"socket" --- Low-level networking interface
*******************************************

**Source code:** Lib/socket.py

======================================================================

This module provides access to the BSD *socket* interface. It is
available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably
additional platforms.

Notă:

  Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the
  operating system socket APIs.

Availability: not Emscripten, not WASI.

This module does not work or is not available on WebAssembly platforms
"wasm32-emscripten" and "wasm32-wasi". See WebAssembly platforms for
more information.

The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix
system call and library interface for sockets to Python's object-
oriented style: the "socket()" function returns a *socket object*
whose methods implement the various socket system calls.  Parameter
types are somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with
"read()" and "write()" operations on Python files, buffer allocation
on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on
send operations.

Vezi și:

  Module "socketserver"
     Classes that simplify writing network servers.

  Module "ssl"
     A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.


Socket families
===============

Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families
are supported by this module.

The address format required by a particular socket object is
automatically selected based on the address family specified when the
socket object was created.  Socket addresses are represented as
follows:

* The address of an "AF_UNIX" socket bound to a file system node is
  represented as a string, using the file system encoding and the
  "'surrogateescape'" error handler (see **PEP 383**).  An address in
  Linux's abstract namespace is returned as a *bytes-like object* with
  an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can
  communicate with normal file system sockets, so programs intended to
  run on Linux may need to deal with both types of address.  A string
  or bytes-like object can be used for either type of address when
  passing it as an argument.

  Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: Previously, "AF_UNIX" socket paths were
  assumed to use UTF-8 encoding.

  Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: Writable *bytes-like object* is now
  accepted.

* A pair "(host, port)" is used for the "AF_INET" address family,
  where *host* is a string representing either a hostname in internet
  domain notation like "'daring.cwi.nl'" or an IPv4 address like
  "'100.50.200.5'", and *port* is an integer.

  * For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a
    host address: "''" represents "INADDR_ANY", which is used to bind
    to all interfaces, and the string "'<broadcast>'" represents
    "INADDR_BROADCAST".  This behavior is not compatible with IPv6,
    therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support
    IPv6 with your Python programs.

* For "AF_INET6" address family, a four-tuple "(host, port, flowinfo,
  scope_id)" is used, where *flowinfo* and *scope_id* represent the
  "sin6_flowinfo" and "sin6_scope_id" members in "struct sockaddr_in6"
  in C.  For "socket" module methods, *flowinfo* and *scope_id* can be
  omitted just for backward compatibility.  Note, however, omission of
  *scope_id* can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses.

  Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: For multicast addresses (with *scope_id*
  meaningful) *address* may not contain "%scope_id" (or "zone id")
  part. This information is superfluous and may be safely omitted
  (recommended).

* "AF_NETLINK" sockets are represented as pairs "(pid, groups)".

* Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the "AF_TIPC" address
  family.  TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed
  for use in clustered computer environments.  Addresses are
  represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type.
  The general tuple form is "(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])",
  where:

  * *addr_type* is one of "TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ", "TIPC_ADDR_NAME", or
    "TIPC_ADDR_ID".

  * *scope* is one of "TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE", "TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE", and
    "TIPC_NODE_SCOPE".

  * If *addr_type* is "TIPC_ADDR_NAME", then *v1* is the server type,
    *v2* is the port identifier, and *v3* should be 0.

    If *addr_type* is "TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ", then *v1* is the server
    type, *v2* is the lower port number, and *v3* is the upper port
    number.

    If *addr_type* is "TIPC_ADDR_ID", then *v1* is the node, *v2* is
    the reference, and *v3* should be set to 0.

* A tuple "(interface, )" is used for the "AF_CAN" address family,
  where *interface* is a string representing a network interface name
  like "'can0'". The network interface name "''" can be used to
  receive packets from all network interfaces of this family.

  * "CAN_ISOTP" protocol require a tuple "(interface, rx_addr,
    tx_addr)" where both additional parameters are unsigned long
    integer that represent a CAN identifier (standard or extended).

  * "CAN_J1939" protocol require a tuple "(interface, name, pgn,
    addr)" where additional parameters are 64-bit unsigned integer
    representing the ECU name, a 32-bit unsigned integer representing
    the Parameter Group Number (PGN), and an 8-bit integer
    representing the address.

* A string or a tuple "(id, unit)" is used for the "SYSPROTO_CONTROL"
  protocol of the "PF_SYSTEM" family. The string is the name of a
  kernel control using a dynamically assigned ID. The tuple can be
  used if ID and unit number of the kernel control are known or if a
  registered ID is used.

  Added in version 3.3.

* "AF_BLUETOOTH" supports the following protocols and address formats:

  * "BTPROTO_L2CAP" accepts "(bdaddr, psm)" where "bdaddr" is the
    Bluetooth address as a string and "psm" is an integer.

  * "BTPROTO_RFCOMM" accepts "(bdaddr, channel)" where "bdaddr" is the
    Bluetooth address as a string and "channel" is an integer.

  * "BTPROTO_HCI" accepts "(device_id,)" where "device_id" is either
    an integer or a string with the Bluetooth address of the
    interface. (This depends on your OS; NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD
    expect a Bluetooth address while everything else expects an
    integer.)

    Schimbat în versiunea 3.2: NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added.

  * "BTPROTO_SCO" accepts "bdaddr" where "bdaddr" is a "bytes" object
    containing the Bluetooth address in a string format. (ex.
    "b'12:23:34:45:56:67'") This protocol is not supported under
    FreeBSD.

* "AF_ALG" is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel
  cryptography. An algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two
  to four elements "(type, name [, feat [, mask]])", where:

  * *type* is the algorithm type as string, e.g. "aead", "hash",
    "skcipher" or "rng".

  * *name* is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g.
    "sha256", "hmac(sha256)", "cbc(aes)" or "drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256".

  * *feat* and *mask* are unsigned 32bit integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

  Some algorithm types require more recent Kernels.

  Added in version 3.6.

* "AF_VSOCK" allows communication between virtual machines and their
  hosts. The sockets are represented as a "(CID, port)" tuple where
  the context ID or CID and port are integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 3.9

  See *vsock(7)*

  Added in version 3.7.

* "AF_PACKET" is a low-level interface directly to network devices.
  The addresses are represented by the tuple "(ifname, proto[,
  pkttype[, hatype[, addr]]])" where:

  * *ifname* - String specifying the device name.

  * *proto* - The Ethernet protocol number. May be "ETH_P_ALL" to
    capture all protocols, one of the ETHERTYPE_* constants or any
    other Ethernet protocol number.

  * *pkttype* - Optional integer specifying the packet type:

    * "PACKET_HOST" (the default) - Packet addressed to the local
      host.

    * "PACKET_BROADCAST" - Physical-layer broadcast packet.

    * "PACKET_MULTICAST" - Packet sent to a physical-layer multicast
      address.

    * "PACKET_OTHERHOST" - Packet to some other host that has been
      caught by a device driver in promiscuous mode.

    * "PACKET_OUTGOING" - Packet originating from the local host that
      is looped back to a packet socket.

  * *hatype* - Optional integer specifying the ARP hardware address
    type.

  * *addr* - Optional bytes-like object specifying the hardware
    physical address, whose interpretation depends on the device.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.2.

* "AF_QIPCRTR" is a Linux-only socket based interface for
  communicating with services running on co-processors in Qualcomm
  platforms. The address family is represented as a "(node, port)"
  tuple where the *node* and *port* are non-negative integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 4.7.

  Added in version 3.8.

