24.1. Tkinter
— Python interface to Tcl/Tk¶
The Tkinter
module (“Tk interface”) is the standard Python interface to
the Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and Tkinter
are available on most Unix
platforms, as well as on Windows systems. (Tk itself is not part of Python; it
is maintained at ActiveState.)
Running python -m Tkinter
from the command line should open a window
demonstrating a simple Tk interface, letting you know that Tkinter
is
properly installed on your system, and also showing what version of Tcl/Tk is
installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk documentation specific to that version.
注解
Tkinter
has been renamed to tkinter
in Python 3. The
2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your
sources to Python 3.
参见
Tkinter文档:
- Python Tkinter 资源
The Python Tkinter Topic Guide 提供了在 Python 中使用 Tk 的很多信息, 同时包含了Tk其他信息的链接。
- TKDocs
大量的教程,部分可视化组件的介绍说明。
- Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python
在线参考资料。
- Tkinter docs from effbot
effbot.org 提供的 tkinter 在线参考资料。
- 使用 Python 编程
由 Mark Lutz 所著的书籍,对 Tkinter 进行了完美的介绍。
- 为繁忙的 Python 开发者所准备的现代 Tkinter
由 Mark Rozerman 所著的关于如何使用 Python 和 Tkinter 来搭建有吸引力的和现代化的图形用户界面的书籍
- Python 和 Tkinter 编程
作者: John Grayson (ISBN 1-884777-81-3).
Tcl/Tk 文档:
- Tk 命令
Most commands are available as
Tkinter
orTkinter.ttk
classes. Change ‘8.6’ to match the version of your Tcl/Tk installation.- Tcl/Tk 最新手册页面
www.tcl.tk 上面最新的 Tcl/Tk 手册。
- ActiveState Tcl Home Page
Tk/Tcl 的多数开发工作发生在 ActiveState 。
- Tcl 及 Tk 工具集
由 Tcl 发明者 John Ousterhout 所著的书籍。
- ` Tcl 和 Tk 编程实战 <http://www.beedub.com/book/>`_
Brent Welch 所著的百科全局式书籍。
24.1.1. Tkinter 模块¶
Most of the time, the Tkinter
module is all you really need, but a number
of additional modules are available as well. The Tk interface is located in a
binary module named _tkinter
. This module contains the low-level
interface to Tk, and should never be used directly by application programmers.
It is usually a shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be statically
linked with the Python interpreter.
In addition to the Tk interface module, Tkinter
includes a number of
Python modules. The two most important modules are the Tkinter
module
itself, and a module called Tkconstants
. The former automatically imports
the latter, so to use Tkinter, all you need to do is to import one module:
import Tkinter
或者更常用的:
from Tkinter import *
-
class
Tkinter.
Tk
(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=1)¶ The
Tk
class is instantiated without arguments. This creates a toplevel widget of Tk which usually is the main window of an application. Each instance has its own associated Tcl interpreter.在 2.4 版更改: The useTk parameter was added.
-
Tkinter.
Tcl
(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=0)¶ The
Tcl()
function is a factory function which creates an object much like that created by theTk
class, except that it does not initialize the Tk subsystem. This is most often useful when driving the Tcl interpreter in an environment where one doesn’t want to create extraneous toplevel windows, or where one cannot (such as Unix/Linux systems without an X server). An object created by theTcl()
object can have a Toplevel window created (and the Tk subsystem initialized) by calling itsloadtk()
method.2.4 新版功能.
Other modules that provide Tk support include:
ScrolledText
Text widget with a vertical scroll bar built in.
tkColorChooser
Dialog to let the user choose a color.
tkCommonDialog
Base class for the dialogs defined in the other modules listed here.
tkFileDialog
Common dialogs to allow the user to specify a file to open or save.
tkFont
Utilities to help work with fonts.
tkMessageBox
Access to standard Tk dialog boxes.
tkSimpleDialog
Basic dialogs and convenience functions.
