What's New In Python 3.10
*************************

Release:
   3.10.0a0

Date:
   十月 05, 2020

This article explains the new features in Python 3.10, compared to
3.9.

For full details, see the changelog.

注解:

  Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in
  draft form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.10 moves
  towards release, so it's worth checking back even after reading
  earlier versions.


Summary -- Release highlights
=============================


New Features
============

* The "int" type has a new method "int.bit_count()", returning the
  number of ones in the binary expansion of a given integer, also
  known as the population count. (Contributed by Niklas Fiekas in
  bpo-29882.)

* The views returned by "dict.keys()", "dict.values()" and
  "dict.items()" now all have a "mapping" attribute that gives a
  "types.MappingProxyType" object wrapping the original dictionary.
  (Contributed by Dennis Sweeney in bpo-40890.)

* **PEP 618**: The "zip()" function now has an optional "strict" flag,
  used to require that all the iterables have an equal length.


PEP604: New Type Operator
-------------------------

A new type union operator was introduced which enables the syntax "X |
Y". This provides a cleaner way of expressing 'either type X or type
Y' instead of using "typing.Union", especially in type hints
(annotations).

In previous versions of Python, to apply a type hint for functions
accepting arguments of multiple types, "typing.Union" was used:

   def square(number: Union[int, float]) -> Union[int, float]:
       return number ** 2

Now, type hints can be written in a more succinct manner:

   def square(number: int | float) -> int | float:
       return number ** 2

See **PEP 604** for more details.

(Contributed by Maggie Moss and Philippe Prados in bpo-41428.)


Other Language Changes
======================

* Builtin and extension functions that take integer arguments no
  longer accept "Decimal"s, "Fraction"s and other objects that can be
  converted to integers only with a loss (e.g. that have the
  "__int__()" method but do not have the "__index__()" method).
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-37999.)


New Modules
===========

* None yet.


Improved Modules
================


base64
------

Add "base64.b32hexencode()" and "base64.b32hexdecode()" to support the
Base32 Encoding with Extended Hex Alphabet.


codecs
------

Add a "codecs.unregister()" function to unregister a codec search
function. (Contributed by Hai Shi in bpo-41842.)


curses
------

The extended color functions added in ncurses 6.1 will be used
transparently by "curses.color_content()", "curses.init_color()",
"curses.init_pair()", and "curses.pair_content()". A new function,
"curses.has_extended_color_support()", indicates whether extended
color support is provided by the underlying ncurses library.
(Contributed by Jeffrey Kintscher and Hans Petter Jansson in
bpo-36982.)


glob
----

Added the *root_dir* and *dir_fd* parameters in "glob()" and "iglob()"
which allow to specify the root directory for searching. (Contributed
by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-38144.)


os
--

Added "os.cpu_count()" support for VxWorks RTOS. (Contributed by
Peixing Xin in bpo-41440.)


py_compile
----------

Added "--quiet" option to command-line interface of "py_compile".
(Contributed by Gregory Schevchenko in bpo-38731.)


sys
---

Add "sys.orig_argv" attribute: the list of the original command line
arguments passed to the Python executable. (Contributed by Victor
Stinner in bpo-23427.)


types
-----

Reintroduced the "types.EllipsisType", "types.NoneType" and
"types.NotImplementedType" classes, providing a new set of types
readily interpretable by type checkers. (Contributed by Bas van Beek
in bpo-41810.)


unittest
--------

Add new method "assertNoLogs()" to complement the existing
"assertLogs()". (Contributed by Kit Yan Choi in bpo-39385.)


xml
---

Add a "LexicalHandler" class to the "xml.sax.handler" module.
(Contributed by Jonathan Gossage and Zackery Spytz in bpo-35018.)


Optimizations
=============

* Constructors "str()", "bytes()" and "bytearray()" are now faster
  (around 30--40% for small objects). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka
  in bpo-41334.)

* The "runpy" module now imports fewer modules. The "python3 -m
  module-name" command startup time is 1.3x faster in average.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-41006.)


Deprecated
==========


Removed
=======

* The "ParserBase.error()" method from the private and undocumented
  "_markupbase" module has been removed.  "html.parser.HTMLParser" is
  the only subclass of "ParserBase" and its "error()" implementation
  has already been removed in Python 3.5. (Contributed by Berker
  Peksag in bpo-31844.)


Porting to Python 3.10
======================

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
that may require changes to your code.


Build Changes
=============

* The C99 functions "snprintf()" and "vsnprintf()" are now required to
  build Python. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-36020.)

* "sqlite3" requires SQLite 3.7.3 or higher. (Contributed by Sergey
  Fedoseev and Erlend E. Aasland bpo-40744.)


C API Changes
=============


New Features
------------

* The result of "PyNumber_Index()" now always has exact type "int".
  Previously, the result could have been an instance of a subclass of
  "int". (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-40792.)