* "IPPROTO_UDPLITE" is a variant of UDP which allows you to specify
  what portion of a packet is covered with the checksum. It adds two
  socket options that you can change.
  "self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, length)" will
  change what portion of outgoing packets are covered by the checksum
  and "self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, length)"
  will filter out packets which cover too little of their data. In
  both cases "length" should be in "range(8, 2**16, 8)".

  Such a socket should be constructed with "socket(AF_INET,
  SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)" for IPv4 or "socket(AF_INET6,
  SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)" for IPv6.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.20, FreeBSD >= 10.1

  Added in version 3.9.

* "AF_HYPERV" is a Windows-only socket based interface for
  communicating with Hyper-V hosts and guests. The address family is
  represented as a "(vm_id, service_id)" tuple where the "vm_id" and
  "service_id" are UUID strings.

  The "vm_id" is the virtual machine identifier or a set of known VMID
  values if the target is not a specific virtual machine. Known VMID
  constants defined on "socket" are:

  * "HV_GUID_ZERO"

  * "HV_GUID_BROADCAST"

  * "HV_GUID_WILDCARD" - Used to bind on itself and accept connections
    from all partitions.

  * "HV_GUID_CHILDREN" - Used to bind on itself and accept connection
    from child partitions.

  * "HV_GUID_LOOPBACK" - Used as a target to itself.

  * "HV_GUID_PARENT" - When used as a bind accepts connection from the
    parent partition. When used as an address target it will connect
    to the parent partition.

  The "service_id" is the service identifier of the registered
  service.

  Added in version 3.12.

If you use a hostname in the *host* portion of IPv4/v6 socket address,
the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the
first address returned from the DNS resolution.  The socket address
will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending
on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration.  For
deterministic behavior use a numeric address in *host* portion.

All errors raise exceptions.  The normal exceptions for invalid
argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised. Errors
related to socket or address semantics raise "OSError" or one of its
subclasses.

Non-blocking mode is supported through "setblocking()".  A
generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through
"settimeout()".


Module contents
===============

The module "socket" exports the following elements.


Exceptions
----------

exception socket.error

   A deprecated alias of "OSError".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: Following **PEP 3151**, this class was
   made an alias of "OSError".

exception socket.herror

   A subclass of "OSError", this exception is raised for address-
   related errors, i.e. for functions that use *h_errno* in the POSIX
   C API, including "gethostbyname_ex()" and "gethostbyaddr()". The
   accompanying value is a pair "(h_errno, string)" representing an
   error returned by a library call.  *h_errno* is a numeric value,
   while *string* represents the description of *h_errno*, as returned
   by the "hstrerror()" C function.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: This class was made a subclass of
   "OSError".

exception socket.gaierror

   A subclass of "OSError", this exception is raised for address-
   related errors by "getaddrinfo()" and "getnameinfo()". The
   accompanying value is a pair "(error, string)" representing an
   error returned by a library call.  *string* represents the
   description of *error*, as returned by the "gai_strerror()" C
   function.  The numeric *error* value will match one of the "EAI_*"
   constants defined in this module.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: This class was made a subclass of
   "OSError".

exception socket.timeout

   A deprecated alias of "TimeoutError".

   A subclass of "OSError", this exception is raised when a timeout
   occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call
   to "settimeout()" (or implicitly through "setdefaulttimeout()").
   The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always
   "timed out".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: This class was made a subclass of
   "OSError".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.10: This class was made an alias of
   "TimeoutError".


Constants
---------

   The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now "AddressFamily" and
   "SocketKind" "IntEnum" collections.

   Added in version 3.4.

socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6

   These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used
   for the first argument to "socket()".  If the "AF_UNIX" constant is
   not defined then this protocol is unsupported.  More constants may
   be available depending on the system.

socket.AF_UNSPEC

   "AF_UNSPEC" means that "getaddrinfo()" should return socket
   addresses for any address family (either IPv4, IPv6, or any other)
   that can be used.

socket.SOCK_STREAM
socket.SOCK_DGRAM
socket.SOCK_RAW
socket.SOCK_RDM
socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET

   These constants represent the socket types, used for the second
   argument to "socket()".  More constants may be available depending
   on the system. (Only "SOCK_STREAM" and "SOCK_DGRAM" appear to be
   generally useful.)

socket.SOCK_CLOEXEC
socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK

   These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket
   types and allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding
   possible race conditions and the need for separate calls).

   Vezi și:

     Secure File Descriptor Handling for a more thorough explanation.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.27.

   Added in version 3.2.

SO_*
socket.SOMAXCONN
MSG_*
SOL_*
SCM_*
IPPROTO_*
IPPORT_*
INADDR_*
IP_*
IPV6_*
EAI_*
AI_*
NI_*
TCP_*

   Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation
   on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket
   module. They are generally used in arguments to the "setsockopt()"
   and "getsockopt()" methods of socket objects.  In most cases, only
   those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are
   defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6: "SO_DOMAIN", "SO_PROTOCOL",
   "SO_PEERSEC", "SO_PASSSEC", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT", "TCP_CONGESTION"
   were added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6.5: On Windows, "TCP_FASTOPEN",
   "TCP_KEEPCNT" appear if run-time Windows supports.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" was added.On
   Windows, "TCP_KEEPIDLE", "TCP_KEEPINTVL" appear if run-time Windows
   supports.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.10: "IP_RECVTOS" was added.  Added
   "TCP_KEEPALIVE". On MacOS this constant can be used in the same
   way that "TCP_KEEPIDLE" is used on Linux.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.11: Added "TCP_CONNECTION_INFO". On MacOS
   this constant can be used in the same way that "TCP_INFO" is used
   on Linux and BSD.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.12: Added "SO_RTABLE" and "SO_USER_COOKIE".
   On OpenBSD and FreeBSD respectively those constants can be used in
   the same way that "SO_MARK" is used on Linux. Also added missing
   TCP socket options from Linux: "TCP_MD5SIG",
   "TCP_THIN_LINEAR_TIMEOUTS", "TCP_THIN_DUPACK", "TCP_REPAIR",
   "TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE", "TCP_QUEUE_SEQ", "TCP_REPAIR_OPTIONS",
   "TCP_TIMESTAMP", "TCP_CC_INFO", "TCP_SAVE_SYN", "TCP_SAVED_SYN",
   "TCP_REPAIR_WINDOW", "TCP_FASTOPEN_CONNECT", "TCP_ULP",
   "TCP_MD5SIG_EXT", "TCP_FASTOPEN_KEY", "TCP_FASTOPEN_NO_COOKIE",
   "TCP_ZEROCOPY_RECEIVE", "TCP_INQ", "TCP_TX_DELAY". Added
   "IP_PKTINFO", "IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE", "IP_BLOCK_SOURCE",
   "IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP", "IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP".

socket.AF_CAN
socket.PF_CAN
SOL_CAN_*
CAN_*

   Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux
   documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25, NetBSD >= 8.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.11: NetBSD support was added.

socket.CAN_BCM
CAN_BCM_*

   CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM)
   protocol. Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux
   documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25.

   Notă:

     The "CAN_BCM_CAN_FD_FRAME" flag is only available on Linux >=
     4.8.

   Added in version 3.4.

socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES

   Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by
   default. This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD
   frames; however, you must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when
   reading from the socket.

   This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.

   Availability: Linux >= 3.6.

   Added in version 3.5.

socket.CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS

   Joins the applied CAN filters such that only CAN frames that match
   all given CAN filters are passed to user space.

   This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.

   Availability: Linux >= 4.1.

   Added in version 3.9.

socket.CAN_ISOTP

   CAN_ISOTP, in the CAN protocol family, is the ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2)
   protocol. ISO-TP constants, documented in the Linux documentation.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25.

