# `readline` — GNU readline interface

The `readline` module defines a number of functions to facilitate completion and reading/writing of history files from the Python interpreter. This module can be used directly, or via the `rlcompleter` module, which supports completion of Python identifiers at the interactive prompt. Settings made using this module affect the behaviour of both the interpreter’s interactive prompt and the prompts offered by the built-in `input()` function.

Readline keybindings may be configured via an initialization file, typically `.inputrc` in your home directory. See Readline Init File in the GNU Readline manual for information about the format and allowable constructs of that file, and the capabilities of the Readline library in general.

Availability: not Android, not iOS, not WASI.

This module is not supported on mobile platforms or WebAssembly platforms.

This is an optional module. If it is missing from your copy of CPython, look for documentation from your distributor (that is, whoever provided Python to you). If you are the distributor, see Requirements for optional modules.

Примітка

The underlying Readline library API may be implemented by the `editline` (`libedit`) library instead of GNU readline. On macOS the `readline` module detects which library is being used at run time.

The configuration file for `editline` is different from that of GNU readline. If you programmatically load configuration strings you can use `backend` to determine which library is being used.

If you use `editline`/`libedit` readline emulation on macOS, the initialization file located in your home directory is named `.editrc`. For example, the following content in `~/.editrc` will turn ON vi keybindings and TAB completion:

    python:bind -v
    python:bind ^I rl_complete

Also note that different libraries may use different history file formats. When switching the underlying library, existing history files may become unusable.

readline.backend

  The name of the underlying Readline library being used, either `"readline"` or `"editline"`.

  Added in version 3.13.

## Ініціальний файл

Наступні функції стосуються файлу ініціалізації та конфігурації користувача:

readline.parse_and_bind(string)

  Execute the init line provided in the string argument. This calls `rl_parse_and_bind()` in the underlying library.

readline.read_init_file([filename])

  Execute a readline initialization file. The default filename is the last filename used. This calls `rl_read_init_file()` in the underlying library. It raises an auditing event `open` with the file name if given, and `"<readline_init_file>"` otherwise, regardless of which file the library resolves.

  Змінено в версії 3.14: The auditing event was added.

## Лінійний буфер

На буфері лінії працюють такі функції:

readline.get_line_buffer()

  Return the current contents of the line buffer (`rl_line_buffer` in the underlying library).

readline.insert_text(string)

  Insert text into the line buffer at the cursor position. This calls `rl_insert_text()` in the underlying library, but ignores the return value.

readline.redisplay()

  Change what’s displayed on the screen to reflect the current contents of the line buffer. This calls `rl_redisplay()` in the underlying library.

## Файл історії

З файлом історії працюють такі функції:

readline.read_history_file([filename])

  Load a readline history file, and append it to the history list. The default filename is `~/.history`. This calls `read_history()` in the underlying library and raises an auditing event `open` with the file name if given and `"~/.history"` otherwise.

  Змінено в версії 3.14: The auditing event was added.

readline.write_history_file([filename])

  Save the history list to a readline history file, overwriting any existing file. The default filename is `~/.history`. This calls `write_history()` in the underlying library and raises an auditing event `open` with the file name if given and `"~/.history"` otherwise.

  Змінено в версії 3.14: The auditing event was added.

readline.append_history_file(nelements[, filename])

  Append the last nelements items of history to a file. The default filename is `~/.history`. The file must already exist. This calls `append_history()` in the underlying library. This function only exists if Python was compiled for a version of the library that supports it. It raises an auditing event `open` with the file name if given and `"~/.history"` otherwise.

  Added in version 3.5.

  Змінено в версії 3.14: The auditing event was added.

readline.get_history_length()
readline.set_history_length(length)

  Set or return the desired number of lines to save in the history file. The `write_history_file()` function uses this value to truncate the history file, by calling `history_truncate_file()` in the underlying library. Negative values imply unlimited history file size.

## Список історії

У списку глобальної історії працюють такі функції:

readline.clear_history()

  Clear the current history. This calls `clear_history()` in the underlying library. The Python function only exists if Python was compiled for a version of the library that supports it.

readline.get_current_history_length()

  Повертає кількість елементів в історії. (Це відрізняється від `get_history_length()`, який повертає максимальну кількість рядків, які будуть записані у файл історії.)

readline.get_history_item(index)

  Return the current contents of history item at index. The item index is one-based. This calls `history_get()` in the underlying library.

readline.remove_history_item(pos)

  Remove history item specified by its position from the history. The position is zero-based. This calls `remove_history()` in the underlying library.

readline.replace_history_item(pos, line)

  Replace history item specified by its position with line. The position is zero-based. This calls `replace_history_entry()` in the underlying library.

readline.add_history(line)

  Append line to the history buffer, as if it was the last line typed. This calls `add_history()` in the underlying library.

readline.set_auto_history(enabled)

  Enable or disable automatic calls to `add_history()` when reading input via readline. The enabled argument should be a Boolean value that when true, enables auto history, and that when false, disables auto history.

  Added in version 3.6.

