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# Buffers and Memoryview Objects

Python objects implemented in C can export a group of functions called the “buffer interface.” These functions can be used by an object to expose its data in a raw, byte-oriented format. Clients of the object can use the buffer interface to access the object data directly, without needing to copy it first.

Two examples of objects that support the buffer interface are strings and arrays. The string object exposes the character contents in the buffer interface’s byte-oriented form. An array can only expose its contents via the old-style buffer interface. This limitation does not apply to Python 3, where `memoryview` objects can be constructed from arrays, too. Array elements may be multi-byte values.

An example user of the buffer interface is the file object’s `write()` method. Any object that can export a series of bytes through the buffer interface can be written to a file. There are a number of format codes to `PyArg_ParseTuple()` that operate against an object’s buffer interface, returning data from the target object.

Starting from version 1.6, Python has been providing Python-level buffer objects and a C-level buffer API so that any built-in or used-defined type can expose its characteristics. Both, however, have been deprecated because of various shortcomings, and have been officially removed in Python 3 in favour of a new C-level buffer API and a new Python-level object named `memoryview`.

The new buffer API has been backported to Python 2.6, and the `memoryview` object has been backported to Python 2.7. It is strongly advised to use them rather than the old APIs, unless you are blocked from doing so for compatibility reasons.

## The new-style Py_buffer struct

`Py_buffer`
  void *`buf`

    A pointer to the start of the memory for the object.

  Py_ssize_t `len`

    The total length of the memory in bytes.

  int `readonly`

    An indicator of whether the buffer is read only.

  const char *`format`

    A NULL terminated string in `struct` module style syntax giving the contents of the elements available through the buffer. If this is NULL, `"B"` (unsigned bytes) is assumed.

  int `ndim`

    The number of dimensions the memory represents as a multi-dimensional array. If it is `0`, `strides` and `suboffsets` must be NULL.

  Py_ssize_t *`shape`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t`s the length of `ndim` giving the shape of the memory as a multi-dimensional array. Note that `((*shape)[0] * ... * (*shape)[ndims-1])*itemsize` should be equal to `len`.

  Py_ssize_t *`strides`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t`s the length of `ndim` giving the number of bytes to skip to get to a new element in each dimension.

  Py_ssize_t *`suboffsets`

    An array of `Py_ssize_t`s the length of `ndim`. If these suboffset numbers are greater than or equal to 0, then the value stored along the indicated dimension is a pointer and the suboffset value dictates how many bytes to add to the pointer after de-referencing. A suboffset value that it negative indicates that no de-referencing should occur (striding in a contiguous memory block).

    If all suboffsets are negative (i.e. no de-referencing is needed), then this field must be NULL (the default value).

    Here is a function that returns a pointer to the element in an N-D array pointed to by an N-dimensional index when there are both non-NULL strides and suboffsets:

        void *get_item_pointer(int ndim, void *buf, Py_ssize_t *strides,
            Py_ssize_t *suboffsets, Py_ssize_t *indices) {
            char *pointer = (char*)buf;
            int i;
            for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) {
                pointer += strides[i] * indices[i];
                if (suboffsets[i] >=0 ) {
                    pointer = *((char**)pointer) + suboffsets[i];
                }
            }
            return (void*)pointer;
         }

  Py_ssize_t `itemsize`

    This is a storage for the itemsize (in bytes) of each element of the shared memory. It is technically un-necessary as it can be obtained using `PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat()`, however an exporter may know this information without parsing the format string and it is necessary to know the itemsize for proper interpretation of striding. Therefore, storing it is more convenient and faster.

  void *`internal`

    This is for use internally by the exporting object. For example, this might be re-cast as an integer by the exporter and used to store flags about whether or not the shape, strides, and suboffsets arrays must be freed when the buffer is released. The consumer should never alter this value.

## Buffer related functions

int `PyObject_CheckBuffer`(PyObject *obj)

  Return `1` if obj supports the buffer interface otherwise `0`.

int `PyObject_GetBuffer`(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)

  Export obj into a `Py_buffer`, view. These arguments must never be NULL. The flags argument is a bit field indicating what kind of buffer the caller is prepared to deal with and therefore what kind of buffer the exporter is allowed to return. The buffer interface allows for complicated memory sharing possibilities, but some caller may not be able to handle all the complexity but may want to see if the exporter will let them take a simpler view to its memory.

  Some exporters may not be able to share memory in every possible way and may need to raise errors to signal to some consumers that something is just not possible. These errors should be a `BufferError` unless there is another error that is actually causing the problem. The exporter can use flags information to simplify how much of the `Py_buffer` structure is filled in with non-default values and/or raise an error if the object can’t support a simpler view of its memory.

  `0` is returned on success and `-1` on error.

  The following table gives possible values to the flags arguments.

  Flag | Description
  --- | ---
  `PyBUF_SIMPLE` | This is the default flag state. The returned buffer may or may not have writable memory. The format of the data will be assumed to be unsigned bytes. This is a “stand-alone” flag constant. It never needs to be ‘|’d to the others. The exporter will raise an error if it cannot provide such a contiguous buffer of bytes.
  `PyBUF_WRITABLE` | The returned buffer must be writable. If it is not writable, then raise an error.
  `PyBUF_STRIDES` | This implies `PyBUF_ND`. The returned buffer must provide strides information (i.e. the strides cannot be NULL). This would be used when the consumer can handle strided, discontiguous arrays. Handling strides automatically assumes you can handle shape. The exporter can raise an error if a strided representation of the data is not possible (i.e. without the suboffsets).
  `PyBUF_ND` | The returned buffer must provide shape information. The memory will be assumed C-style contiguous (last dimension varies the fastest). The exporter may raise an error if it cannot provide this kind of contiguous buffer. If this is not given then shape will be NULL.
  `PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS` `PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS` `PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS` | These flags indicate that the contiguity returned buffer must be respectively, C-contiguous (last dimension varies the fastest), Fortran contiguous (first dimension varies the fastest) or either one. All of these flags imply `PyBUF_STRIDES` and guarantee that the strides buffer info structure will be filled in correctly.
  `PyBUF_INDIRECT` | This flag indicates the returned buffer must have suboffsets information (which can be NULL if no suboffsets are needed). This can be used when the consumer can handle indirect array referencing implied by these suboffsets. This implies `PyBUF_STRIDES`.
  `PyBUF_FORMAT` | The returned buffer must have true format information if this flag is provided. This would be used when the consumer is going to be checking for what ‘kind’ of data is actually stored. An exporter should always be able to provide this information if requested. If format is not explicitly requested then the format must be returned as NULL (which means `'B'`, or unsigned bytes)
  `PyBUF_STRIDED` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE)`.
  `PyBUF_STRIDED_RO` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_STRIDES)`.
  `PyBUF_RECORDS` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)`.
  `PyBUF_RECORDS_RO` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT)`.
  `PyBUF_FULL` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)`.
  `PyBUF_FULL_RO` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT)`.
  `PyBUF_CONTIG` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_ND | PyBUF_WRITABLE)`.
  `PyBUF_CONTIG_RO` | This is equivalent to `(PyBUF_ND)`.

void `PyBuffer_Release`(Py_buffer *view)

  Release the buffer view. This should be called when the buffer is no longer being used as it may free memory from it.

Py_ssize_t `PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat`(const char *)

  Return the implied `itemsize` from the struct-stype `format`.

int `PyBuffer_IsContiguous`(Py_buffer *view, char fortran)

  Return `1` if the memory defined by the view is C-style (fortran is `'C'`) or Fortran-style (fortran is `'F'`) contiguous or either one (fortran is `'A'`). Return `0` otherwise.

void `PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides`(int ndims, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, int itemsize, char fortran)

  Fill the strides array with byte-strides of a contiguous (C-style if fortran is `'C'` or Fortran-style if fortran is `'F'`) array of the given shape with the given number of bytes per element.

int `PyBuffer_FillInfo`(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *obj, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, int readonly, int infoflags)

  Fill in a buffer-info structure, view, correctly for an exporter that can only share a contiguous chunk of memory of “unsigned bytes” of the given length. Return `0` on success and `-1` (with raising an error) on error.

## MemoryView objects

2.7 新版功能.

A `memoryview` object exposes the new C level buffer interface as a Python object which can then be passed around like any other object.

PyObject *`PyMemoryView_FromObject`(PyObject *obj)

  Create a memoryview object from an object that defines the new buffer interface.