   Added in version 3.7.

socket.CAN_J1939

   CAN_J1939, in the CAN protocol family, is the SAE J1939 protocol.
   J1939 constants, documented in the Linux documentation.

   Availability: Linux >= 5.4.

   Added in version 3.9.

socket.AF_DIVERT
socket.PF_DIVERT

   These two constants, documented in the FreeBSD divert(4) manual
   page, are also defined in the socket module.

   Availability: FreeBSD >= 14.0.

   Added in version 3.12.

socket.AF_PACKET
socket.PF_PACKET
PACKET_*

   Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux
   documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.2.

socket.ETH_P_ALL

   "ETH_P_ALL" can be used in the "socket" constructor as *proto* for
   the "AF_PACKET" family in order to capture every packet, regardless
   of protocol.

   For more information, see the *packet(7)* manpage.

   Availability: Linux.

   Added in version 3.12.

socket.AF_RDS
socket.PF_RDS
socket.SOL_RDS
RDS_*

   Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux
   documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.30.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.SIO_RCVALL
socket.SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS
socket.SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH
RCVALL_*

   Constants for Windows' WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as
   arguments to the "ioctl()" method of socket objects.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6: "SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH" was added.

TIPC_*

   TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket
   API. See the TIPC documentation for more information.

socket.AF_ALG
socket.SOL_ALG
ALG_*

   Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

   Added in version 3.6.

socket.AF_VSOCK
socket.IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
VMADDR*
SO_VM*

   Constants for Linux host/guest communication.

   Availability: Linux >= 4.8.

   Added in version 3.7.

socket.AF_LINK

   Availability: BSD, macOS.

   Added in version 3.4.

socket.has_ipv6

   This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is
   supported on this platform.

socket.BDADDR_ANY
socket.BDADDR_LOCAL

   These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with
   special meanings. For example, "BDADDR_ANY" can be used to indicate
   any address when specifying the binding socket with
   "BTPROTO_RFCOMM".

socket.HCI_FILTER
socket.HCI_TIME_STAMP
socket.HCI_DATA_DIR

   For use with "BTPROTO_HCI". "HCI_FILTER" is not available for
   NetBSD or DragonFlyBSD. "HCI_TIME_STAMP" and "HCI_DATA_DIR" are not
   available for FreeBSD, NetBSD, or DragonFlyBSD.

socket.AF_QIPCRTR

   Constant for Qualcomm's IPC router protocol, used to communicate
   with service providing remote processors.

   Availability: Linux >= 4.7.

socket.SCM_CREDS2
socket.LOCAL_CREDS
socket.LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT

   LOCAL_CREDS and LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT can be used with SOCK_DGRAM,
   SOCK_STREAM sockets, equivalent to Linux/DragonFlyBSD SO_PASSCRED,
   while LOCAL_CREDS sends the credentials at first read,
   LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT sends for each read, SCM_CREDS2 must be then
   used for the latter for the message type.

   Added in version 3.11.

   Availability: FreeBSD.

socket.SO_INCOMING_CPU

      Constant to optimize CPU locality, to be used in conjunction
      with "SO_REUSEPORT".

   Added in version 3.11.

   Availability: Linux >= 3.9

socket.AF_HYPERV
socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND
socket.HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU
socket.HV_GUID_ZERO
socket.HV_GUID_WILDCARD
socket.HV_GUID_BROADCAST
socket.HV_GUID_CHILDREN
socket.HV_GUID_LOOPBACK
socket.HV_GUID_PARENT

   Constants for Windows Hyper-V sockets for host/guest
   communications.

   Availability: Windows.

   Added in version 3.12.

socket.ETHERTYPE_ARP
socket.ETHERTYPE_IP
socket.ETHERTYPE_IPV6
socket.ETHERTYPE_VLAN

   IEEE 802.3 protocol number. constants.

   Availability: Linux, FreeBSD, macOS.

   Added in version 3.12.

socket.SHUT_RD
socket.SHUT_WR
socket.SHUT_RDWR

   These constants are used by the "shutdown()" method of socket
   objects.

   Availability: not WASI.


Functions
---------


Creating sockets
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The following functions all create socket objects.

class socket.socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)

   Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and
   protocol number.  The address family should be "AF_INET" (the
   default), "AF_INET6", "AF_UNIX", "AF_CAN", "AF_PACKET", or
   "AF_RDS". The socket type should be "SOCK_STREAM" (the default),
   "SOCK_DGRAM", "SOCK_RAW" or perhaps one of the other "SOCK_"
   constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted
   or in the case where the address family is "AF_CAN" the protocol
   should be one of "CAN_RAW", "CAN_BCM", "CAN_ISOTP" or "CAN_J1939".

   If *fileno* is specified, the values for *family*, *type*, and
   *proto* are auto-detected from the specified file descriptor.
   Auto-detection can be overruled by calling the function with
   explicit *family*, *type*, or *proto* arguments.  This only affects
   how Python represents e.g. the return value of
   "socket.getpeername()" but not the actual OS resource.  Unlike
   "socket.fromfd()", *fileno* will return the same socket and not a
   duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using
   "socket.close()".

   The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.__new__" with arguments "self",
   "family", "type", "protocol".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.3: The AF_CAN family was added. The AF_RDS
   family was added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The CAN_BCM protocol was added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The returned socket is now non-
   inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: The CAN_ISOTP protocol was added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: When "SOCK_NONBLOCK" or "SOCK_CLOEXEC"
   bit flags are applied to *type* they are cleared, and "socket.type"
   will not reflect them.  They are still passed to the underlying
   system "socket()" call.  Therefore,

      sock = socket.socket(
          socket.AF_INET,
          socket.SOCK_STREAM | socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK)

   will still create a non-blocking socket on OSes that support
   "SOCK_NONBLOCK", but "sock.type" will be set to
   "socket.SOCK_STREAM".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.9: The CAN_J1939 protocol was added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.10: The IPPROTO_MPTCP protocol was added.

socket.socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])

   Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address
   family, socket type, and protocol number.  Address family, socket
   type, and protocol number are as for the "socket()" function above.
   The default family is "AF_UNIX" if defined on the platform;
   otherwise, the default is "AF_INET".

   The newly created sockets are non-inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.2: The returned socket objects now support
   the whole socket API, rather than a subset.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The returned sockets are now non-
   inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: Windows support added.

socket.create_connection(address, timeout=GLOBAL_DEFAULT, source_address=None, *, all_errors=False)

   Connect to a TCP service listening on the internet *address* (a
   2-tuple "(host, port)"), and return the socket object.  This is a
   higher-level function than "socket.connect()": if *host* is a non-
   numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both "AF_INET" and
   "AF_INET6", and then try to connect to all possible addresses in
   turn until a connection succeeds.  This makes it easy to write
   clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.

   Passing the optional *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on
   the socket instance before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout*
   is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by
   "getdefaulttimeout()" is used.

   If supplied, *source_address* must be a 2-tuple "(host, port)" for
   the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting.  If
   host or port are '' or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will
   be used.

   When a connection cannot be created, an exception is raised. By
   default, it is the exception from the last address in the list. If
   *all_errors* is "True", it is an "ExceptionGroup" containing the
   errors of all attempts.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.2: *source_address* was added.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.11: *all_errors* was added.

socket.create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False, dualstack_ipv6=False)

   Convenience function which creates a TCP socket bound to *address*
   (a 2-tuple "(host, port)") and returns the socket object.