Tkdnd
Drag-and-drop support for
Tkinter
. This is experimental and should become deprecated when it is replaced with the Tk DND.turtle
Turtle graphics in a Tk window.
These have been renamed as well in Python 3; they were all made submodules of
the new tkinter
package.
24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver¶
This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk or Tkinter. Rather, it is intended as a stop gap, providing some introductory orientation on the system.
Credits:
Tkinter was written by Steen Lumholt and Guido van Rossum.
Tk was written by John Ousterhout while at Berkeley.
This Life Preserver was written by Matt Conway at the University of Virginia.
The html rendering, and some liberal editing, was produced from a FrameMaker version by Ken Manheimer.
Fredrik Lundh elaborated and revised the class interface descriptions, to get them current with Tk 4.2.
Mike Clarkson converted the documentation to LaTeX, and compiled the User Interface chapter of the reference manual.
24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section¶
This section is designed in two parts: the first half (roughly) covers background material, while the second half can be taken to the keyboard as a handy reference.
When trying to answer questions of the form “how do I do blah”, it is often best
to find out how to do “blah” in straight Tk, and then convert this back into the
corresponding Tkinter
call. Python programmers can often guess at the
correct Python command by looking at the Tk documentation. This means that in
order to use Tkinter, you will have to know a little bit about Tk. This document
can’t fulfill that role, so the best we can do is point you to the best
documentation that exists. Here are some hints:
The authors strongly suggest getting a copy of the Tk man pages. Specifically, the man pages in the
mann
directory are most useful. Theman3
man pages describe the C interface to the Tk library and thus are not especially helpful for script writers.Addison-Wesley publishes a book called Tcl and the Tk Toolkit by John Ousterhout (ISBN 0-201-63337-X) which is a good introduction to Tcl and Tk for the novice. The book is not exhaustive, and for many details it defers to the man pages.
Tkinter.py
is a last resort for most, but can be a good place to go when nothing else makes sense.
24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program¶
from Tkinter import *
class Application(Frame):
def say_hi(self):
print "hi there, everyone!"
def createWidgets(self):
self.QUIT = Button(self)
self.QUIT["text"] = "QUIT"
self.QUIT["fg"] = "red"
self.QUIT["command"] = self.quit
self.QUIT.pack({"side": "left"})
self.hi_there = Button(self)
self.hi_there["text"] = "Hello",
self.hi_there["command"] = self.say_hi
self.hi_there.pack({"side": "left"})
def __init__(self, master=None):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
self.pack()
self.createWidgets()
root = Tk()
app = Application(master=root)
app.mainloop()
root.destroy()
24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk¶
The class hierarchy looks complicated, but in actual practice, application programmers almost always refer to the classes at the very bottom of the hierarchy.
注释:
These classes are provided for the purposes of organizing certain functions under one namespace. They aren’t meant to be instantiated independently.
The
Tk
class is meant to be instantiated only once in an application. Application programmers need not instantiate one explicitly, the system creates one whenever any of the other classes are instantiated.The
Widget
class is not meant to be instantiated, it is meant only for subclassing to make “real” widgets (in C++, this is called an ‘abstract class’).
To make use of this reference material, there will be times when you will need
to know how to read short passages of Tk and how to identify the various parts
of a Tk command. (See section Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter for the
Tkinter
equivalents of what’s below.)
Tk scripts are Tcl programs. Like all Tcl programs, Tk scripts are just lists of tokens separated by spaces. A Tk widget is just its class, the options that help configure it, and the actions that make it do useful things.
To make a widget in Tk, the command is always of the form:
classCommand newPathname options
- classCommand
denotes which kind of widget to make (a button, a label, a menu…)
- newPathname
is the new name for this widget. All names in Tk must be unique. To help enforce this, widgets in Tk are named with pathnames, just like files in a file system. The top level widget, the root, is called
.
