5. Використання Python на Mac¶
- Автор:
Боб Севідж <bobsavage@mac.com>
Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as the integrated development environment (IDE) and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
5.1. Getting and Installing Python¶
macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions 10.8 and 12.3. You are invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Python website. A current «universal2 binary» build of Python, which runs natively on the Mac’s new Apple Silicon and legacy Intel processors, is available there.
Після встановлення ви отримуєте кілька речей:
A
Python 3.11folder in yourApplicationsfolder. In here you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official Python distributions; and Python Launcher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder.A framework
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell path. To uninstall Python, you can remove these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is placed in/usr/local/bin/.
Примітка
On macOS 10.8-12.3, the Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,
respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that
if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.
IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction in that document.
Якщо ви знайомі з Python на інших платформах Unix, вам слід прочитати розділ про запуск сценаріїв Python з оболонки Unix.
5.1.1. Як запустити скрипт Python¶
Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE integrated development environment; see section IDE and use the Help menu when the IDE is running.
If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. macOS comes with a number of standard Unix command line editors, vim nano among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor, BBEdit from Bare Bones Software (see https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is TextMate (see https://macromates.com). Other editors include MacVim (https://macvim.org) and Aquamacs (https://aquamacs.org).
Щоб запустити сценарій із вікна терміналу, переконайтеся, що /usr/local/bin знаходиться у вашому шляху пошуку оболонки.
Щоб запустити свій сценарій із Finder, у вас є два варіанти:
Drag it to Python Launcher.
Select Python Launcher as the default application to open your script (or any
.pyscript) through the finder Info window and double-click it. Python Launcher has various preferences to control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to change things globally.
5.1.2. Запуск скриптів з графічним інтерфейсом¶
У старих версіях Python є одна примха macOS, про яку вам потрібно знати: програми, які спілкуються з диспетчером вікон Aqua (іншими словами, все, що має графічний інтерфейс), потрібно запускати особливим чином. Використовуйте pythonw замість python для запуску таких сценаріїв.
З Python 3.9 ви можете використовувати python або pythonw.
5.1.3. Конфігурація¶
Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
PYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from the
Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or
.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file
~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s
Technical Q&A QA1067
for details.
For more information on installation Python packages, see section Встановлення додаткових пакетів Python.
5.2. IDE¶
Python ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good introduction to using IDLE can be found at https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.
5.3. Встановлення додаткових пакетів Python¶
This section has moved to the Python Packaging User Guide.
5.4. GUI Programming¶
Існує кілька варіантів створення програм графічного інтерфейсу на Mac за допомогою Python.
PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is available from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.
The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platform
Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:
PySide: Official Python bindings to the Qt GUI toolkit.
PyQt: Alternative Python bindings to Qt.
Kivy: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports desktop and mobile platforms.
Toga: Part of the BeeWare Project; supports desktop, mobile, web and console apps.
wxPython: A cross-platform toolkit that supports desktop operating systems.
5.5. Distributing Python Applications¶
A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a standalone distributable application:
py2app: Supports creating macOS
.appbundles from a Python project.Briefcase: Part of the BeeWare Project; a cross-platform packaging tool that supports creation of
.appbundles on macOS, as well as managing signing and notarization.PyInstaller: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates a single file or folder as a distributable artifact.
5.6. Інші ресурси¶
The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and developers on the Mac:
https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/
Іншим корисним ресурсом є вікі MacPython: