# Exception Handling

The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of Python exception handling. It works somewhat like the POSIX `errno` variable: there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last error that occurred. Most C API functions don’t clear this on success, but will set it to indicate the cause of the error on failure. Most C API functions also return an error indicator, usually `NULL` if they are supposed to return a pointer, or `-1` if they return an integer (exception: the `PyArg_*` functions return `1` for success and `0` for failure).

Concretely, the error indicator consists of three object pointers: the exception’s type, the exception’s value, and the traceback object. Any of those pointers can be `NULL` if non-set (although some combinations are forbidden, for example you can’t have a non-`NULL` traceback if the exception type is `NULL`).

When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it generally doesn’t set the error indicator; the function it called already set it. It is responsible for either handling the error and clearing the exception or returning after cleaning up any resources it holds (such as object references or memory allocations); it should not continue normally if it is not prepared to handle the error. If returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to the caller that an error has been set. If the error is not handled or carefully propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not behave as intended and may fail in mysterious ways.

Observera

The error indicator is not the result of `sys.exc_info()`. The former corresponds to an exception that is not yet caught (and is therefore still propagating), while the latter returns an exception after it is caught (and has therefore stopped propagating).

## Printing and clearing

void PyErr_Clear()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there is no effect.

void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Print a standard traceback to `sys.stderr` and clear the error indicator. Unless the error is a `SystemExit`, in that case no traceback is printed and the Python process will exit with the error code specified by the `SystemExit` instance.

  Call this function only when the error indicator is set. Otherwise it will cause a fatal error!

  If set_sys_last_vars is nonzero, the variable `sys.last_exc` is set to the printed exception. For backwards compatibility, the deprecated variables `sys.last_type`, `sys.last_value` and `sys.last_traceback` are also set to the type, value and traceback of this exception, respectively.

  Förändrat i version 3.12: The setting of `sys.last_exc` was added.

void PyErr_Print()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Alias for `PyErr_PrintEx(1)`.

void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Call `sys.unraisablehook()` using the current exception and obj argument.

  This utility function prints a warning message to `sys.stderr` when an exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter to actually raise the exception. It is used, for example, when an exception occurs in an `__del__()` method.

  The function is called with a single argument obj that identifies the context in which the unraisable exception occurred. If possible, the repr of obj will be printed in the warning message. If obj is `NULL`, only the traceback is printed.

  An exception must be set when calling this function.

  Förändrat i version 3.4: Print a traceback. Print only traceback if obj is `NULL`.

  Förändrat i version 3.8: Use `sys.unraisablehook()`.

void PyErr_FormatUnraisable(const char *format, ...)

  Similar to `PyErr_WriteUnraisable()`, but the format and subsequent parameters help format the warning message; they have the same meaning and values as in `PyUnicode_FromFormat()`. `PyErr_WriteUnraisable(obj)` is roughly equivalent to `PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in: %R", obj)`. If format is `NULL`, only the traceback is printed.

  Added in version 3.13.

void PyErr_DisplayException(PyObject *exc)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.12.

  Print the standard traceback display of `exc` to `sys.stderr`, including chained exceptions and notes.

  Added in version 3.12.

## Raising exceptions

These functions help you set the current thread’s error indicator. For convenience, some of these functions will always return a `NULL` pointer for use in a `return` statement.

void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions, e.g. `PyExc_RuntimeError`. You need not create a new strong reference to it (e.g. with `Py_INCREF()`). The second argument is an error message; it is decoded from `'utf-8'`.

void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  This function is similar to `PyErr_SetString()` but lets you specify an arbitrary Python object for the ”value” of the exception.

PyObject *PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI.

  This function sets the error indicator and returns `NULL`. exception should be a Python exception class. The format and subsequent parameters help format the error message; they have the same meaning and values as in `PyUnicode_FromFormat()`. format is an ASCII-encoded string.

PyObject *PyErr_FormatV(PyObject *exception, const char *format, va_list vargs)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.5.

  Same as `PyErr_Format()`, but taking a `va_list` argument rather than a variable number of arguments.

  Added in version 3.5.

void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is a shorthand for `PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None)`.

int PyErr_BadArgument()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is a shorthand for `PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message)`, where message indicates that a built-in operation was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal use.