   *family* should be either "AF_INET" or "AF_INET6". *backlog* is the
   queue size passed to "socket.listen()"; if not specified , a
   default reasonable value is chosen. *reuse_port* dictates whether
   to set the "SO_REUSEPORT" socket option.

   If *dualstack_ipv6* is true, *family* is "AF_INET6" and the
   platform supports it the socket will be able to accept both IPv4
   and IPv6 connections, else it will raise "ValueError". Most POSIX
   platforms and Windows are supposed to support this functionality.
   When this functionality is enabled the address returned by
   "socket.getpeername()" when an IPv4 connection occurs will be an
   IPv6 address represented as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. If
   *dualstack_ipv6* is false it will explicitly disable this
   functionality on platforms that enable it by default (e.g. Linux).
   This parameter can be used in conjunction with
   "has_dualstack_ipv6()":

      import socket

      addr = ("", 8080)  # all interfaces, port 8080
      if socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
          s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
      else:
          s = socket.create_server(addr)

   Notă:

     On POSIX platforms the "SO_REUSEADDR" socket option is set in
     order to immediately reuse previous sockets which were bound on
     the same *address* and remained in TIME_WAIT state.

   Added in version 3.8.

socket.has_dualstack_ipv6()

   Return "True" if the platform supports creating a TCP socket which
   can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 connections.

   Added in version 3.8.

socket.fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0)

   Duplicate the file descriptor *fd* (an integer as returned by a
   file object's "fileno()" method) and build a socket object from the
   result.  Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for
   the "socket()" function above. The file descriptor should refer to
   a socket, but this is not checked --- subsequent operations on the
   object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is
   rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a
   socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a
   server started by the Unix inet daemon).  The socket is assumed to
   be in blocking mode.

   The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The returned socket is now non-
   inheritable.

socket.fromshare(data)

   Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the "socket.share()"
   method.  The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.

   Availability: Windows.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.SocketType

   This is a Python type object that represents the socket object
   type. It is the same as "type(socket(...))".


Other functions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "socket" module also offers various network-related services:

socket.close(fd)

   Close a socket file descriptor. This is like "os.close()", but for
   sockets. On some platforms (most noticeable Windows) "os.close()"
   does not work for socket file descriptors.

   Added in version 3.7.

socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=AF_UNSPEC, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)

   This function wraps the C function "getaddrinfo" of the underlying
   system.

   Translate the *host*/*port* argument into a sequence of 5-tuples
   that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket
   connected to that service. *host* is a domain name, a string
   representation of an IPv4/v6 address or "None". *port* is a string
   service name such as "'http'", a numeric port number or "None".  By
   passing "None" as the value of *host* and *port*, you can pass
   "NULL" to the underlying C API.

   The *family*, *type* and *proto* arguments can be optionally
   specified in order to provide options and limit the list of
   addresses returned. Pass their default values ("AF_UNSPEC", 0, and
   0, respectively) to not limit the results. See the note below for
   details.

   The *flags* argument can be one or several of the "AI_*" constants,
   and will influence how results are computed and returned. For
   example, "AI_NUMERICHOST" will disable domain name resolution and
   will raise an error if *host* is a domain name.

   The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following
   structure:

   "(family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)"

   In these tuples, *family*, *type*, *proto* are all integers and are
   meant to be passed to the "socket()" function.  *canonname* will be
   a string representing the canonical name of the *host* if
   "AI_CANONNAME" is part of the *flags* argument; else *canonname*
   will be empty.  *sockaddr* is a tuple describing a socket address,
   whose format depends on the returned *family* (a "(address, port)"
   2-tuple for "AF_INET", a "(address, port, flowinfo, scope_id)"
   4-tuple for "AF_INET6"), and is meant to be passed to the
   "socket.connect()" method.

   Notă:

     If you intend to use results from "getaddrinfo()" to create a
     socket (rather than, for example, retrieve *canonname*), consider
     limiting the results by *type* (e.g. "SOCK_STREAM" or
     "SOCK_DGRAM") and/or *proto* (e.g. "IPPROTO_TCP" or
     "IPPROTO_UDP") that your application can handle.The behavior with
     default values of *family*, *type*, *proto* and *flags* is
     system-specific.Many systems (for example, most Linux
     configurations) will return a sorted list of all matching
     addresses. These addresses should generally be tried in order
     until a connection succeeds (possibly tried in parallel, for
     example, using a Happy Eyeballs algorithm). In these cases,
     limiting the *type* and/or *proto* can help eliminate
     unsuccessful or unusable connection attempts.Some systems will,
     however, only return a single address. (For example, this was
     reported on Solaris and AIX configurations.) On these systems,
     limiting the *type* and/or *proto* helps ensure that this address
     is usable.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.getaddrinfo" with arguments
   "host", "port", "family", "type", "protocol".

   The following example fetches address information for a
   hypothetical TCP connection to "example.org" on port 80 (results
   may differ on your system if IPv6 isn't enabled):

      >>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
      [(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
       6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)),
       (socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
       6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 80))]

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.2: parameters can now be passed using
   keyword arguments.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: for IPv6 multicast addresses, string
   representing an address will not contain "%scope_id" part.

socket.getfqdn([name])

   Return a fully qualified domain name for *name*. If *name* is
   omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host.  To find the
   fully qualified name, the hostname returned by "gethostbyaddr()" is
   checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available.  The first
   name which includes a period is selected.  In case no fully
   qualified domain name is available and *name* was provided, it is
   returned unchanged.  If *name* was empty or equal to "'0.0.0.0'",
   the hostname from "gethostname()" is returned.

socket.gethostbyname(hostname)

   Translate a host name to IPv4 address format.  The IPv4 address is
   returned as a string, such as  "'100.50.200.5'".  If the host name
   is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged.  See
   "gethostbyname_ex()" for a more complete interface.
   "gethostbyname()" does not support IPv6 name resolution, and
   "getaddrinfo()" should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack
   support.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.gethostbyname" with argument
   "hostname".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)

   Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface.
   Return a 3-tuple "(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)" where
   *hostname* is the host's primary host name, *aliaslist* is a
   (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same
   address, and *ipaddrlist* is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same
   interface on the same host (often but not always a single address).
   "gethostbyname_ex()" does not support IPv6 name resolution, and
   "getaddrinfo()" should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack
   support.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.gethostbyname" with argument
   "hostname".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostname()

   Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where  the
   Python interpreter is currently executing.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.gethostname" with no arguments.

   Note: "gethostname()" doesn't always return the fully qualified
   domain name; use "getfqdn()" for that.

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostbyaddr(ip_address)

   Return a 3-tuple "(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)" where
   *hostname* is the primary host name responding to the given
   *ip_address*, *aliaslist* is a (possibly empty) list of alternative
   host names for the same address, and *ipaddrlist* is a list of
   IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most
   likely containing only a single address). To find the fully
   qualified domain name, use the function "getfqdn()".
   "gethostbyaddr()" supports both IPv4 and IPv6.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.gethostbyaddr" with argument
   "ip_address".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)

   Translate a socket address *sockaddr* into a 2-tuple "(host,
   port)". Depending on the settings of *flags*, the result can
   contain a fully qualified domain name or numeric address
   representation in *host*.  Similarly, *port* can contain a string
   port name or a numeric port number.

   For IPv6 addresses, "%scope_id" is appended to the host part if
   *sockaddr* contains meaningful *scope_id*. Usually this happens for
   multicast addresses.