(period) and children are delimited by more periods. For example,.myApp.controlPanel.okButton
might be the name of a widget.- options
configure the widget’s appearance and in some cases, its behavior. The options come in the form of a list of flags and values. Flags are preceded by a ‘-‘, like Unix shell command flags, and values are put in quotes if they are more than one word.
例如
button .fred -fg red -text "hi there"
^ ^ \_____________________/
| | |
class new options
command widget (-opt val -opt val ...)
Once created, the pathname to the widget becomes a new command. This new widget command is the programmer’s handle for getting the new widget to perform some action. In C, you’d express this as someAction(fred, someOptions), in C++, you would express this as fred.someAction(someOptions), and in Tk, you say:
.fred someAction someOptions
Note that the object name, .fred
, starts with a dot.
As you’d expect, the legal values for someAction will depend on the widget’s
class: .fred disable
works if fred is a button (fred gets greyed out), but
does not work if fred is a label (disabling of labels is not supported in Tk).
The legal values of someOptions is action dependent. Some actions, like
disable
, require no arguments, others, like a text-entry box’s delete
command, would need arguments to specify what range of text to delete.
24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter¶
Class commands in Tk correspond to class constructors in Tkinter.
button .fred =====> fred = Button()
The master of an object is implicit in the new name given to it at creation time. In Tkinter, masters are specified explicitly.
button .panel.fred =====> fred = Button(panel)
The configuration options in Tk are given in lists of hyphened tags followed by values. In Tkinter, options are specified as keyword-arguments in the instance constructor, and keyword-args for configure calls or as instance indices, in dictionary style, for established instances. See section Setting Options on setting options.
button .fred -fg red =====> fred = Button(panel, fg = "red")
.fred configure -fg red =====> fred["fg"] = red
OR ==> fred.config(fg = "red")
In Tk, to perform an action on a widget, use the widget name as a command, and follow it with an action name, possibly with arguments (options). In Tkinter, you call methods on the class instance to invoke actions on the widget. The actions (methods) that a given widget can perform are listed in the Tkinter.py module.
.fred invoke =====> fred.invoke()
To give a widget to the packer (geometry manager), you call pack with optional
arguments. In Tkinter, the Pack class holds all this functionality, and the
various forms of the pack command are implemented as methods. All widgets in
Tkinter
are subclassed from the Packer, and so inherit all the packing
methods. See the Tix
module documentation for additional information on
the Form geometry manager.
pack .fred -side left =====> fred.pack(side = "left")
24.1.6. Handy Reference¶
24.1.6.1. Setting Options¶
Options control things like the color and border width of a widget. Options can be set in three ways:
- At object creation time, using keyword arguments
fred = Button(self, fg = "red", bg = "blue")
- After object creation, treating the option name like a dictionary index
fred["fg"] = "red" fred["bg"] = "blue"
- Use the config() method to update multiple attrs subsequent to object creation
fred.config(fg = "red", bg = "blue")
For a complete explanation of a given option and its behavior, see the Tk man pages for the widget in question.
Note that the man pages list “STANDARD OPTIONS” and “WIDGET SPECIFIC OPTIONS” for each widget. The former is a list of options that are common to many widgets, the latter are the options that are idiosyncratic to that particular widget. The Standard Options are documented on the options(3) man page.
No distinction between standard and widget-specific options is made in this
document. Some options don’t apply to some kinds of widgets. Whether a given
widget responds to a particular option depends on the class of the widget;
buttons have a command
option, labels do not.
The options supported by a given widget are listed in that widget’s man page, or
can be queried at runtime by calling the config()
method without
arguments, or by calling the keys()
method on that widget. The return
value of these calls is a dictionary whose key is the name of the option as a
string (for example, 'relief'
) and whose values are 5-tuples.
Some options, like bg
are synonyms for common options with long names
(bg
is shorthand for “background”). Passing the config()
method the name
of a shorthand option will return a 2-tuple, not 5-tuple. The 2-tuple passed
back will contain the name of the synonym and the “real” option (such as
('bg', 'background')
).