PyObject *PyErr_NoMemory()
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is a shorthand for `PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)`; it returns `NULL` so an object allocation function can write `return PyErr_NoMemory();` when it runs out of memory.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C library function has returned an error and set the C variable `errno`. It constructs a tuple object whose first item is the integer `errno` value and whose second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from `strerror()`), and then calls `PyErr_SetObject(type, object)`. On Unix, when the `errno` value is `EINTR`, indicating an interrupted system call, this calls `PyErr_CheckSignals()`, and if that set the error indicator, leaves it set to that. The function always returns `NULL`, so a wrapper function around a system call can write `return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);` when the system call returns an error.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromErrno()`, with the additional behavior that if filenameObject is not `NULL`, it is passed to the constructor of type as a third parameter. In the case of `OSError` exception, this is used to define the `filename` attribute of the exception instance.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject, PyObject *filenameObject2)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()`, but takes a second filename object, for raising errors when a function that takes two filenames fails.

  Added in version 3.4.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()`, but the filename is given as a C string. filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  This is a convenience function to raise `OSError`. If called with ierr of `0`, the error code returned by a call to `GetLastError()` is used instead. It calls the Win32 function `FormatMessage()` to retrieve the Windows description of error code given by ierr or `GetLastError()`, then it constructs a `OSError` object with the `winerror` attribute set to the error code, the `strerror` attribute set to the corresponding error message (gotten from `FormatMessage()`), and then calls `PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, object)`. This function always returns `NULL`.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()`, with an additional parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()`, with the additional behavior that if filename is not `NULL`, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding (`os.fsdecode()`) and passed to the constructor of `OSError` as a third parameter to be used to define the `filename` attribute of the exception instance.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr()`, with the additional behavior that if filename is not `NULL`, it is passed to the constructor of `OSError` as a third parameter to be used to define the `filename` attribute of the exception instance.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename, PyObject *filename2)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject()`, but accepts a second filename object.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

  Added in version 3.4.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, const char *filename)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7.

  Similar to `PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename()`, with an additional parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

  Tillgänglighet: Windows.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportError(PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7.

  This is a convenience function to raise `ImportError`. msg will be set as the exception’s message string. name and path, both of which can be `NULL`, will be set as the `ImportError`’s respective `name` and `path` attributes.

  Added in version 3.3.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass(PyObject *exception, PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
  Returvärde: Alltid NULL. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.6.

  Much like `PyErr_SetImportError()` but this function allows for specifying a subclass of `ImportError` to raise.

  Added in version 3.6.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)

  Set file, line, and offset information for the current exception. If the current exception is not a `SyntaxError`, then it sets additional attributes, which make the exception printing subsystem think the exception is a `SyntaxError`.

  Added in version 3.4.

void PyErr_RangedSyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset, int end_lineno, int end_col_offset)

  Similar to `PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject()`, but also sets the end_lineno and end_col_offset information for the current exception.

  Added in version 3.10.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(const char *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7.

  Like `PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject()`, but filename is a byte string decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

  Added in version 3.2.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocation(const char *filename, int lineno)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Like `PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx()`, but the col_offset parameter is omitted.

void PyErr_BadInternalCall()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  This is a shorthand for `PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message)`, where message indicates that an internal operation (e.g. a Python/C API function) was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal use.

PyObject *PyErr_ProgramTextObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno)

  Get the source line in filename at line lineno. filename should be a Python `str` object.

  On success, this function returns a Python string object with the found line. On failure, this function returns `NULL` without an exception set.

PyObject *PyErr_ProgramText(const char *filename, int lineno)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Similar to `PyErr_ProgramTextObject()`, but filename is a const char*, which is decoded with the filesystem encoding and error handler, instead of a Python object reference.

## Issuing warnings

Use these functions to issue warnings from C code. They mirror similar functions exported by the Python `warnings` module. They normally print a warning message to sys.stderr; however, it is also possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned into errors, and in that case they will raise an exception. It is also possible that the functions raise an exception because of a problem with the warning machinery. The return value is `0` if no exception is raised, or `-1` if an exception is raised. (It is not possible to determine whether a warning message is actually printed, nor what the reason is for the exception; this is intentional.) If an exception is raised, the caller should do its normal exception handling (for example, `Py_DECREF()` owned references and return an error value).

int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, const char *message, Py_ssize_t stack_level)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Issue a warning message. The category argument is a warning category (see below) or `NULL`; the message argument is a UTF-8 encoded string. stack_level is a positive number giving a number of stack frames; the warning will be issued from the currently executing line of code in that stack frame. A stack_level of 1 is the function calling `PyErr_WarnEx()`, 2 is the function above that, and so forth.