  Деталі реалізації CPython: Auto history is enabled by default, and changes to this do not persist across multiple sessions.

## Хуки для запуску

readline.set_startup_hook([function])

  Set or remove the function invoked by the `rl_startup_hook` callback of the underlying library. If function is specified, it will be used as the new hook function; if omitted or `None`, any function already installed is removed. The hook is called with no arguments just before readline prints the first prompt.

readline.set_pre_input_hook([function])

  Set or remove the function invoked by the `rl_pre_input_hook` callback of the underlying library. If function is specified, it will be used as the new hook function; if omitted or `None`, any function already installed is removed. The hook is called with no arguments after the first prompt has been printed and just before readline starts reading input characters. This function only exists if Python was compiled for a version of the library that supports it.

readline.get_pre_input_hook()

  Get the current pre-input hook function, or `None` if no pre-input hook function has been set. This function only exists if Python was compiled for a version of the library that supports it.

  Added in version 3.15.

## Завершення

The following functions relate to implementing a custom word completion function. This is typically operated by the Tab key, and can suggest and automatically complete a word being typed. By default, Readline is set up to be used by `rlcompleter` to complete Python identifiers for the interactive interpreter. If the `readline` module is to be used with a custom completer, a different set of word delimiters should be set.

readline.set_completer([function])

  Встановити або видалити функцію завершення. Якщо вказано функцію, вона використовуватиметься як нова функція завершення; якщо опущено або `None`, усі вже встановлені завершальні функції видаляються. Функція завершення викликається як `function(text, state)` для state в `0`, `1`, `2`, …, доки вона не поверне не- значення рядка. Він має повернути наступне можливе завершення, починаючи з тексту.

  The installed completer function is invoked by the entry_func callback passed to `rl_completion_matches()` in the underlying library. The text string comes from the first parameter to the `rl_attempted_completion_function` callback of the underlying library.

readline.get_completer()

  Отримайте функцію завершувача або `None`, якщо функцію завершувача не встановлено.

readline.get_completion_type()

  Get the type of completion being attempted. This returns the `rl_completion_type` variable in the underlying library as an integer.

readline.get_begidx()
readline.get_endidx()

  Get the beginning or ending index of the completion scope. These indexes are the start and end arguments passed to the `rl_attempted_completion_function` callback of the underlying library. The values may be different in the same input editing scenario based on the underlying C readline implementation. Ex: libedit is known to behave differently than libreadline.

readline.set_completer_delims(string)
readline.get_completer_delims()

  Set or get the word delimiters for completion. These determine the start of the word to be considered for completion (the completion scope). These functions access the `rl_completer_word_break_characters` variable in the underlying library.

readline.set_completion_display_matches_hook([function])

  Set or remove the completion display function. If function is specified, it will be used as the new completion display function; if omitted or `None`, any completion display function already installed is removed. This sets or clears the `rl_completion_display_matches_hook` callback in the underlying library. The completion display function is called as `function(substitution, [matches], longest_match_length)` once each time matches need to be displayed.

## приклад

The following example demonstrates how to use the `readline` module’s history reading and writing functions to automatically load and save a history file named `.python_history` from the user’s home directory. The code below would normally be executed automatically during interactive sessions from the user’s `PYTHONSTARTUP` file.

    import atexit
    import os
    import readline

    histfile = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".python_history")
    try:
        readline.read_history_file(histfile)
        # default history len is -1 (infinite), which may grow unruly
        readline.set_history_length(1000)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pass

    atexit.register(readline.write_history_file, histfile)

Цей код насправді запускається автоматично, коли Python запускається в інтерактивному режимі (див. Конфігурація Readline).

Наступний приклад досягає тієї ж мети, але підтримує одночасні інтерактивні сеанси, лише додаючи нову історію.

    import atexit
    import os
    import readline
    histfile = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".python_history")

    try:
        readline.read_history_file(histfile)
        h_len = readline.get_current_history_length()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        open(histfile, 'wb').close()
        h_len = 0

    def save(prev_h_len, histfile):
        new_h_len = readline.get_current_history_length()
        readline.set_history_length(1000)
        readline.append_history_file(new_h_len - prev_h_len, histfile)
    atexit.register(save, h_len, histfile)

Наступний приклад розширює клас `code.InteractiveConsole` для підтримки збереження/відновлення історії.

    import atexit
    import code
    import os
    import readline

    class HistoryConsole(code.InteractiveConsole):
        def __init__(self, locals=None, filename="<console>",
                     histfile=os.path.expanduser("~/.console-history")):
            code.InteractiveConsole.__init__(self, locals, filename)
            self.init_history(histfile)

        def init_history(self, histfile):
            readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")
            if hasattr(readline, "read_history_file"):
                try:
                    readline.read_history_file(histfile)
                except FileNotFoundError:
                    pass
                atexit.register(self.save_history, histfile)

        def save_history(self, histfile):
            readline.set_history_length(1000)
            readline.write_history_file(histfile)

Примітка

The new REPL introduced in version 3.13 doesn’t support readline. However, readline can still be used by setting the `PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment variable.