索引 |
含义 |
示例 |
---|---|---|
0 |
选项名称 |
|
1 |
数据库查找的选项名称 |
|
2 |
数据库查找的选项类 |
|
3 |
默认值 |
|
4 |
当前值 |
|
示例:
>>> print fred.config()
{'relief': ('relief', 'relief', 'Relief', 'raised', 'groove')}
Of course, the dictionary printed will include all the options available and their values. This is meant only as an example.
24.1.6.2. The Packer¶
The packer is one of Tk’s geometry-management mechanisms. Geometry managers are used to specify the relative positioning of the positioning of widgets within their container - their mutual master. In contrast to the more cumbersome placer (which is used less commonly, and we do not cover here), the packer takes qualitative relationship specification - above, to the left of, filling, etc - and works everything out to determine the exact placement coordinates for you.
The size of any master widget is determined by the size of the “slave widgets” inside. The packer is used to control where slave widgets appear inside the master into which they are packed. You can pack widgets into frames, and frames into other frames, in order to achieve the kind of layout you desire. Additionally, the arrangement is dynamically adjusted to accommodate incremental changes to the configuration, once it is packed.
Note that widgets do not appear until they have had their geometry specified
with a geometry manager. It’s a common early mistake to leave out the geometry
specification, and then be surprised when the widget is created but nothing
appears. A widget will appear only after it has had, for example, the packer’s
pack()
method applied to it.
The pack() method can be called with keyword-option/value pairs that control where the widget is to appear within its container, and how it is to behave when the main application window is resized. Here are some examples:
fred.pack() # defaults to side = "top"
fred.pack(side = "left")
fred.pack(expand = 1)
24.1.6.3. Packer Options¶
For more extensive information on the packer and the options that it can take, see the man pages and page 183 of John Ousterhout’s book.
- anchor
Anchor type. Denotes where the packer is to place each slave in its parcel.
- expand
Boolean,
0
or1
.- fill
Legal values:
'x'
,'y'
,'both'
,'none'
.- ipadx and ipady
A distance - designating internal padding on each side of the slave widget.
- padx and pady
A distance - designating external padding on each side of the slave widget.
- side
Legal values are:
'left'
,'right'
,'top'
,'bottom'
.
24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables¶
The current-value setting of some widgets (like text entry widgets) can be
connected directly to application variables by using special options. These
options are variable
, textvariable
, onvalue
, offvalue
, and
value
. This connection works both ways: if the variable changes for any
reason, the widget it’s connected to will be updated to reflect the new value.
Unfortunately, in the current implementation of Tkinter
it is not
possible to hand over an arbitrary Python variable to a widget through a
variable
or textvariable
option. The only kinds of variables for which
this works are variables that are subclassed from a class called Variable,
defined in the Tkinter
module.
There are many useful subclasses of Variable already defined:
StringVar
, IntVar
, DoubleVar
, and
BooleanVar
. To read the current value of such a variable, call the
get()
method on it, and to change its value you call the set()
method. If you follow this protocol, the widget will always track the value of
the variable, with no further intervention on your part.
例如
class App(Frame):
def __init__(self, master=None):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
self.pack()
self.entrythingy = Entry()
self.entrythingy.pack()
# here is the application variable
self.contents = StringVar()
# set it to some value
self.contents.set("this is a variable")
# tell the entry widget to watch this variable
self.entrythingy["textvariable"] = self.contents
# and here we get a callback when the user hits return.
# we will have the program print out the value of the
# application variable when the user hits return
self.entrythingy.bind('<Key-Return>',
self.print_contents)
def print_contents(self, event):
print "hi. contents of entry is now ---->", \
self.contents.get()
24.1.6.5. The Window Manager¶
In Tk, there is a utility command, wm
, for interacting with the window
manager. Options to the wm
command allow you to control things like titles,
placement, icon bitmaps, and the like. In Tkinter
, these commands have
been implemented as methods on the Wm
class. Toplevel widgets are
subclassed from the Wm
class, and so can call the Wm
methods
directly.
To get at the toplevel window that contains a given widget, you can often just
refer to the widget’s master. Of course if the widget has been packed inside of
a frame, the master won’t represent a toplevel window. To get at the toplevel
window that contains an arbitrary widget, you can call the _root()
method.
This method begins with an underscore to denote the fact that this function is
part of the implementation, and not an interface to Tk functionality.
Here are some examples of typical usage:
from Tkinter import *
class App(Frame):
def __init__(self, master=None):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
self.pack()
# create the application
myapp = App()
#
# here are method calls to the window manager class
#
myapp.master.title("My Do-Nothing Application")
myapp.master.maxsize(1000, 400)
# start the program
myapp.mainloop()
24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types¶
- anchor
Legal values are points of the compass:
"n"
,"ne"
,"e"
,"se"
,"s"
,"sw"
,"w"
,"nw"
, and also"center"
.- bitmap
There are eight built-in, named bitmaps:
'error'
,'gray25'
,'gray50'
,'hourglass'
,'info'
,'questhead'
,'question'
,'warning'
. To specify an X bitmap filename, give the full path to the file, preceded with an@
, as in"@/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit"
.- boolean
You can pass integers 0 or 1 or the strings
"yes"
or"no"
.- callback
This is any Python function that takes no arguments. For example:
def print_it(): print "hi there" fred["command"] = print_it
- color
Colors can be given as the names of X colors in the rgb.txt file, or as strings representing RGB values in 4 bit:
"#RGB"
, 8 bit:"#RRGGBB"
, 12 bit”"#RRRGGGBBB"
, or 16 bit"#RRRRGGGGBBBB"
ranges, where R,G,B here represent any legal hex digit. See page 160 of Ousterhout’s book for details.- cursor
The standard X cursor names from
cursorfont.h
can be used, without theXC_
prefix. For example to get a hand cursor (XC_hand2
), use the string"hand2"
. You can also specify a bitmap and mask file of your own. See page 179 of Ousterhout’s book.- distance
Screen distances can be specified in either pixels or absolute distances. Pixels are given as numbers and absolute distances as strings, with the trailing character denoting units:
c
for centimetres,i
for inches,m
for millimetres,p
for printer’s points. For example, 3.5 inches is expressed as"3.5i"
.- font
Tk uses a list font name format, such as
{courier 10 bold}
. Font sizes with positive numbers are measured in points; sizes with negative numbers are measured in pixels.- geometry
This is a string of the form
widthxheight
, where width and height are measured in pixels for most widgets (in characters for widgets displaying text). For example:fred["geometry"] = "200x100"
.- justify
Legal values are the strings:
"left"
,"center"
,"right"
, and"fill"
.- region
This is a string with four space-delimited elements, each of which is a legal distance (see above). For example:
"2 3 4 5"
and"3i 2i 4.5i 2i"
and"3c 2c 4c 10.43c"
are all legal regions.- relief
Determines what the border style of a widget will be. Legal values are:
"raised"
,"sunken"
,"flat"
,"groove"
, and"ridge"
.- scrollcommand
This is almost always the
set()
method of some scrollbar widget, but can be any widget method that takes a single argument. Refer to the fileDemo/tkinter/matt/canvas-with-scrollbars.py
in the Python source distribution for an example.- wrap:
Must be one of:
"none"
,"char"
, or"word"
.
24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events¶
The bind method from the widget command allows you to watch for certain events and to have a callback function trigger when that event type occurs. The form of the bind method is:
def bind(self, sequence, func, add=''):
where:
- sequence – 序列
is a string that denotes the target kind of event. (See the bind man page and page 201 of John Ousterhout’s book for details).
- func
is a Python function, taking one argument, to be invoked when the event occurs. An Event instance will be passed as the argument. (Functions deployed this way are commonly known as callbacks.)
- add
is optional, either
''
or'+'
. Passing an empty string denotes that this binding is to replace any other bindings that this event is associated with. Passing a'+'
means that this function is to be added to the list of functions bound to this event type.