  Warning categories must be subclasses of `PyExc_Warning`; `PyExc_Warning` is a subclass of `PyExc_Exception`; the default warning category is `PyExc_RuntimeWarning`. The standard Python warning categories are available as global variables whose names are enumerated at Warning types.

  For information about warning control, see the documentation for the `warnings` module and the `-W` option in the command line documentation. There is no C API for warning control.

int PyErr_WarnExplicitObject(PyObject *category, PyObject *message, PyObject *filename, int lineno, PyObject *module, PyObject *registry)

  Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function `warnings.warn_explicit()`; see there for more information. The module and registry arguments may be set to `NULL` to get the default effect described there.

  Added in version 3.4.

int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Similar to `PyErr_WarnExplicitObject()` except that message and module are UTF-8 encoded strings, and filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

int PyErr_WarnFormat(PyObject *category, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Function similar to `PyErr_WarnEx()`, but uses `PyUnicode_FromFormat()` to format the warning message. format is an ASCII-encoded string.

  Added in version 3.2.

int PyErr_WarnExplicitFormat(PyObject *category, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry, const char *format, ...)

  Similar to `PyErr_WarnExplicit()`, but uses `PyUnicode_FromFormat()` to format the warning message. format is an ASCII-encoded string.

  Added in version 3.2.

int PyErr_ResourceWarning(PyObject *source, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.6.

  Function similar to `PyErr_WarnFormat()`, but category is `ResourceWarning` and it passes source to `warnings.WarningMessage`.

  Added in version 3.6.

## Querying the error indicator

PyObject *PyErr_Occurred()
  Returnera värde: Lånad referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception type (the first argument to the last call to one of the `PyErr_Set*` functions or to `PyErr_Restore()`). If not set, return `NULL`. You do not own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to `Py_DECREF()` it.

  The caller must have an attached thread state.

  Observera

  Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use `PyErr_ExceptionMatches()` instead, shown below. (The comparison could easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the case of a class exception, or it may be a subclass of the expected exception.)

int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Equivalent to `PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc)`. This should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access violation will occur if no exception has been raised.

int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return true if the given exception matches the exception type in exc. If exc is a class object, this also returns true when given is an instance of a subclass. If exc is a tuple, all exception types in the tuple (and recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.

PyObject *PyErr_GetRaisedException(void)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.12.

  Return the exception currently being raised, clearing the error indicator at the same time. Return `NULL` if the error indicator is not set.

  This function is used by code that needs to catch exceptions, or code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily.

  For example:

      {
         PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();

         /* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

         PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
      }

  Se även

  `PyErr_GetHandledException()`, to save the exception currently being handled.

  Added in version 3.12.

void PyErr_SetRaisedException(PyObject *exc)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.12.

  Set exc as the exception currently being raised, clearing the existing exception if one is set. If exc is `NULL`, just clear the existing exception.

  exc must be a valid exception or `NULL`.

  This call ”steals” a reference to exc.

  Added in version 3.12.

void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Ersatt sedan version 3.12: Use `PyErr_GetRaisedException()` instead.

  Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed. If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to `NULL`. If it is set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The value and traceback object may be `NULL` even when the type object is not.

  Observera

  This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to catch exceptions or save and restore the error indicator temporarily.

  For example:

      {
         PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
         PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);

         /* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

         PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
      }

void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Ersatt sedan version 3.12: Use `PyErr_SetRaisedException()` instead.

  Set the error indicator from the three objects, type, value, and traceback, clearing the existing exception if one is set. If the objects are `NULL`, the error indicator is cleared. Do not pass a `NULL` type and non-`NULL` value or traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own these references. (If you don’t understand this, don’t use this function. I warned you.)

  Observera

  This function is normally only used by legacy code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily. Use `PyErr_Fetch()` to save the current error indicator.

void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject **exc, PyObject **val, PyObject **tb)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Ersatt sedan version 3.12: Use `PyErr_GetRaisedException()` instead, to avoid any possible de-normalization.

  Under certain circumstances, the values returned by `PyErr_Fetch()` below can be ”unnormalized”, meaning that `*exc` is a class object but `*val` is not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens. The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.

  Observera

  This function does not implicitly set the `__traceback__` attribute on the exception value. If setting the traceback appropriately is desired, the following additional snippet is needed:

      if (tb != NULL) {
        PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
      }

PyObject *PyErr_GetHandledException(void)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.11.

  Retrieve the active exception instance, as would be returned by `sys.exception()`. This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns a new reference to the exception or `NULL`. Does not modify the interpreter’s exception state.

  Observera

  This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use `PyErr_SetHandledException()` to restore or clear the exception state.

  Added in version 3.11.

void PyErr_SetHandledException(PyObject *exc)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.11.

  Set the active exception, as known from `sys.exception()`. This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. To clear the exception state, pass `NULL`.

  Observera

  This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use `PyErr_GetHandledException()` to get the exception state.

  Added in version 3.11.

void PyErr_GetExcInfo(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7.

  Retrieve the old-style representation of the exception info, as known from `sys.exc_info()`. This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns new references for the three objects, any of which may be `NULL`. Does not modify the exception info state. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using `PyErr_GetHandledException()`.

  Observera

  This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use `PyErr_SetExcInfo()` to restore or clear the exception state.

  Added in version 3.3.

void PyErr_SetExcInfo(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7.

  Set the exception info, as known from `sys.exc_info()`. This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. This function ”steals” the references of the arguments. To clear the exception state, pass `NULL` for all three arguments. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using `PyErr_SetHandledException()`.

  Observera

  This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use `PyErr_GetExcInfo()` to read the exception state.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Förändrat i version 3.11: The `type` and `traceback` arguments are no longer used and can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from the exception instance (the `value` argument). The function still ”steals” references of all three arguments.

## Signal Handling

int PyErr_CheckSignals()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Handle external interruptions, such as signals or activating a debugger, whose processing has been delayed until it is safe to run Python code and/or raise exceptions.

  For example, pressing `Ctrl`-`C` causes a terminal to send the `signal.SIGINT` signal. This function executes the corresponding Python signal handler, which, by default, raises the `KeyboardInterrupt` exception.

  `PyErr_CheckSignals()` should be called by long-running C code frequently enough so that the response appears immediate to humans.

  Handlers invoked by this function currently include:

  - Signal handlers, including Python functions registered using the `signal` module.

    Signal handlers are only run in the main thread of the main interpreter.

    (This is where the function got the name: originally, signals were the only way to interrupt the interpreter.)

  - Running the garbage collector, if necessary.

  - Executing a pending remote debugger script.

  - Raise the exception set by `PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc()`.

  If any handler raises an exception, immediately return `-1` with that exception set. Any remaining interruptions are left to be processed on the next `PyErr_CheckSignals()` invocation, if appropriate.

  If all handlers finish successfully, or there are no handlers to run, return `0`.

  Förändrat i version 3.12: This function may now invoke the garbage collector.

  Förändrat i version 3.14: This function may now execute a remote debugger script, if remote debugging is enabled.

  Förändrat i version 3.15: The exception set by `PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc()` is now raised.

void PyErr_SetInterrupt()
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Simulate the effect of a `SIGINT` signal arriving. This is equivalent to `PyErr_SetInterruptEx(SIGINT)`.

  Observera

  This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without an attached thread state and from a C signal handler.

int PyErr_SetInterruptEx(int signum)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.10.

  Simulate the effect of a signal arriving. The next time `PyErr_CheckSignals()` is called, the Python signal handler for the given signal number will be called.

  This function can be called by C code that sets up its own signal handling and wants Python signal handlers to be invoked as expected when an interruption is requested (for example when the user presses Ctrl-C to interrupt an operation).

  If the given signal isn’t handled by Python (it was set to `signal.SIG_DFL` or `signal.SIG_IGN`), it will be ignored.

  If signum is outside of the allowed range of signal numbers, `-1` is returned. Otherwise, `0` is returned. The error indicator is never changed by this function.

  Observera

  This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without an attached thread state and from a C signal handler.

  Added in version 3.10.

int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)

  This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which the signal number is written as a single byte whenever a signal is received. fd must be non-blocking. It returns the previous such file descriptor.

  The value `-1` disables the feature; this is the initial state. This is equivalent to `signal.set_wakeup_fd()` in Python, but without any error checking. fd should be a valid file descriptor. The function should only be called from the main thread.

  Förändrat i version 3.5: On Windows, the function now also supports socket handles.

## Exception Classes

PyObject *PyErr_NewException(const char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  This utility function creates and returns a new exception class. The name argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form `module.classname`. The base and dict arguments are normally `NULL`. This creates a class object derived from `Exception` (accessible in C as `PyExc_Exception`).

  The `__module__` attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up to the last dot) of the name argument, and the class name is set to the last part (after the last dot). The base argument can be used to specify alternate base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The dict argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.

PyObject *PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(const char *name, const char *doc, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Same as `PyErr_NewException()`, except that the new exception class can easily be given a docstring: If doc is non-`NULL`, it will be used as the docstring for the exception class.

  Added in version 3.2.

int PyExceptionClass_Check(PyObject *ob)

  Return non-zero if ob is an exception class, zero otherwise. This function always succeeds.

const char *PyExceptionClass_Name(PyObject *ob)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.8.

  Return `tp_name` of the exception class ob.

PyException_HEAD

  This is a macro including the base fields for an exception object.

  This was included in Python’s C API by mistake and is not designed for use in extensions. For creating custom exception objects, use `PyErr_NewException()` or otherwise create a class inheriting from `PyExc_BaseException`.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.15.

## Exception Objects

int PyExceptionInstance_Check(PyObject *op)

  Return true if op is an instance of `BaseException`, false otherwise. This function always succeeds.

PyExceptionInstance_Class(op)

  Equivalent to `Py_TYPE(op)`.

PyObject *PyException_GetTraceback(PyObject *ex)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the traceback associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the `__traceback__` attribute. If there is no traceback associated, this returns `NULL`.

int PyException_SetTraceback(PyObject *ex, PyObject *tb)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the traceback associated with the exception to tb. Use `Py_None` to clear it.

PyObject *PyException_GetContext(PyObject *ex)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the context (another exception instance during whose handling ex was raised) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the `__context__` attribute. If there is no context associated, this returns `NULL`.

void PyException_SetContext(PyObject *ex, PyObject *ctx)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the context associated with the exception to ctx. Use `NULL` to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that ctx is an exception instance. This ”steals” a reference to ctx.

PyObject *PyException_GetCause(PyObject *ex)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the cause (either an exception instance, or `None`, set by `raise ... from ...`) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through the `__cause__` attribute.

void PyException_SetCause(PyObject *ex, PyObject *cause)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the cause associated with the exception to cause. Use `NULL` to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that cause is either an exception instance or `None`. This ”steals” a reference to cause.

  The `__suppress_context__` attribute is implicitly set to `True` by this function.

PyObject *PyException_GetArgs(PyObject *ex)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.12.

  Return `args` of exception ex.

void PyException_SetArgs(PyObject *ex, PyObject *args)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.12.

  Set `args` of exception ex to args.

PyObject *PyUnstable_Exc_PrepReraiseStar(PyObject *orig, PyObject *excs)
  Detta är Instabilt API. Den kan ändras utan förvarning i mindre versioner.

  Implement part of the interpreter’s implementation of `except*`. orig is the original exception that was caught, and excs is the list of the exceptions that need to be raised. This list contains the unhandled part of orig, if any, as well as the exceptions that were raised from the `except*` clauses (so they have a different traceback from orig) and those that were reraised (and have the same traceback as orig). Return the `ExceptionGroup` that needs to be reraised in the end, or `None` if there is nothing to reraise.

  Added in version 3.12.

## Unicode Exception Objects

The following functions are used to create and modify Unicode exceptions from C.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(const char *encoding, const char *object, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, const char *reason)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Create a `UnicodeDecodeError` object with the attributes encoding, object, length, start, end and reason. encoding and reason are UTF-8 encoded strings.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the encoding attribute of the given exception object.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the object attribute of the given exception object.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Get the start attribute of the given exception object and place it into *start. start must not be `NULL`. Return `0` on success, `-1` on failure.

  If the `UnicodeError.object` is an empty sequence, the resulting start is `0`. Otherwise, it is clipped to `[0, len(object) - 1]`.