* Add a new "orig_argv" member to the "PyConfig" structure: the list
  of the original command line arguments passed to the Python
  executable. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-23427.)

* The "PyDateTime_DATE_GET_TZINFO()" and
  "PyDateTime_TIME_GET_TZINFO()" macros have been added for accessing
  the "tzinfo" attributes of "datetime.datetime" and "datetime.time"
  objects. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz in bpo-30155.)

* Add a "PyCodec_Unregister()" function to unregister a codec search
  function. (Contributed by Hai Shi in bpo-41842.)


Porting to Python 3.10
----------------------

* The "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN" macro must now be defined to use
  "PyArg_ParseTuple()" and "Py_BuildValue()" formats which use "#":
  "es#", "et#", "s#", "u#", "y#", "z#", "U#" and "Z#". See Parsing
  arguments and building values and the **PEP 353**. (Contributed by
  Victor Stinner in bpo-40943.)

* Since "Py_TYPE()" is changed to the inline static function,
  "Py_TYPE(obj) = new_type" must be replaced with "Py_SET_TYPE(obj,
  new_type)": see "Py_SET_TYPE()" (available since Python 3.9). For
  backward compatibility, this macro can be used:

     #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
     #  define Py_SET_TYPE(obj, type) ((Py_TYPE(obj) = (type)), (void)0)
     #endif

  (Contributed by Dong-hee Na in bpo-39573.)

* Since "Py_REFCNT()" is changed to the inline static function,
  "Py_REFCNT(obj) = new_refcnt" must be replaced with
  "Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, new_refcnt)": see "Py_SET_REFCNT()" (available
  since Python 3.9). For backward compatibility, this macro can be
  used:

     #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
     #  define Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) ((Py_REFCNT(obj) = (refcnt)), (void)0)
     #endif

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-39573.)

* Since "Py_SIZE()" is changed to the inline static function,
  "Py_SIZE(obj) = new_size" must be replaced with "Py_SET_SIZE(obj,
  new_size)": see "Py_SET_SIZE()" (available since Python 3.9). For
  backward compatibility, this macro can be used:

     #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
     #  define Py_SET_SIZE(obj, size) ((Py_SIZE(obj) = (size)), (void)0)
     #endif

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-39573.)

* Calling "PyDict_GetItem()" without *GIL* held had been allowed for
  historical reason. It is no longer allowed. (Contributed by Victor
  Stinner in bpo-40839.)

* "PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, size)" and
  "PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)" raise "DeprecationWarning"
  now.  Use "PyUnicode_New()" to allocate Unicode object without
  initial data. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in bpo-36346.)


Deprecated
----------

* The "PyUnicode_InternImmortal()" function is now deprecated and will
  be removed in Python 3.12: use "PyUnicode_InternInPlace()" instead.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-41692.)


Removed
-------

* "PyObject_AsCharBuffer()", "PyObject_AsReadBuffer()",
  "PyObject_CheckReadBuffer()", and "PyObject_AsWriteBuffer()" are
  removed. Please migrate to new buffer protocol;
  "PyObject_GetBuffer()" and "PyBuffer_Release()". (Contributed by
  Inada Naoki in bpo-41103.)

* Removed "Py_UNICODE_str*" functions manipulating "Py_UNICODE*"
  strings. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in bpo-41123.)

     * "Py_UNICODE_strlen": use "PyUnicode_GetLength()" or
       "PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH"

     * "Py_UNICODE_strcat": use "PyUnicode_CopyCharacters()" or
       "PyUnicode_FromFormat()"

     * "Py_UNICODE_strcpy", "Py_UNICODE_strncpy": use
       "PyUnicode_CopyCharacters()" or "PyUnicode_Substring()"

     * "Py_UNICODE_strcmp": use "PyUnicode_Compare()"

     * "Py_UNICODE_strncmp": use "PyUnicode_Tailmatch()"

     * "Py_UNICODE_strchr", "Py_UNICODE_strrchr": use
       "PyUnicode_FindChar()"

* Removed "PyUnicode_GetMax()". Please migrate to new (**PEP 393**)
  APIs. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in bpo-41103.)

* Removed "PyLong_FromUnicode()". Please migrate to
  "PyLong_FromUnicodeObject()". (Contributed by Inada Naoki in
  bpo-41103.)

* Removed "PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy()". Please use
  "PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy()" or "PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()"
  (Contributed by Inada Naoki in bpo-41103.)

* Removed "_Py_CheckRecursionLimit" variable: it has been replaced by
  "ceval.recursion_limit" of the "PyInterpreterState" structure.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-41834.)

* Removed undocumented macros "Py_ALLOW_RECURSION" and
  "Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION" and the "recursion_critical" field of the
  "PyInterpreterState" structure. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
  bpo-41936.)