   For more information about *flags* you can consult
   *getnameinfo(3)*.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.getnameinfo" with argument
   "sockaddr".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.getprotobyname(protocolname)

   Translate an internet protocol name (for example, "'icmp'") to a
   constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to
   the "socket()" function.  This is usually only needed for sockets
   opened in "raw" mode ("SOCK_RAW"); for the normal socket modes, the
   correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted
   or zero.

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname])

   Translate an internet service name and protocol name to a port
   number for that service.  The optional protocol name, if given,
   should be "'tcp'" or "'udp'", otherwise any protocol will match.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.getservbyname" with arguments
   "servicename", "protocolname".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.getservbyport(port[, protocolname])

   Translate an internet port number and protocol name to a service
   name for that service.  The optional protocol name, if given,
   should be "'tcp'" or "'udp'", otherwise any protocol will match.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.getservbyport" with arguments
   "port", "protocolname".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.ntohl(x)

   Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order.
   On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte
   order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap
   operation.

socket.ntohs(x)

   Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order.
   On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte
   order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap
   operation.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.10: Raises "OverflowError" if *x* does not
   fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer.

socket.htonl(x)

   Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order.
   On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte
   order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap
   operation.

socket.htons(x)

   Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order.
   On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte
   order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap
   operation.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.10: Raises "OverflowError" if *x* does not
   fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer.

socket.inet_aton(ip_string)

   Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for
   example, '123.45.67.89') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes
   object four characters in length.  This is useful when conversing
   with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects
   of type "in_addr", which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary
   this function returns.

   "inet_aton()" also accepts strings with less than three dots; see
   the Unix manual page *inet(3)* for details.

   If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid,
   "OSError" will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends
   on the underlying C implementation of "inet_aton()".

   "inet_aton()" does not support IPv6, and "inet_pton()" should be
   used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.

socket.inet_ntoa(packed_ip)

   Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a *bytes-like object* four
   bytes in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation
   (for example, '123.45.67.89').  This is useful when conversing with
   a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of
   type "in_addr", which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary
   data this function takes as an argument.

   If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes
   in length, "OSError" will be raised. "inet_ntoa()" does not support
   IPv6, and "inet_ntop()" should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual
   stack support.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: Writable *bytes-like object* is now
   accepted.

socket.inet_pton(address_family, ip_string)

   Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a
   packed, binary format. "inet_pton()" is useful when a library or
   network protocol calls for an object of type "in_addr" (similar to
   "inet_aton()") or "in6_addr".

   Supported values for *address_family* are currently "AF_INET" and
   "AF_INET6". If the IP address string *ip_string* is invalid,
   "OSError" will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends
   on both the value of *address_family* and the underlying
   implementation of "inet_pton()".

   Availability: Unix, Windows.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: Windows support added

socket.inet_ntop(address_family, packed_ip)

   Convert a packed IP address (a *bytes-like object* of some number
   of bytes) to its standard, family-specific string representation
   (for example, "'7.10.0.5'" or "'5aef:2b::8'"). "inet_ntop()" is
   useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of type
   "in_addr" (similar to "inet_ntoa()") or "in6_addr".

   Supported values for *address_family* are currently "AF_INET" and
   "AF_INET6". If the bytes object *packed_ip* is not the correct
   length for the specified address family, "ValueError" will be
   raised. "OSError" is raised for errors from the call to
   "inet_ntop()".

   Availability: Unix, Windows.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: Windows support added

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: Writable *bytes-like object* is now
   accepted.

socket.CMSG_LEN(length)

   Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary
   data item with associated data of the given *length*.  This value
   can often be used as the buffer size for "recvmsg()" to receive a
   single item of ancillary data, but **RFC 3542** requires portable
   applications to use "CMSG_SPACE()" and thus include space for
   padding, even when the item will be the last in the buffer.  Raises
   "OverflowError" if *length* is outside the permissible range of
   values.

   Availability: Unix, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Most Unix platforms.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.CMSG_SPACE(length)

   Return the buffer size needed for "recvmsg()" to receive an
   ancillary data item with associated data of the given *length*,
   along with any trailing padding.  The buffer space needed to
   receive multiple items is the sum of the "CMSG_SPACE()" values for
   their associated data lengths.  Raises "OverflowError" if *length*
   is outside the permissible range of values.

   Note that some systems might support ancillary data without
   providing this function.  Also note that setting the buffer size
   using the results of this function may not precisely limit the
   amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional
   data may be able to fit into the padding area.

   Availability: Unix, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   most Unix platforms.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.getdefaulttimeout()

   Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket
   objects. A value of "None" indicates that new socket objects have
   no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default
   is "None".

socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

   Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects.
   When the socket module is first imported, the default is "None".
   See "settimeout()" for possible values and their respective
   meanings.

socket.sethostname(name)

   Set the machine's hostname to *name*.  This will raise an "OSError"
   if you don't have enough rights.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.sethostname" with argument "name".

   Availability: Unix.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.if_nameindex()

   Return a list of network interface information (index int, name
   string) tuples. "OSError" if the system call fails.

   Availability: Unix, Windows, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.8: Windows support was added.

   Notă:

     On Windows network interfaces have different names in different
     contexts (all names are examples):

     * UUID: "{FB605B73-AAC2-49A6-9A2F-25416AEA0573}"

     * name: "ethernet_32770"

     * friendly name: "vEthernet (nat)"

     * description: "Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter"

     This function returns names of the second form from the list,
     "ethernet_32770" in this example case.

socket.if_nametoindex(if_name)

   Return a network interface index number corresponding to an
   interface name. "OSError" if no interface with the given name
   exists.

   Availability: Unix, Windows, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.8: Windows support was added.

   Vezi și:

     "Interface name" is a name as documented in "if_nameindex()".

socket.if_indextoname(if_index)

   Return a network interface name corresponding to an interface index
   number. "OSError" if no interface with the given index exists.

   Availability: Unix, Windows, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.8: Windows support was added.

   Vezi și:

     "Interface name" is a name as documented in "if_nameindex()".

socket.send_fds(sock, buffers, fds[, flags[, address]])

   Send the list of file descriptors *fds* over an "AF_UNIX" socket
   *sock*. The *fds* parameter is a sequence of file descriptors.
   Consult "sendmsg()" for the documentation of these parameters.

   Availability: Unix, Windows, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Unix platforms supporting "sendmsg()" and "SCM_RIGHTS" mechanism.

   Added in version 3.9.

socket.recv_fds(sock, bufsize, maxfds[, flags])

   Receive up to *maxfds* file descriptors from an "AF_UNIX" socket
   *sock*. Return "(msg, list(fds), flags, addr)". Consult "recvmsg()"
   for the documentation of these parameters.

   Availability: Unix, Windows, not Emscripten, not WASI.

   Unix platforms supporting "sendmsg()" and "SCM_RIGHTS" mechanism.

   Added in version 3.9.

   Notă:

     Any truncated integers at the end of the list of file
     descriptors.


Socket Objects
==============

Socket objects have the following methods.  Except for "makefile()",
these correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets.

Schimbat în versiunea 3.2: Support for the *context manager* protocol
was added.  Exiting the context manager is equivalent to calling
"close()".

socket.accept()

   Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and
   listening for connections. The return value is a pair "(conn,
   address)" where *conn* is a *new* socket object usable to send and
   receive data on the connection, and *address* is the address bound
   to the socket on the other end of the connection.

   The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.bind(address)

   Bind the socket to *address*.  The socket must not already be
   bound. (The format of *address* depends on the address family ---
   see above.)

   Raises an auditing event "socket.bind" with arguments "self",
   "address".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.close()

   Mark the socket closed.  The underlying system resource (e.g. a
   file descriptor) is also closed when all file objects from
   "makefile()" are closed.  Once that happens, all future operations
   on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more
   data (after queued data is flushed).

   Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected,
   but it is recommended to "close()" them explicitly, or to use a
   "with" statement around them.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6: "OSError" is now raised if an error
   occurs when the underlying "close()" call is made.

   Notă:

     "close()" releases the resource associated with a connection but
     does not necessarily close the connection immediately.  If you
     want to close the connection in a timely fashion, call
     "shutdown()" before "close()".

socket.connect(address)

   Connect to a remote socket at *address*. (The format of *address*
   depends on the address family --- see above.)

   If the connection is interrupted by a signal, the method waits
   until the connection completes, or raise a "TimeoutError" on
   timeout, if the signal handler doesn't raise an exception and the
   socket is blocking or has a timeout. For non-blocking sockets, the
   method raises an "InterruptedError" exception if the connection is
   interrupted by a signal (or the exception raised by the signal
   handler).

   Raises an auditing event "socket.connect" with arguments "self",
   "address".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: The method now waits until the
   connection completes instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception if the connection is interrupted by a signal, the signal
   handler doesn't raise an exception and the socket is blocking or
   has a timeout (see the **PEP 475** for the rationale).

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.connect_ex(address)

   Like "connect(address)", but return an error indicator instead of
   raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level "connect()"
   call (other problems, such as "host not found," can still raise
   exceptions).  The error indicator is "0" if the operation
   succeeded, otherwise the value of the "errno" variable.  This is
   useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.connect" with arguments "self",
   "address".

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.detach()

   Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing
   the underlying file descriptor.  The file descriptor is returned,
   and can be reused for other purposes.

   Added in version 3.2.

socket.dup()

   Duplicate the socket.

   The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable.

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.fileno()

   Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer), or -1 on
   failure. This is useful with "select.select()".

   Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be
   used where a file descriptor can be used (such as "os.fdopen()").
   Unix does not have this limitation.

socket.get_inheritable()

   Get the inheritable flag of the socket's file descriptor or
   socket's handle: "True" if the socket can be inherited in child
   processes, "False" if it cannot.

   Added in version 3.4.

socket.getpeername()

   Return the remote address to which the socket is connected.  This
   is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket,
   for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the
   address family --- see above.)  On some systems this function is
   not supported.

socket.getsockname()

   Return the socket's own address.  This is useful to find out the
   port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the
   address returned depends on the address family --- see above.)

socket.getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen])

   Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page
   *getsockopt(2)*).  The needed symbolic constants (SO_* etc.) are
   defined in this module.  If *buflen* is absent, an integer option
   is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function.  If
   *buflen* is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer
   used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a
   bytes object.  It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the
   buffer (see the optional built-in module "struct" for a way to
   decode C structures encoded as byte strings).

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.getblocking()

   Return "True" if socket is in blocking mode, "False" if in non-
   blocking.

   This is equivalent to checking "socket.gettimeout() != 0".

   Added in version 3.7.

socket.gettimeout()

   Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket
   operations, or "None" if no timeout is set.  This reflects the last
   call to "setblocking()" or "settimeout()".

socket.ioctl(control, option)

   Platform:
      Windows

   The "ioctl()" method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system
   interface.  Please refer to the Win32 documentation for more
   information.

   On other platforms, the generic "fcntl.fcntl()" and "fcntl.ioctl()"
   functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first
   argument.

   Currently only the following control codes are supported:
   "SIO_RCVALL", "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS", and "SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6: "SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH" was added.

socket.listen([backlog])

   Enable a server to accept connections.  If *backlog* is specified,
   it must be at least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it
   specifies the number of unaccepted connections that the system will
   allow before refusing new connections. If not specified, a default
   reasonable value is chosen.

   Availability: not WASI.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: The *backlog* parameter is now optional.

socket.makefile(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Return a *file object* associated with the socket.  The exact
   returned type depends on the arguments given to "makefile()".
   These arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in
   "open()" function, except the only supported *mode* values are
   "'r'" (default), "'w'", "'b'", or a combination of those.

   The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the
   file object's internal buffer may end up in an inconsistent state
   if a timeout occurs.

   Closing the file object returned by "makefile()" won't close the
   original socket unless all other file objects have been closed and
   "socket.close()" has been called on the socket object.

   Notă:

     On Windows, the file-like object created by "makefile()" cannot
     be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected,
     such as the stream arguments of "subprocess.Popen()".

socket.recv(bufsize[, flags])

   Receive data from the socket.  The return value is a bytes object
   representing the data received.  The maximum amount of data to be
   received at once is specified by *bufsize*. A returned empty bytes
   object indicates that the client has disconnected. See the Unix
   manual page *recv(2)* for the meaning of the optional argument
   *flags*; it defaults to zero.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.recvfrom(bufsize[, flags])

   Receive data from the socket.  The return value is a pair "(bytes,
   address)" where *bytes* is a bytes object representing the data
   received and *address* is the address of the socket sending the
   data.  See the Unix manual page *recv(2)* for the meaning of the
   optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero. (The format of
   *address* depends on the address family --- see above.)

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: For multicast IPv6 address, first item
   of *address* does not contain "%scope_id" part anymore. In order to
   get full IPv6 address use "getnameinfo()".

socket.recvmsg(bufsize[, ancbufsize[, flags]])

   Receive normal data (up to *bufsize* bytes) and ancillary data from
   the socket.  The *ancbufsize* argument sets the size in bytes of
   the internal buffer used to receive the ancillary data; it defaults
   to 0, meaning that no ancillary data will be received.  Appropriate
   buffer sizes for ancillary data can be calculated using
   "CMSG_SPACE()" or "CMSG_LEN()", and items which do not fit into the
   buffer might be truncated or discarded.  The *flags* argument
   defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for "recv()".

   The return value is a 4-tuple: "(data, ancdata, msg_flags,
   address)".  The *data* item is a "bytes" object holding the non-
   ancillary data received.  The *ancdata* item is a list of zero or
   more tuples "(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)" representing the
   ancillary data (control messages) received: *cmsg_level* and
   *cmsg_type* are integers specifying the protocol level and
   protocol-specific type respectively, and *cmsg_data* is a "bytes"
   object holding the associated data.  The *msg_flags* item is the
   bitwise OR of various flags indicating conditions on the received
   message; see your system documentation for details. If the
   receiving socket is unconnected, *address* is the address of the
   sending socket, if available; otherwise, its value is unspecified.

   On some systems, "sendmsg()" and "recvmsg()" can be used to pass
   file descriptors between processes over an "AF_UNIX" socket.  When
   this facility is used (it is often restricted to "SOCK_STREAM"
   sockets), "recvmsg()" will return, in its ancillary data, items of
   the form "(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds)", where *fds*
   is a "bytes" object representing the new file descriptors as a
   binary array of the native C int type.  If "recvmsg()" raises an
   exception after the system call returns, it will first attempt to
   close any file descriptors received via this mechanism.

   Some systems do not indicate the truncated length of ancillary data
   items which have been only partially received.  If an item appears
   to extend beyond the end of the buffer, "recvmsg()" will issue a
   "RuntimeWarning", and will return the part of it which is inside
   the buffer provided it has not been truncated before the start of
   its associated data.

   On systems which support the "SCM_RIGHTS" mechanism, the following
   function will receive up to *maxfds* file descriptors, returning
   the message data and a list containing the descriptors (while
   ignoring unexpected conditions such as unrelated control messages
   being received).  See also "sendmsg()".

      import socket, array

      def recv_fds(sock, msglen, maxfds):
          fds = array.array("i")   # Array of ints
          msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize))
          for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
              if cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
                  # Append data, ignoring any truncated integers at the end.
                  fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[:len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
          return msg, list(fds)

   Availability: Unix.

   Most Unix platforms.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.recvmsg_into(buffers[, ancbufsize[, flags]])

   Receive normal data and ancillary data from the socket, behaving as
   "recvmsg()" would, but scatter the non-ancillary data into a series
   of buffers instead of returning a new bytes object.  The *buffers*
   argument must be an iterable of objects that export writable
   buffers (e.g. "bytearray" objects); these will be filled with
   successive chunks of the non-ancillary data until it has all been
   written or there are no more buffers.  The operating system may set
   a limit ("sysconf()" value "SC_IOV_MAX") on the number of buffers
   that can be used.  The *ancbufsize* and *flags* arguments have the
   same meaning as for "recvmsg()".

   The return value is a 4-tuple: "(nbytes, ancdata, msg_flags,
   address)", where *nbytes* is the total number of bytes of non-
   ancillary data written into the buffers, and *ancdata*, *msg_flags*
   and *address* are the same as for "recvmsg()".

   Example:

      >>> import socket
      >>> s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
      >>> b1 = bytearray(b'----')
      >>> b2 = bytearray(b'0123456789')
      >>> b3 = bytearray(b'--------------')
      >>> s1.send(b'Mary had a little lamb')
      22
      >>> s2.recvmsg_into([b1, memoryview(b2)[2:9], b3])
      (22, [], 0, None)
      >>> [b1, b2, b3]
      [bytearray(b'Mary'), bytearray(b'01 had a 9'), bytearray(b'little lamb---')]

   Availability: Unix.

   Most Unix platforms.

   Added in version 3.3.

socket.recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])

   Receive data from the socket, writing it into *buffer* instead of
   creating a new bytestring.  The return value is a pair "(nbytes,
   address)" where *nbytes* is the number of bytes received and
   *address* is the address of the socket sending the data.  See the
   Unix manual page *recv(2)* for the meaning of the optional argument
   *flags*; it defaults to zero.  (The format of *address* depends on
   the address family --- see above.)

socket.recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])

   Receive up to *nbytes* bytes from the socket, storing the data into
   a buffer rather than creating a new bytestring.  If *nbytes* is not
   specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given
   buffer.  Returns the number of bytes received.  See the Unix manual
   page *recv(2)* for the meaning of the optional argument *flags*; it
   defaults to zero.

socket.send(bytes[, flags])

   Send data to the socket.  The socket must be connected to a remote
   socket.  The optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for
   "recv()" above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are
   responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some
   of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt
   delivery of the remaining data. For further information on this
   topic, consult the Socket Programming HOWTO.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.sendall(bytes[, flags])

   Send data to the socket.  The socket must be connected to a remote
   socket.  The optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for
   "recv()" above. Unlike "send()", this method continues to send data
   from *bytes* until either all data has been sent or an error
   occurs.  "None" is returned on success.  On error, an exception is
   raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was
   successfully sent.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: The socket timeout is no longer reset
   each time data is sent successfully. The socket timeout is now the
   maximum total duration to send all data.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.sendto(bytes, address)
socket.sendto(bytes, flags, address)

   Send data to the socket.  The socket should not be connected to a
   remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by
   *address*.  The optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as
   for "recv()" above.  Return the number of bytes sent. (The format
   of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.)

   Raises an auditing event "socket.sendto" with arguments "self",
   "address".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.sendmsg(buffers[, ancdata[, flags[, address]]])

   Send normal and ancillary data to the socket, gathering the non-
   ancillary data from a series of buffers and concatenating it into a
   single message.  The *buffers* argument specifies the non-ancillary
   data as an iterable of *bytes-like objects* (e.g. "bytes" objects);
   the operating system may set a limit ("sysconf()" value
   "SC_IOV_MAX") on the number of buffers that can be used.  The
   *ancdata* argument specifies the ancillary data (control messages)
   as an iterable of zero or more tuples "(cmsg_level, cmsg_type,
   cmsg_data)", where *cmsg_level* and *cmsg_type* are integers
   specifying the protocol level and protocol-specific type
   respectively, and *cmsg_data* is a bytes-like object holding the
   associated data.  Note that some systems (in particular, systems
   without "CMSG_SPACE()") might support sending only one control
   message per call.  The *flags* argument defaults to 0 and has the
   same meaning as for "send()".  If *address* is supplied and not
   "None", it sets a destination address for the message.  The return
   value is the number of bytes of non-ancillary data sent.

   The following function sends the list of file descriptors *fds*
   over an "AF_UNIX" socket, on systems which support the "SCM_RIGHTS"
   mechanism.  See also "recvmsg()".

      import socket, array

      def send_fds(sock, msg, fds):
          return sock.sendmsg([msg], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, array.array("i", fds))])

   Availability: Unix, not WASI.

   Most Unix platforms.

   Raises an auditing event "socket.sendmsg" with arguments "self",
   "address".

   Added in version 3.3.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and
   the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now
   retries the system call instead of raising an "InterruptedError"
   exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale).

socket.sendmsg_afalg([msg, ]*, op[, iv[, assoclen[, flags]]])

   Specialized version of "sendmsg()" for "AF_ALG" socket. Set mode,
   IV, AEAD associated data length and flags for "AF_ALG" socket.

   Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

   Added in version 3.6.

socket.sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)

   Send a file until EOF is reached by using high-performance
   "os.sendfile" and return the total number of bytes which were sent.
   *file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. If
   "os.sendfile" is not available (e.g. Windows) or *file* is not a
   regular file "send()" will be used instead. *offset* tells from
   where to start reading the file. If specified, *count* is the total
   number of bytes to transmit as opposed to sending the file until
   EOF is reached. File position is updated on return or also in case
   of error in which case "file.tell()" can be used to figure out the
   number of bytes which were sent. The socket must be of
   "SOCK_STREAM" type. Non-blocking sockets are not supported.

   Added in version 3.5.

socket.set_inheritable(inheritable)

   Set the inheritable flag of the socket's file descriptor or
   socket's handle.

   Added in version 3.4.

socket.setblocking(flag)

   Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if *flag* is
   false, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode.

   This method is a shorthand for certain "settimeout()" calls:

   * "sock.setblocking(True)" is equivalent to "sock.settimeout(None)"

   * "sock.setblocking(False)" is equivalent to "sock.settimeout(0.0)"

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: The method no longer applies
   "SOCK_NONBLOCK" flag on "socket.type".

socket.settimeout(value)

   Set a timeout on blocking socket operations.  The *value* argument
   can be a nonnegative floating-point number expressing seconds, or
   "None". If a non-zero value is given, subsequent socket operations
   will raise a "timeout" exception if the timeout period *value* has
   elapsed before the operation has completed.  If zero is given, the
   socket is put in non-blocking mode. If "None" is given, the socket
   is put in blocking mode.

   For further information, please consult the notes on socket
   timeouts.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.7: The method no longer toggles
   "SOCK_NONBLOCK" flag on "socket.type".

socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: int)

socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: buffer)

socket.setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int)

   Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page
   *setsockopt(2)*).  The needed symbolic constants are defined in
   this module (*SO_* etc. <socket-unix-constants>*).  The value can
   be an integer, "None" or a *bytes-like object* representing a
   buffer. In the later case it is up to the caller to ensure that the
   bytestring contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in
   module "struct" for a way to encode C structures as bytestrings).
   When *value* is set to "None", *optlen* argument is required. It's
   equivalent to call "setsockopt()" C function with "optval=NULL" and
   "optlen=optlen".