  Se även

  `UnicodeError.start`

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the start attribute of the given exception object to start. Return `0` on success, `-1` on failure.

  Observera

  While passing a negative start does not raise an exception, the corresponding getters will not consider it as a relative offset.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Get the end attribute of the given exception object and place it into *end. end must not be `NULL`. Return `0` on success, `-1` on failure.

  If the `UnicodeError.object` is an empty sequence, the resulting end is `0`. Otherwise, it is clipped to `[1, len(object)]`.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the end attribute of the given exception object to end. Return `0` on success, `-1` on failure.

  Se även

  `UnicodeError.end`

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)
  Returnera värde: Ny referens. Del av Stabil ABI.

  Return the reason attribute of the given exception object.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the reason attribute of the given exception object to reason. Return `0` on success, `-1` on failure.

## Recursion Control

These two functions provide a way to perform safe recursive calls at the C level, both in the core and in extension modules. They are needed if the recursive code does not necessarily invoke Python code (which tracks its recursion depth automatically). They are also not needed for tp_call implementations because the call protocol takes care of recursion handling.

int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(const char *where)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.9.

  Marks a point where a recursive C-level call is about to be performed.

  The function then checks if the stack limit is reached. If this is the case, a `RecursionError` is set and a nonzero value is returned. Otherwise, zero is returned.

  where should be a UTF-8 encoded string such as `" in instance check"` to be concatenated to the `RecursionError` message caused by the recursion depth limit.

  Se även

  The `PyUnstable_ThreadState_SetStackProtection()` function.

  Förändrat i version 3.9: This function is now also available in the limited API.

void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(void)
  Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.9.

  Ends a `Py_EnterRecursiveCall()`. Must be called once for each successful invocation of `Py_EnterRecursiveCall()`.

  Förändrat i version 3.9: This function is now also available in the limited API.

Properly implementing `tp_repr` for container types requires special recursion handling. In addition to protecting the stack, `tp_repr` also needs to track objects to prevent cycles. The following two functions facilitate this functionality. Effectively, these are the C equivalent to `@reprlib.recursive_repr`.

int Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *object)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Called at the beginning of the `tp_repr` implementation to detect cycles.

  If the object has already been processed, the function returns a positive integer. In that case the `tp_repr` implementation should return a string object indicating a cycle. As examples, `dict` objects return `{...}` and `list` objects return `[...]`.

  The function will return a negative integer if the recursion limit is reached. In that case the `tp_repr` implementation should typically return `NULL`.

  Otherwise, the function returns zero and the `tp_repr` implementation can continue normally.

void Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *object)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Ends a `Py_ReprEnter()`. Must be called once for each invocation of `Py_ReprEnter()` that returns zero.

int Py_GetRecursionLimit(void)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Get the recursion limit for the current interpreter. It can be set with `Py_SetRecursionLimit()`. The recursion limit prevents the Python interpreter stack from growing infinitely.

  This function cannot fail, and the caller must hold an attached thread state.

  Se även

  `sys.getrecursionlimit()`

void Py_SetRecursionLimit(int new_limit)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Set the recursion limit for the current interpreter.

  This function cannot fail, and the caller must hold an attached thread state.

  Se även

  `sys.setrecursionlimit()`

## Exception and warning types

All standard Python exceptions and warning categories are available as global variables whose names are `PyExc_` followed by the Python exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class objects.

For completeness, here are all the variables:

### Exception types

C name | Python name
--- | ---
PyObject *PyExc_BaseException Del av Stabil ABI. | `BaseException`
PyObject *PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.11. | `BaseExceptionGroup`
PyObject *PyExc_Exception Del av Stabil ABI. | `Exception`
PyObject *PyExc_ArithmeticError Del av Stabil ABI. | `ArithmeticError`
PyObject *PyExc_AssertionError Del av Stabil ABI. | `AssertionError`
PyObject *PyExc_AttributeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `AttributeError`
PyObject *PyExc_BlockingIOError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `BlockingIOError`
PyObject *PyExc_BrokenPipeError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `BrokenPipeError`
PyObject *PyExc_BufferError Del av Stabil ABI. | `BufferError`
PyObject *PyExc_ChildProcessError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ChildProcessError`
PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ConnectionAbortedError`
PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ConnectionError`
PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ConnectionRefusedError`
PyObject *PyExc_ConnectionResetError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ConnectionResetError`
PyObject *PyExc_EOFError Del av Stabil ABI. | `EOFError`
PyObject *PyExc_FileExistsError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `FileExistsError`
PyObject *PyExc_FileNotFoundError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `FileNotFoundError`
PyObject *PyExc_FloatingPointError Del av Stabil ABI. | `FloatingPointError`
PyObject *PyExc_GeneratorExit Del av Stabil ABI. | `GeneratorExit`
PyObject *PyExc_ImportCycleError | `ImportCycleError`
PyObject *PyExc_ImportError Del av Stabil ABI. | `ImportError`
PyObject *PyExc_IndentationError Del av Stabil ABI. | `IndentationError`
PyObject *PyExc_IndexError Del av Stabil ABI. | `IndexError`
PyObject *PyExc_InterruptedError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `InterruptedError`
PyObject *PyExc_IsADirectoryError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `IsADirectoryError`
PyObject *PyExc_KeyError Del av Stabil ABI. | `KeyError`
PyObject *PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt Del av Stabil ABI. | `KeyboardInterrupt`
PyObject *PyExc_LookupError Del av Stabil ABI. | `LookupError`
PyObject *PyExc_MemoryError Del av Stabil ABI. | `MemoryError`
PyObject *PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.6. | `ModuleNotFoundError`
PyObject *PyExc_NameError Del av Stabil ABI. | `NameError`
PyObject *PyExc_NotADirectoryError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `NotADirectoryError`
PyObject *PyExc_NotImplementedError Del av Stabil ABI. | `NotImplementedError`
PyObject *PyExc_OSError Del av Stabil ABI. | `OSError`
PyObject *PyExc_OverflowError Del av Stabil ABI. | `OverflowError`
PyObject *PyExc_PermissionError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `PermissionError`
PyObject *PyExc_ProcessLookupError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ProcessLookupError`
PyObject *PyExc_PythonFinalizationError | `PythonFinalizationError`
PyObject *PyExc_RecursionError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `RecursionError`
PyObject *PyExc_ReferenceError Del av Stabil ABI. | `ReferenceError`
PyObject *PyExc_RuntimeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `RuntimeError`
PyObject *PyExc_StopAsyncIteration Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `StopAsyncIteration`
PyObject *PyExc_StopIteration Del av Stabil ABI. | `StopIteration`
PyObject *PyExc_SyntaxError Del av Stabil ABI. | `SyntaxError`
PyObject *PyExc_SystemError Del av Stabil ABI. | `SystemError`
PyObject *PyExc_SystemExit Del av Stabil ABI. | `SystemExit`
PyObject *PyExc_TabError Del av Stabil ABI. | `TabError`
PyObject *PyExc_TimeoutError Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `TimeoutError`
PyObject *PyExc_TypeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `TypeError`
PyObject *PyExc_UnboundLocalError Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnboundLocalError`
PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnicodeDecodeError`
PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnicodeEncodeError`
PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeError Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnicodeError`
PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeTranslateError Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnicodeTranslateError`
PyObject *PyExc_ValueError Del av Stabil ABI. | `ValueError`
PyObject *PyExc_ZeroDivisionError Del av Stabil ABI. | `ZeroDivisionError`

Added in version 3.3: `PyExc_BlockingIOError`, `PyExc_BrokenPipeError`, `PyExc_ChildProcessError`, `PyExc_ConnectionError`, `PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError`, `PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError`, `PyExc_ConnectionResetError`, `PyExc_FileExistsError`, `PyExc_FileNotFoundError`, `PyExc_InterruptedError`, `PyExc_IsADirectoryError`, `PyExc_NotADirectoryError`, `PyExc_PermissionError`, `PyExc_ProcessLookupError` and `PyExc_TimeoutError` were introduced following PEP 3151.

Added in version 3.5: `PyExc_StopAsyncIteration` and `PyExc_RecursionError`.

Added in version 3.6: `PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError`.

Added in version 3.11: `PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup`.

### OSError aliases

The following are a compatibility aliases to `PyExc_OSError`.

Förändrat i version 3.3: These aliases used to be separate exception types.

