4. Використання Python на Mac

Автор

Боб Севідж <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython

macOS since version 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, you are invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Python website (https://www.python.org). A current «universal binary» build of Python, which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is available there.

Після встановлення ви отримуєте кілька речей:

  • A Python 3.9 folder in your Applications folder. In here you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official Python distributions; and PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder.

  • A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python, respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

Якщо ви знайомі з Python на інших платформах Unix, вам слід прочитати розділ про запуск сценаріїв Python з оболонки Unix.

4.1.1. Як запустити скрипт Python

Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE integrated development environment, see section IDE and use the Help menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. macOS comes with a number of standard Unix command line editors, vim and emacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor, BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (see http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is TextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include Gvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs (http://aquamacs.org/).

Щоб запустити сценарій із вікна терміналу, переконайтеся, що /usr/local/bin знаходиться у вашому шляху пошуку оболонки.

Щоб запустити свій сценарій із Finder, у вас є два варіанти:

  • Drag it to PythonLauncher

  • Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open your script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it. PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Запуск скриптів з графічним інтерфейсом

У старих версіях Python є одна примха macOS, про яку вам потрібно знати: програми, які спілкуються з диспетчером вікон Aqua (іншими словами, все, що має графічний інтерфейс), потрібно запускати особливим чином. Використовуйте pythonw замість python для запуску таких сценаріїв.

З Python 3.9 ви можете використовувати python або pythonw.

4.1.3. Конфігурація

Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as PYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or .cshrc at startup. You need to create a file ~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 for details.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see section Встановлення додаткових пакетів Python.

4.2. IDE

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good introduction to using IDLE can be found at http://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Встановлення додаткових пакетів Python

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

  • Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (python setup.py install).

  • Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extension or pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac

Існує кілька варіантів створення програм графічного інтерфейсу на Mac за допомогою Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is available from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platform Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on macOS. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on macOS. More information can be found at https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac is py2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be found at https://pypi.org/project/py2app/.

4.6. Інші ресурси

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and developers on the Mac:

https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

Іншим корисним ресурсом є вікі MacPython:

https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython