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# 31.5. `pkgutil` — 包扩展模块工具

2.3 新版功能.

源代码: Lib/pkgutil.py

该模块为导入系统提供了工具，尤其是在包支持方面。

`pkgutil.``extend_path`(path, name)

  Extend the search path for the modules which comprise a package. Intended use is to place the following code in a package’s `__init__.py`:

      from pkgutil import extend_path
      __path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__)

  This will add to the package’s `__path__` all subdirectories of directories on `sys.path` named after the package. This is useful if one wants to distribute different parts of a single logical package as multiple directories.

  It also looks for `*.pkg` files beginning where `*` matches the name argument. This feature is similar to `*.pth` files (see the `site` module for more information), except that it doesn’t special-case lines starting with `import`. A `*.pkg` file is trusted at face value: apart from checking for duplicates, all entries found in a `*.pkg` file are added to the path, regardless of whether they exist on the filesystem. (This is a feature.)

  If the input path is not a list (as is the case for frozen packages) it is returned unchanged. The input path is not modified; an extended copy is returned. Items are only appended to the copy at the end.

  It is assumed that `sys.path` is a sequence. Items of `sys.path` that are not (Unicode or 8-bit) strings referring to existing directories are ignored. Unicode items on `sys.path` that cause errors when used as filenames may cause this function to raise an exception (in line with `os.path.isdir()` behavior).

class `pkgutil.``ImpImporter`(dirname=None)

  PEP 302 Importer that wraps Python’s “classic” import algorithm.

  If dirname is a string, a PEP 302 importer is created that searches that directory. If dirname is `None`, a PEP 302 importer is created that searches the current `sys.path`, plus any modules that are frozen or built-in.

  Note that `ImpImporter` does not currently support being used by placement on `sys.meta_path`.

class `pkgutil.``ImpLoader`(fullname, file, filename, etc)

  PEP 302 Loader that wraps Python’s “classic” import algorithm.

`pkgutil.``find_loader`(fullname)

  Find a PEP 302 “loader” object for fullname.

  If fullname contains dots, path must be the containing package’s `__path__`. Returns `None` if the module cannot be found or imported. This function uses `iter_importers()`, and is thus subject to the same limitations regarding platform-specific special import locations such as the Windows registry.

`pkgutil.``get_importer`(path_item)

  Retrieve a PEP 302 importer for the given path_item.

  The returned importer is cached in `sys.path_importer_cache` if it was newly created by a path hook.

  If there is no importer, a wrapper around the basic import machinery is returned. This wrapper is never inserted into the importer cache (`None` is inserted instead).

  The cache (or part of it) can be cleared manually if a rescan of `sys.path_hooks` is necessary.

`pkgutil.``get_loader`(module_or_name)

  Get a PEP 302 “loader” object for module_or_name.

  If the module or package is accessible via the normal import mechanism, a wrapper around the relevant part of that machinery is returned. Returns `None` if the module cannot be found or imported. If the named module is not already imported, its containing package (if any) is imported, in order to establish the package `__path__`.

  This function uses `iter_importers()`, and is thus subject to the same limitations regarding platform-specific special import locations such as the Windows registry.

`pkgutil.``iter_importers`(fullname='')

  Yield PEP 302 importers for the given module name.

  If fullname contains a ‘.’, the importers will be for the package containing fullname, otherwise they will be importers for `sys.meta_path`, `sys.path`, and Python’s “classic” import machinery, in that order. If the named module is in a package, that package is imported as a side effect of invoking this function.

  Non-PEP 302 mechanisms (e.g. the Windows registry) used by the standard import machinery to find files in alternative locations are partially supported, but are searched after `sys.path`. Normally, these locations are searched before `sys.path`, preventing `sys.path` entries from shadowing them.

  For this to cause a visible difference in behaviour, there must be a module or package name that is accessible via both `sys.path` and one of the non-PEP 302 file system mechanisms. In this case, the emulation will find the former version, while the builtin import mechanism will find the latter.

  Items of the following types can be affected by this discrepancy: `imp.C_EXTENSION`, `imp.PY_SOURCE`, `imp.PY_COMPILED`, `imp.PKG_DIRECTORY`.

`pkgutil.``iter_modules`(path=None, prefix='')

  Yields `(module_loader, name, ispkg)` for all submodules on path, or, if path is `None`, all top-level modules on `sys.path`.

  path should be either `None` or a list of paths to look for modules in.

  prefix is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.

`pkgutil.``walk_packages`(path=None, prefix='', onerror=None)

  Yields `(module_loader, name, ispkg)` for all modules recursively on path, or, if path is `None`, all accessible modules.

  path should be either `None` or a list of paths to look for modules in.

  prefix is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.

  Note that this function must import all packages (not all modules!) on the given path, in order to access the `__path__` attribute to find submodules.

  onerror is a function which gets called with one argument (the name of the package which was being imported) if any exception occurs while trying to import a package. If no onerror function is supplied, `ImportError`s are caught and ignored, while all other exceptions are propagated, terminating the search.

  示例:

      # list all modules python can access
      walk_packages()

      # list all submodules of ctypes
      walk_packages(ctypes.__path__, ctypes.__name__ + '.')

`pkgutil.``get_data`(package, resource)

  从包中获取一个资源。

  This is a wrapper for the PEP 302 loader `get_data()` API. The package argument should be the name of a package, in standard module format (`foo.bar`). The resource argument should be in the form of a relative filename, using `/` as the path separator. The parent directory name `..` is not allowed, and nor is a rooted name (starting with a `/`).

  The function returns a binary string that is the contents of the specified resource.

  For packages located in the filesystem, which have already been imported, this is the rough equivalent of:

      d = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[package].__file__)
      data = open(os.path.join(d, resource), 'rb').read()

  If the package cannot be located or loaded, or it uses a PEP 302 loader which does not support `get_data()`, then `None` is returned.

  2.6 新版功能.