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.5: Writable *bytes-like object* is now
   accepted.

   Schimbat în versiunea 3.6: setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen:
   int) form added.

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.shutdown(how)

   Shut down one or both halves of the connection.  If *how* is
   "SHUT_RD", further receives are disallowed.  If *how* is "SHUT_WR",
   further sends are disallowed.  If *how* is "SHUT_RDWR", further
   sends and receives are disallowed.

   Availability: not WASI.

socket.share(process_id)

   Duplicate a socket and prepare it for sharing with a target
   process.  The target process must be provided with *process_id*.
   The resulting bytes object can then be passed to the target process
   using some form of interprocess communication and the socket can be
   recreated there using "fromshare()". Once this method has been
   called, it is safe to close the socket since the operating system
   has already duplicated it for the target process.

   Availability: Windows.

   Added in version 3.3.

Note that there are no methods "read()" or "write()"; use "recv()" and
"send()" without *flags* argument instead.

Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond
to the values given to the "socket" constructor.

socket.family

   The socket family.

socket.type

   The socket type.

socket.proto

   The socket protocol.


Notes on socket timeouts
========================

A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking,
or timeout.  Sockets are by default always created in blocking mode,
but this can be changed by calling "setdefaulttimeout()".

* In *blocking mode*, operations block until complete or the system
  returns an error (such as connection timed out).

* In *non-blocking mode*, operations fail (with an error that is
  unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed
  immediately: functions from the "select" module can be used to know
  when and whether a socket is available for reading or writing.

* In *timeout mode*, operations fail if they cannot be completed
  within the timeout specified for the socket (they raise a "timeout"
  exception) or if the system returns an error.

Notă:

  At the operating system level, sockets in *timeout mode* are
  internally set in non-blocking mode.  Also, the blocking and timeout
  modes are shared between file descriptors and socket objects that
  refer to the same network endpoint. This implementation detail can
  have visible consequences if e.g. you decide to use the "fileno()"
  of a socket.


Timeouts and the "connect" method
---------------------------------

The "connect()" operation is also subject to the timeout setting, and
in general it is recommended to call "settimeout()" before calling
"connect()" or pass a timeout parameter to "create_connection()".
However, the system network stack may also return a connection timeout
error of its own regardless of any Python socket timeout setting.


Timeouts and the "accept" method
--------------------------------

If "getdefaulttimeout()" is not "None", sockets returned by the
"accept()" method inherit that timeout.  Otherwise, the behaviour
depends on settings of the listening socket:

* if the listening socket is in *blocking mode* or in *timeout mode*,
  the socket returned by "accept()" is in *blocking mode*;

* if the listening socket is in *non-blocking mode*, whether the
  socket returned by "accept()" is in blocking or non-blocking mode is
  operating system-dependent.  If you want to ensure cross-platform
  behaviour, it is recommended you manually override this setting.


Example
=======

Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a
server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one
client), and a client using it.  Note that a server must perform the
sequence "socket()", "bind()", "listen()", "accept()" (possibly
repeating the "accept()" to service more than one client), while a
client only needs the sequence "socket()", "connect()".  Also note
that the server does not "sendall()"/"recv()" on the socket it is
listening on but on the new socket returned by "accept()".

The first two examples support IPv4 only.

   # Echo server program
   import socket

   HOST = ''                 # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
   PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
   with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
       s.bind((HOST, PORT))
       s.listen(1)
       conn, addr = s.accept()
       with conn:
           print('Connected by', addr)
           while True:
               data = conn.recv(1024)
               if not data: break
               conn.sendall(data)

   # Echo client program
   import socket

   HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
   PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
   with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
       s.connect((HOST, PORT))
       s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
       data = s.recv(1024)
   print('Received', repr(data))

The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both
IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family
available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready
systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4
traffic. The client side will try to connect to all the addresses
returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the
first one connected successfully.

   # Echo server program
   import socket
   import sys

   HOST = None               # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
   PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
   s = None
   for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
                                 socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
       af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
       try:
           s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
       except OSError as msg:
           s = None
           continue
       try:
           s.bind(sa)
           s.listen(1)
       except OSError as msg:
           s.close()
           s = None
           continue
       break
   if s is None:
       print('could not open socket')
       sys.exit(1)
   conn, addr = s.accept()
   with conn:
       print('Connected by', addr)
       while True:
           data = conn.recv(1024)
           if not data: break
           conn.send(data)

   # Echo client program
   import socket
   import sys

   HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
   PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
   s = None
   for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
       af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
       try:
           s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
       except OSError as msg:
           s = None
           continue
       try:
           s.connect(sa)
       except OSError as msg:
           s.close()
           s = None
           continue
       break
   if s is None:
       print('could not open socket')
       sys.exit(1)
   with s:
       s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
       data = s.recv(1024)
   print('Received', repr(data))

The next example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with
raw sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges
to modify the interface:

   import socket

   # the public network interface
   HOST = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())

   # create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface
   s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_IP)
   s.bind((HOST, 0))

   # Include IP headers
   s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1)

   # receive all packets
   s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_ON)

   # receive a packet
   print(s.recvfrom(65565))

   # disabled promiscuous mode
   s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF)

The next example shows how to use the socket interface to communicate
to a CAN network using the raw socket protocol. To use CAN with the
broadcast manager protocol instead, open a socket with:

   socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_BCM)

After binding ("CAN_RAW") or connecting ("CAN_BCM") the socket, you
can use the "socket.send()" and "socket.recv()" operations (and their
counterparts) on the socket object as usual.

This last example might require special privileges:

   import socket
   import struct


   # CAN frame packing/unpacking (see 'struct can_frame' in <linux/can.h>)

   can_frame_fmt = "=IB3x8s"
   can_frame_size = struct.calcsize(can_frame_fmt)

   def build_can_frame(can_id, data):
       can_dlc = len(data)
       data = data.ljust(8, b'\x00')
       return struct.pack(can_frame_fmt, can_id, can_dlc, data)

   def dissect_can_frame(frame):
       can_id, can_dlc, data = struct.unpack(can_frame_fmt, frame)
       return (can_id, can_dlc, data[:can_dlc])


   # create a raw socket and bind it to the 'vcan0' interface
   s = socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.CAN_RAW)
   s.bind(('vcan0',))

   while True:
       cf, addr = s.recvfrom(can_frame_size)

       print('Received: can_id=%x, can_dlc=%x, data=%s' % dissect_can_frame(cf))

       try:
           s.send(cf)
       except OSError:
           print('Error sending CAN frame')

       try:
           s.send(build_can_frame(0x01, b'\x01\x02\x03'))
       except OSError:
           print('Error sending CAN frame')

Running an example several times with too small delay between
executions, could lead to this error:

   OSError: [Errno 98] Address already in use

This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a
"TIME_WAIT" state, and can't be immediately reused.

There is a "socket" flag to set, in order to prevent this,
"socket.SO_REUSEADDR":

   s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
   s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
   s.bind((HOST, PORT))

the "SO_REUSEADDR" flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
"TIME_WAIT" state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire.

Vezi și:

  For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following
  papers:

  * *An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial*, by
    Stuart Sechrest

  * *An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial*, by
    Samuel J.  Leffler et al,

  both in the UNIX Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1
  (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8).  The platform-specific reference
  material for the various socket-related system calls are also a
  valuable source of information on the details of socket semantics.
  For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock
  (or Winsock 2) specification.  For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want
  to refer to **RFC 3493** titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions
  for IPv6.