PyObject *`PyMemoryView_FromBuffer`(Py_buffer *view)

  Create a memoryview object wrapping the given buffer-info structure view. The memoryview object then owns the buffer, which means you shouldn’t try to release it yourself: it will be released on deallocation of the memoryview object.

PyObject *`PyMemoryView_GetContiguous`(PyObject *obj, int buffertype, char order)

  Create a memoryview object to a contiguous chunk of memory (in either ‘C’ or ‘F’ortran order) from an object that defines the buffer interface. If memory is contiguous, the memoryview object points to the original memory. Otherwise copy is made and the memoryview points to a new bytes object.

int `PyMemoryView_Check`(PyObject *obj)

  Return true if the object obj is a memoryview object. It is not currently allowed to create subclasses of `memoryview`.

Py_buffer *`PyMemoryView_GET_BUFFER`(PyObject *obj)

  Return a pointer to the buffer-info structure wrapped by the given object. The object must be a memoryview instance; this macro doesn’t check its type, you must do it yourself or you will risk crashes.

## Old-style buffer objects

More information on the old buffer interface is provided in the section Buffer Object Structures, under the description for `PyBufferProcs`.

A “buffer object” is defined in the `bufferobject.h` header (included by `Python.h`). These objects look very similar to string objects at the Python programming level: they support slicing, indexing, concatenation, and some other standard string operations. However, their data can come from one of two sources: from a block of memory, or from another object which exports the buffer interface.

Buffer objects are useful as a way to expose the data from another object’s buffer interface to the Python programmer. They can also be used as a zero-copy slicing mechanism. Using their ability to reference a block of memory, it is possible to expose any data to the Python programmer quite easily. The memory could be a large, constant array in a C extension, it could be a raw block of memory for manipulation before passing to an operating system library, or it could be used to pass around structured data in its native, in-memory format.

`PyBufferObject`

  This subtype of `PyObject` represents a buffer object.

PyTypeObject `PyBuffer_Type`

  The instance of `PyTypeObject` which represents the Python buffer type; it is the same object as `buffer` and `types.BufferType` in the Python layer. .

int `Py_END_OF_BUFFER`

  This constant may be passed as the size parameter to `PyBuffer_FromObject()` or `PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject()`. It indicates that the new `PyBufferObject` should refer to base object from the specified offset to the end of its exported buffer. Using this enables the caller to avoid querying the base object for its length.

int `PyBuffer_Check`(PyObject *p)

  Return true if the argument has type `PyBuffer_Type`.

PyObject* `PyBuffer_FromObject`(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new read-only buffer object. This raises `TypeError` if base doesn’t support the read-only buffer protocol or doesn’t provide exactly one buffer segment, or it raises `ValueError` if offset is less than zero. The buffer will hold a reference to the base object, and the buffer’s contents will refer to the base object’s buffer interface, starting as position offset and extending for size bytes. If size is `Py_END_OF_BUFFER`, then the new buffer’s contents extend to the length of the base object’s exported buffer data.

  在 2.5 版更改: This function used an `int` type for offset and size. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

PyObject* `PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject`(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new writable buffer object. Parameters and exceptions are similar to those for `PyBuffer_FromObject()`. If the base object does not export the writeable buffer protocol, then `TypeError` is raised.

  在 2.5 版更改: This function used an `int` type for offset and size. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

PyObject* `PyBuffer_FromMemory`(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new read-only buffer object that reads from a specified location in memory, with a specified size. The caller is responsible for ensuring that the memory buffer, passed in as ptr, is not deallocated while the returned buffer object exists. Raises `ValueError` if size is less than zero. Note that `Py_END_OF_BUFFER` may not be passed for the size parameter; `ValueError` will be raised in that case.

  在 2.5 版更改: This function used an `int` type for size. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

PyObject* `PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory`(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
  Return value: New reference.

  Similar to `PyBuffer_FromMemory()`, but the returned buffer is writable.

  在 2.5 版更改: This function used an `int` type for size. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

PyObject* `PyBuffer_New`(Py_ssize_t size)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new writable buffer object that maintains its own memory buffer of size bytes. `ValueError` is returned if size is not zero or positive. Note that the memory buffer (as returned by `PyObject_AsWriteBuffer()`) is not specifically aligned.

  在 2.5 版更改: This function used an `int` type for size. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.