C name | Python name | Notes
--- | --- | ---
PyObject *PyExc_EnvironmentError Del av Stabil ABI. | `OSError` |
PyObject *PyExc_IOError Del av Stabil ABI. | `OSError` |
PyObject *PyExc_WindowsError Del av Stabil ABI on Windows sedan version 3.7. | `OSError` | [win]

Notes:

[win]

`PyExc_WindowsError` is only defined on Windows; protect code that uses this by testing that the preprocessor macro `MS_WINDOWS` is defined.

### Warning types

C name | Python name
--- | ---
PyObject *PyExc_Warning Del av Stabil ABI. | `Warning`
PyObject *PyExc_BytesWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `BytesWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_DeprecationWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `DeprecationWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_EncodingWarning Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.10. | `EncodingWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_FutureWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `FutureWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_ImportWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `ImportWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_PendingDeprecationWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `PendingDeprecationWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_ResourceWarning Del av Stabil ABI sedan version 3.7. | `ResourceWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_RuntimeWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `RuntimeWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_SyntaxWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `SyntaxWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_UnicodeWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `UnicodeWarning`
PyObject *PyExc_UserWarning Del av Stabil ABI. | `UserWarning`

Added in version 3.2: `PyExc_ResourceWarning`.

Added in version 3.10: `PyExc_EncodingWarning`.

## Tracebacks

PyTypeObject PyTraceBack_Type
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Type object for traceback objects. This is available as `types.TracebackType` in the Python layer.

int PyTraceBack_Check(PyObject *op)

  Return true if op is a traceback object, false otherwise. This function does not account for subtypes.

int PyTraceBack_Here(PyFrameObject *f)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Replace the `__traceback__` attribute on the current exception with a new traceback prepending f to the existing chain.

  Calling this function without an exception set is undefined behavior.

  This function returns `0` on success, and returns `-1` with an exception set on failure.

int PyTraceBack_Print(PyObject *tb, PyObject *f)
  Del av Stabil ABI.

  Write the traceback tb into the file f.

  This function returns `0` on success, and returns `-1` with an exception set on failure.

const char *PyUnstable_DumpTraceback(int fd, PyThreadState *tstate)
  Detta är Instabilt API. Den kan ändras utan förvarning i mindre versioner.

  Write a trace of the Python stack in tstate into the file fd. The format looks like:

      Traceback (most recent call first):
        File "xxx", line xxx in <xxx>
        File "xxx", line xxx in <xxx>
        ...
        File "xxx", line xxx in <xxx>

  This function is meant to debug situations such as segfaults, fatal errors, and similar. The file and function names it outputs are encoded to ASCII with backslashreplace and truncated to 500 characters. It writes only the first 100 frames; further frames are truncated with the line `...`.

  This function will return `NULL` on success, or an error message on error.

  This function is intended for use in crash scenarios such as signal handlers for SIGSEGV, where the interpreter may be in an inconsistent state. Given that it reads interpreter data structures that may be partially modified, the function might produce incomplete output or it may even crash itself.

  The caller does not need to hold an attached thread state, nor does tstate need to be attached.

  Added in version 3.15.

const char *PyUnstable_DumpTracebackThreads(int fd, PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *current_tstate, Py_ssize_t max_threads)
  Detta är Instabilt API. Den kan ändras utan förvarning i mindre versioner.

  Write the traces of all Python threads in interp into the file fd.

  If interp is `NULL` then this function will try to identify the current interpreter using thread-specific storage. If it cannot, it will return an error.

  If current_tstate is not `NULL` then it will be used to identify what the current thread is in the written output. If it is `NULL` then this function will identify the current thread using thread-specific storage. It is not an error if the function is unable to get the current Python thread state.

  This function will return `NULL` on success, or an error message on error.

  This function is meant to debug situations such as segfaults, fatal errors, and similar. It calls `PyUnstable_DumpTraceback()` for each thread. It only writes the tracebacks of the first max_threads threads, further output is truncated with the line `...`. If max_threads is 0, the function will use a default value of 100 for the argument.

  This function is intended for use in crash scenarios such as signal handlers for SIGSEGV, where the interpreter may be in an inconsistent state. Given that it reads interpreter data structures that may be partially modified, the function might produce incomplete output or it may even crash itself.

  The caller does not need to hold an attached thread state, nor does current_tstate need to be attached.

  Varning

  On the free-threaded build, this function is not thread-safe. If another thread deletes its thread state while this function is being called, the process will likely crash.

  Added in version 3.15.