# Type Objects

type PyTypeObject
  Часть Стабильный ABI (как непрозрачная структура).

  The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object as `type` in the Python layer.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

  Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, including instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

  Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, but not a subtype of the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Clear the internal lookup cache. Return the current version tag.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Return the `tp_flags` member of type. This function is primarily meant for use with `Py_LIMITED_API`; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to `tp_flags` itself is not part of the limited API.

  Добавлено в версии 3.2.

  Изменено в версии 3.4: The return type is now `unsigned long` rather than `long`.

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return the type object’s internal namespace, which is otherwise only exposed via a read-only proxy (`cls.__dict__`). This is a replacement for accessing `tp_dict` directly. The returned dictionary must be treated as read-only.

  This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect access (e.g. via the proxy or `PyObject_GetAttr()`) isn’t adequate.

  Extension modules should continue to use `tp_dict`, directly or indirectly, when setting up their own types.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Invalidate the internal lookup cache for the type and all of its subtypes. This function must be called after any manual modification of the attributes or base classes of the type.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

  Register callback as a type watcher. Return a non-negative integer ID which must be passed to future calls to `PyType_Watch()`. In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return `-1` and set an exception.

  In free-threaded builds, `PyType_AddWatcher()` is not thread-safe, so it must be called at start up (before spawning the first thread).

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

  Clear watcher identified by watcher_id (previously returned from `PyType_AddWatcher()`). Return `0` on success, `-1` on error (e.g. if watcher_id was never registered.)

  An extension should never call `PyType_ClearWatcher` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as watched. The callback granted watcher_id by `PyType_AddWatcher()` will be called whenever `PyType_Modified()` reports a change to type. (The callback may be called only once for a series of consecutive modifications to type, if `_PyType_Lookup()` is not called on type between the modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to change.)

  The callback is also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

  An extension should never call `PyType_Watch` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

  Изменено в версии 3.15: The callback is now also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

int PyType_Unwatch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as not watched. This undoes a previous call to `PyType_Watch()`. type must not be `NULL`.

  An extension should never call this function with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  On success, this function returns `0`. On failure, this function returns `-1` with an exception set.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

  Type of a type-watcher callback function.

  The callback must not modify type or cause `PyType_Modified()` to be called on type or any type in its MRO; violating this rule could cause infinite recursion.

  The callback may be called during type deallocation. In this case, the type object is temporarily resurrected (its reference count is at least 1) and all its attributes are still valid. However, the callback should not store new strong references to the type, as this would resurrect the object and prevent its deallocation.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

  Изменено в версии 3.15: The callback may now be called during deallocation of a watched heap type.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

  Return non-zero if the type object o sets the feature feature. Type features are denoted by single bit flags.

int PyType_FastSubclass(PyTypeObject *type, int flag)

  Return non-zero if the type object type sets the subclass flag flag. Subclass flags are denoted by `Py_TPFLAGS_*_SUBCLASS`. This function is used by many `_Check` functions for common types.

  См. также

  `PyObject_TypeCheck()`, which is used as a slower alternative in `_Check` functions for types that don’t come with subclass flags.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

  Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`.

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Return true if a is a subtype of b.

  This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that `__subclasscheck__()` is not called on b. Call `PyObject_IsSubclass()` to do the same check that `issubclass()` would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Generic handler for the `tp_alloc` slot of a type object. Uses Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate memory for a new instance, zeros the memory, then initializes the memory as if by calling `PyObject_Init()` or `PyObject_InitVar()`.

  Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type’s `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  For types that support garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), this function behaves like `PyObject_GC_New` or `PyObject_GC_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization), and should be paired with `PyObject_GC_Del()` in `tp_free`. Otherwise, it behaves like `PyObject_New` or `PyObject_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization) and should be paired with `PyObject_Free()` in `tp_free`.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Generic handler for the `tp_new` slot of a type object. Creates a new instance using the type’s `tp_alloc` slot and returns the resulting object.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots from a type’s base class. Return `0` on success, or return `-1` and sets an exception on error.

  Примечание

  If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the `tp_traverse` handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.11.

  Return the type’s name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__name__` attribute.

  Добавлено в версии 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.11.

  Return the type’s qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__qualname__` attribute.

  Добавлено в версии 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.13.

  Return the type’s fully qualified name. Equivalent to `f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"`, or `type.__qualname__` if `type.__module__` is not a string or is equal to `"builtins"`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.13.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.13.

  Return the type’s module name. Equivalent to getting the `type.__module__` attribute.

  Добавлено в версии 3.13.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.4.