例如
def turnRed(self, event):
event.widget["activeforeground"] = "red"
self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.turnRed)
Notice how the widget field of the event is being accessed in the
turnRed()
callback. This field contains the widget that caught the X
event. The following table lists the other event fields you can access, and how
they are denoted in Tk, which can be useful when referring to the Tk man pages.
Tk Tkinter Event Field Tk Tkinter Event Field
-- ------------------- -- -------------------
%f focus %A char
%h height %E send_event
%k keycode %K keysym
%s state %N keysym_num
%t time %T type
%w width %W widget
%x x %X x_root
%y y %Y y_root
24.1.6.8. The index Parameter¶
A number of widgets require”index” parameters to be passed. These are used to point at a specific place in a Text widget, or to particular characters in an Entry widget, or to particular menu items in a Menu widget.
- Entry widget indexes (index, view index, etc.)
Entry widgets have options that refer to character positions in the text being displayed. You can use these
Tkinter
functions to access these special points in text widgets:- AtEnd()
refers to the last position in the text
- AtInsert()
refers to the point where the text cursor is
- AtSelFirst()
indicates the beginning point of the selected text
- AtSelLast()
denotes the last point of the selected text and finally
- At(x[, y])
refers to the character at pixel location x, y (with y not used in the case of a text entry widget, which contains a single line of text).
- Text widget indexes
The index notation for Text widgets is very rich and is best described in the Tk man pages.
- Menu indexes (menu.invoke(), menu.entryconfig(), etc.)
Some options and methods for menus manipulate specific menu entries. Anytime a menu index is needed for an option or a parameter, you may pass in:
an integer which refers to the numeric position of the entry in the widget, counted from the top, starting with 0;
the string
'active'
, which refers to the menu position that is currently under the cursor;the string
"last"
which refers to the last menu item;An integer preceded by
@
, as in@6
, where the integer is interpreted as a y pixel coordinate in the menu’s coordinate system;the string
"none"
, which indicates no menu entry at all, most often used with menu.activate() to deactivate all entries, and finally,a text string that is pattern matched against the label of the menu entry, as scanned from the top of the menu to the bottom. Note that this index type is considered after all the others, which means that matches for menu items labelled
last
,active
, ornone
may be interpreted as the above literals, instead.
24.1.6.9. Images¶
Images of different formats can be created through the corresponding subclass
of Tkinter.Image
:
BitmapImage
for images in XBM format.PhotoImage
for images in PGM, PPM, GIF and PNG formats. The latter is supported starting with Tk 8.6.
Either type of image is created through either the file
or the data
option (other options are available as well).
The image object can then be used wherever an image
option is supported by
some widget (e.g. labels, buttons, menus). In these cases, Tk will not keep a
reference to the image. When the last Python reference to the image object is
deleted, the image data is deleted as well, and Tk will display an empty box
wherever the image was used.
参见
The Pillow package adds support for formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF, and WebP, among others.
24.1.7. File Handlers¶
Tk allows you to register and unregister a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file descriptor. Only one handler may be registered per file descriptor. Example code:
import Tkinter
widget = Tkinter.Tk()
mask = Tkinter.READABLE | Tkinter.WRITABLE
widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
...
widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)
This feature is not available on Windows.
Since you don’t know how many bytes are available for reading, you may not
want to use the BufferedIOBase
or TextIOBase
read()
or readline()
methods,
since these will insist on reading a predefined number of bytes.
For sockets, the recv()
or
recvfrom()
methods will work fine; for other files,
use raw reads or os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)
.
-
Widget.tk.
createfilehandler
(file, mask, func)¶ Registers the file handler callback function func. The file argument may either be an object with a
fileno()
method (such as a file or socket object), or an integer file descriptor. The mask argument is an ORed combination of any of the three constants below. The callback is called as follows:callback(file, mask)
-
Widget.tk.
deletefilehandler
(file)¶ Unregisters a file handler.