.get_filename()
            if fn:
                extension = os.path.splitext(part.get_filename())[1]
            else:
                extension = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension, delete=False) as f:
                f.write(part.get_content())
                # again strip the <> to go from email form of cid to html form.
                partfiles[part['content-id'][1:-1]] = f.name
    else:
        print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
        sys.exit()
    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False) as f:
        f.write(magic_html_parser(body.get_content(), partfiles))
    webbrowser.open(f.name)
    os.remove(f.name)
    for fn in partfiles.values():
        os.remove(fn)

    # Of course, there are lots of email messages that could break this simple
    # minded program, but it will handle the most common ones.

直到输出提示，上面的输出是：

    To: Penelope Pussycat <penelope@example.com>, Fabrette Pussycat <fabrette@example.com>
    From: Pepé Le Pew <pepe@example.com>
    Subject: Pourquoi pas des asperges pour ce midi ?

    Salut!

    Cette recette [1] sera sûrement un très bon repas.

备注

[1]

感谢 Matthew Dixon Cowles 提供最初的灵感和示例。