  Return the function pointer stored in the given slot. If the result is `NULL`, this indicates that either the slot is `NULL`, or that the function was called with invalid parameters. Callers will typically cast the result pointer into the appropriate function type.

  See `PyType_Slot.slot` for possible values of the slot argument.

  Добавлено в версии 3.4.

  Изменено в версии 3.10: `PyType_GetSlot()` can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
  Возвращаемое значение: Заимствованная ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.10.

  Return the module object associated with the given type when the type was created using `PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()`.

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  If no module is associated with the given type, sets `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, `PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))` may not return the intended result. `Py_TYPE(self)` may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See `PyCMethod` to get the class that defines the method. See `PyType_GetModuleByToken()` for cases when `PyCMethod` cannot be used.

  Добавлено в версии 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.10.

  Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling `PyModule_GetState()` on the result of `PyType_GetModule()`.

  If no module is associated with the given type, sets `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  If the type has an associated module but its state is `NULL`, returns `NULL` without setting an exception.

  Добавлено в версии 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByToken(PyTypeObject *type, const void *mod_token)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  Find the first superclass whose module has the given module token, and return that module.

  If no module is found, raises a `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  This function is intended to be used together with `PyModule_GetState()` to get module state from slot methods (such as `tp_init` or `nb_add`) and other places where a method’s defining class cannot be passed using the `PyCMethod` calling convention.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)
  Возвращаемое значение: Заимствованная ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.13.

  Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given `PyModuleDef` def, or whose module token is equal to def, and return that module.

  Note that modules created from a `PyModuleDef` always have their token set to the `PyModuleDef`’s address. In other words, this function is equivalent to `PyType_GetModuleByToken()`, except that it:

  - returns a borrowed reference, and

  - has a non-`void*` argument type (which is a cosmetic difference in C).

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  Добавлено в версии 3.11.

int PyType_GetBaseByToken(PyTypeObject *type, void *tp_token, PyTypeObject **result)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.14.

  Find the first superclass in type’s method resolution order whose `Py_tp_token` token is equal to tp_token.

  - If found, set *result to a new strong reference to it and return `1`.

  - If not found, set *result to `NULL` and return `0`.

  - On error, set *result to `NULL` and return `-1` with an exception set.

  The result argument may be `NULL`, in which case *result is not set. Use this if you need only the return value.

  The tp_token argument may not be `NULL`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)
  Это Нестабильный API. Это может измениться без предупреждения в минорных выпусках.

  Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

  Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

int PyType_SUPPORTS_WEAKREFS(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return true if instances of type support creating weak references, false otherwise. This function always succeeds. type must not be `NULL`.

  См. также

  - Weak Reference Objects

  - `weakref`

## Creating Heap-Allocated Types

The following function is used to create heap types:

PyObject *PyType_FromSlots(const PySlot *slots)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  Create and return a heap type from a `PySlot` array. See Definition slots for general information on slots, and Type slot IDs for slots specific to type creation.

  This function calls `PyType_Ready()` on the new type.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer calling `type` (or the metaclass) over `PyType_From*` functions. Specifically:

  - `__new__()` is not called on the new class (and it must be set to `type.__new__`).

  - `__init__()` is not called on the new class.

  - `__init_subclass__()` is not called on any bases.

  - `__set_name__()` is not called on new descriptors.

  Slots are typically defined as a global static constant arrays. However, sometimes slot values are not statically known at compile time. For example, slots like `Py_tp_bases`, `Py_tp_metaclass` and `Py_tp_module` require live Python objects. In this case, it is recommended to put such slots on the stack, and use `Py_slot_subslots` to refer to an array of static slots. For example:

      static const PySlot my_slots[] = {
         PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_tp_name, "MyClass"),
         PySlot_FUNC(Py_tp_repr, my_repr_func),
         ...
         PySlot_END
      };

      PyObject *make_my_class(PyObject *module) {
         PySlot all_slots[] = {
            PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_slot_subslots, my_slots),
            PySlot_DATA(Py_tp_module, module),
            PySlot_END
         };
         return PyType_FromSlots(all_slots);
      }

Heap types created without the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag may be modified, for example by setting attributes on them, as with classes defined in Python code. Sometimes, such modifications are necessary to fully initialize a type, but you may wish to prevent users from changing the type after the initialization is done:

int PyType_Freeze(PyTypeObject *type)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.14.

  Make a type immutable: set the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag.

  All base classes of type must be immutable.

  On success, return `0`. On error, set an exception and return `-1`.

  The type must not be used before it’s made immutable. For example, type instances must not be created before the type is made immutable.

  Добавлено в версии 3.14.

### Type slot IDs

Most type slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures `PyTypeObject`, `PyNumberMethods`, `PySequenceMethods`, `PyMappingMethods` and `PyAsyncMethods` with an added `Py_` prefix. For example, use:

- `Py_tp_dealloc` to set `PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`

- `Py_nb_add` to set `PyNumberMethods.nb_add`

- `Py_sq_length` to set `PySequenceMethods.sq_length`

The following slots need additional considerations when specified as slots:

- `Py_tp_name`

- `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize`

- `Py_tp_itemsize`

- `Py_tp_flags`

Additional slots do not directly correspond to a `PyTypeObject` struct field:

- `Py_tp_token`

- `Py_tp_metaclass`

- `Py_tp_module`

The following “offset” fields cannot be set using `PyType_Slot`:

- `tp_weaklistoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` instead if possible)

- `tp_dictoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` instead if possible)

- `tp_vectorcall_offset` (use `"__vectorcalloffset__"` in PyMemberDef)

If it is not possible to switch to a `MANAGED` flag (for example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12), specify the offset in `Py_tp_members`. See PyMemberDef documentation for details.

The following internal fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap type:

- `tp_dict`, `tp_mro`, `tp_cache`, `tp_subclasses`, and `tp_weaklist`.

The `Py_tp_base` slot is equivalent to `Py_tp_bases`; both may be set either to a type or a tuple of types. If both are specified, the value of `Py_tp_bases` is used.

Slot values may not be `NULL`, except for the following:

- `Py_tp_doc`

- `Py_tp_token` (for clarity, prefer `Py_TP_USE_SPEC` rather than `NULL`)

Изменено в версии 3.9: Slots in `PyBufferProcs` may be set in the unlimited API.

Изменено в версии 3.11: `bf_getbuffer` and `bf_releasebuffer` are now available under the limited API.

Изменено в версии 3.14: The field `tp_vectorcall` can now be set using `Py_tp_vectorcall`. See the field’s documentation for details.

Изменено в версии 3.15: The `Py_tp_bases` slot may be set to a single type object, making it equivalent to the `Py_tp_base` slot. Previously, a tuple of types was required.

The following slots correspond to fields in the underlying type structure, but need extra remarks for use as slots:

Py_tp_name
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the name of the type, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_name`.

  This slot (or `PyType_Spec.name`) is required to create a type.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.name` instead.

  Деталь реализации CPython: CPython processes slots in order. It is recommended to put `Py_tp_name` at the beginning of the slots array, so that if processing of a later slots fails, error messages can include the name.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_basicsize
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the size of the instance in bytes. It is used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`.

  The value must be positive.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.basicsize` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` instead if needed, but be aware that a type’s size is often considered an implementation detail.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_extra_basicsize
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for type data size in bytes, that is, how much space instances of the class need in addition to space needed for superclasses.

  The value is used, together with the size of superclasses, to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`. Python will insert padding as needed to meet `tp_basicsize`’s alignment requirements.

  Use `PyObject_GetTypeData()` to get a pointer to subclass-specific memory reserved this way.

  The value must be positive. To specify that instances need no additional size (that is, size should be inherited), omit the `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` slot rather than set it to zero.

  Specifying both `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` is an error.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_itemsize
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize`. See `tp_itemsize` documentation for caveats.

  The value must be positive.

  If this slot is missing, `tp_itemsize` is inherited. Extending arbitrary variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes, inheriting `itemsize` is only possible in the following situations:

  - The base is not variable-sized (its `tp_itemsize` is zero).

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is positive, suggesting that the memory layout of the base class is known.

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is zero, suggesting that the subclass does not access the instance’s memory directly.

  - With the `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` flag.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.itemsize` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_flags
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for type flags, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_flags`.

  The `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE` flag is not set, `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()` sets it automatically.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetFlags()` instead.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_bases
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  `Slot ID` for type flags, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_bases`.

  The slot can be set to a tuple of type objects which the newly created type should inherit from, like the «positional arguments» of a Python class definition.

  Alternately, the slot can be set to a single type object to specify a single base. The effect is the same as specifying a one-element tuple.

  Изменено в версии 3.15: Previously, `Py_tp_bases` required a tuple of types.

Py_tp_base
  Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Equivalent to `Py_tp_bases` (with `s` at the end). If both are specified, `Py_tp_bases` takes priority and this slot is ignored.

  Изменено в версии 3.15: Previously, `Py_tp_base` required a single type, not a tuple.

  Слегка устарело с версии 3.15: When not targeting older Python versions, prefer `Py_tp_bases`.

The following slots do not correspond to public fields in the underlying structures:

Py_tp_metaclass
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the metaclass used to construct the resulting type object. When omitted the metaclass is derived from bases (`Py_tp_bases` or the bases argument of `PyType_FromMetaclass()`).

  Metaclasses that override `tp_new` are not supported, except if `tp_new` is `NULL`.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a metaclass with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `Py_TYPE()` on the type object instead.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_module
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for recording the module in which the new class is defined.

  The value must be a module object. The module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with `PyType_GetModule()`. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a module with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetModule()` instead.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

Py_tp_token
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.14.

  `Slot ID` for recording a static memory layout ID for a class.

  If the class is defined using a `PyType_Spec`, and that spec is statically allocated, the token can be set to the spec using the special value `Py_TP_USE_SPEC`:

      static PyType_Slot foo_slots[] = {
         {Py_tp_token, Py_TP_USE_SPEC},

  It can also be set to an arbitrary pointer, but you must ensure that:

  - The pointer outlives the class, so it’s not reused for something else while the class exists.

  - It «belongs» to the extension module where the class lives, so it will not clash with other extensions.

  Use `PyType_GetBaseByToken()` to check if a class’s superclass has a given token – that is, check whether the memory layout is compatible.

  To get the token for a given class (without considering superclasses), use `PyType_GetSlot()` with `Py_tp_token`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.14.

  Py_TP_USE_SPEC
    Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.14.

    Used as a value with `Py_tp_token` to set the token to the class’s `PyType_Spec`. May only be used for classes defined using `PyType_Spec`.

    Expands to `NULL`.

    Добавлено в версии 3.14.

Py_tp_slots
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.15.

  `Slot ID` that works like `Py_slot_subslots`, except it specifies an array of `PyType_Slot` structures.

  Добавлено в версии 3.15.

## Soft-deprecated API

The following functions are soft deprecated. They will continue to work, but new features will be added as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, not as arguments to new `PyType_From*` functions.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.12.

  Create and return a heap type from the spec (see `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`).

  A non-`NULL` metaclass argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_metaclass` slot.

  A non-`NULL` bases argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_bases` slot, and takes precedence over `Py_tp_bases` and `Py_tp_bases` slots.

  A non-`NULL` module argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_module` slot.

  This function calls `PyType_Ready()` on the new type.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. See the note in `PyType_FromSlots()` documentation for details.

  Добавлено в версии 3.12.

  Слегка устарело с версии 3.15.0rc1 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.10.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.9.

  Изменено в версии 3.10: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and `NULL` as the `tp_doc` slot.

  Изменено в версии 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Изменено в версии 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Слегка устарело с версии 3.15.0rc1 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI начиная с версии 3.3.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)`.

  Добавлено в версии 3.3.

  Изменено в версии 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Изменено в версии 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Слегка устарело с версии 3.15.0rc1 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
  Возвращаемое значение: Новая ссылка. Часть Стабильный ABI.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)`.

  Изменено в версии 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Изменено в версии 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Слегка устарело с версии 3.15.0rc1 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

type PyType_Spec
  Часть Стабильный ABI (включая всех участников).

  Structure defining a type’s behavior, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

  This structure contains several members that can instead be specified as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, and an array of slot entries with a simpler structure.

  const char *name

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_name`.

  int basicsize

    If positive, corresponds to `Py_tp_basicsize`.

    If negative, corresponds to `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` set to the absolute value.

    Изменено в версии 3.12: Previously, this field could not be negative.

  int itemsize

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_itemsize`.

  unsigned int flags

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_flags`.

  PyType_Slot *slots

    Array of `PyType_Slot` (not `PySlot`) structures.

    Terminated by the special slot value `{0, NULL}`. Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

    type PyType_Slot
      Часть Стабильный ABI (включая всех участников).

      Structure defining optional functionality of a type, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

      Note that a `PyType_Slot` array may be included in a `PySlot` array using `Py_tp_slots`, and vice versa using `Py_slot_subslots`.

      Each `PyType_Slot` structure `tpslot` is interpreted as the following `PySlot` structure:

          (PySlot){
             .sl_id=tpslot.slot,
             .sl_flags=PySlot_INTPTR | sub_static,
             .sl_ptr=tpslot.func
          }

      where `sub_static` is `PySlot_STATIC` if the slot requires the flag (such as for `Py_tp_methods`), or if this flag is present on the «parent» `Py_tp_slots` slot (if any).

      int slot

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_id`.

      void *pfunc

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_ptr`.