Enum¶

Uma Enum é um conjunto de nomes simbólicos vinculados a valores únicos. São similares a variáveis globais, mas eles oferecem uma repr() mais útil, agrupamento, segurança de tipo e alguns outros recursos.

Eles são mais úteis quando você tem uma variável que pode ter uma seleção limitada de valores. Por exemplo, os dias da semana:

>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Weekday(Enum):
...     MONDAY = 1
...     TUESDAY = 2
...     WEDNESDAY = 3
...     THURSDAY = 4
...     FRIDAY = 5
...     SATURDAY = 6
...     SUNDAY = 7

Ou talvez as cores primárias RGB:

>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = 1
...     GREEN = 2
...     BLUE = 3

Como você pode ver, criar um Enum é tão simples quanto escrever uma classe que herda do próprio Enum.

Nota

Caso de membros de Enums

Como os Enums são usados para representar constantes, e para ajudar a evitar problemas com nomes conflitando entre métodos/atributos de classes mixin e nomes enum, nós fortemente recomendamos o uso de nomes em UPPER_CASE(em caixa alta) para membros, e usaremos esse estilo em nossos exemplos.

Dependendo da natureza do enum, o valor de um membro pode ou não ser importante, mas de qualquer forma esse valor pode ser usado para obter o membro correspondente:

>>> Weekday(3)
<Weekday.WEDNESDAY: 3>

Como você pode ver, o repr() de um membro mostra o nome do enum, o nome do membro e o valor. O str() de um membro mostra apenas o nome do enum e o nome do membro:

>>> print(Weekday.THURSDAY)
Weekday.THURSDAY

O tipo de um membro de enumeração é o enum ao qual ele pertence:

>>> type(Weekday.MONDAY)
<enum 'Weekday'>
>>> isinstance(Weekday.FRIDAY, Weekday)
True

Enum members have an attribute that contains just their name:

>>> print(Weekday.TUESDAY.name)
TUESDAY

Likewise, they have an attribute for their value:

>>> Weekday.WEDNESDAY.value
3

Unlike many languages that treat enumerations solely as name/value pairs, Python Enums can have behavior added. For example, datetime.date has two methods for returning the weekday: weekday() and isoweekday(). The difference is that one of them counts from 0-6 and the other from 1-7. Rather than keep track of that ourselves we can add a method to the Weekday enum to extract the day from the date instance and return the matching enum member:

@classmethod
def from_date(cls, date):
    return cls(date.isoweekday())

The complete Weekday enum now looks like this:

>>> class Weekday(Enum):
...     MONDAY = 1
...     TUESDAY = 2
...     WEDNESDAY = 3
...     THURSDAY = 4
...     FRIDAY = 5
...     SATURDAY = 6
...     SUNDAY = 7
...     #
...     @classmethod
...     def from_date(cls, date):
...         return cls(date.isoweekday())

Agora podemos descobrir o que é hoje! Observar:

>>> from datetime import date
>>> Weekday.from_date(date.today())     
<Weekday.TUESDAY: 2>

Claro, se você estiver lendo isso em algum outro dia, você verá esse dia.

This Weekday enum is great if our variable only needs one day, but what if we need several? Maybe we’re writing a function to plot chores during a week, and don’t want to use a list – we could use a different type of Enum:

>>> from enum import Flag
>>> class Weekday(Flag):
...     MONDAY = 1
...     TUESDAY = 2
...     WEDNESDAY = 4
...     THURSDAY = 8
...     FRIDAY = 16
...     SATURDAY = 32
...     SUNDAY = 64

Nós mudamos duas coisas: estamos herdando de Flag, e os valores são todos potências de 2.

Just like the original Weekday enum above, we can have a single selection:

>>> first_week_day = Weekday.MONDAY
>>> first_week_day
<Weekday.MONDAY: 1>

Porem Flag também nos permite combinar vários membros em uma única variável:

>>> weekend = Weekday.SATURDAY | Weekday.SUNDAY
>>> weekend
<Weekday.SATURDAY|SUNDAY: 96>

Você pode até mesmo iterar sobre uma variável Flag:

>>> for day in weekend:
...     print(day)
Weekday.SATURDAY
Weekday.SUNDAY

Certo, vamos configurar algumas tarefas domésticas:

>>> chores_for_ethan = {
...     'feed the cat': Weekday.MONDAY | Weekday.WEDNESDAY | Weekday.FRIDAY,
...     'do the dishes': Weekday.TUESDAY | Weekday.THURSDAY,
...     'answer SO questions': Weekday.SATURDAY,
...     }

E a função para mostrar as tarefas domésticas para um determinado dia:

>>> def show_chores(chores, day):
...     for chore, days in chores.items():
...         if day in days:
...             print(chore)
...
>>> show_chores(chores_for_ethan, Weekday.SATURDAY)
answer SO questions

In cases where the actual values of the members do not matter, you can save yourself some work and use auto() for the values:

>>> from enum import auto
>>> class Weekday(Flag):
...     MONDAY = auto()
...     TUESDAY = auto()
...     WEDNESDAY = auto()
...     THURSDAY = auto()
...     FRIDAY = auto()
...     SATURDAY = auto()
...     SUNDAY = auto()
...     WEEKEND = SATURDAY | SUNDAY

Acesso programático aos membros da enumeração e seus atributos.¶

Em alguns momentos, é util ter acesso aos membros na enumeração de forma programática(ou seja, em situações em que Color.RED não é adequado porque a cor exata não é conhecida no momento da escrita do programa).``Enum`` permite esse tipo de acesso:

>>> Color(1)
<Color.RED: 1>
>>> Color(3)
<Color.BLUE: 3>

Se você deseja ter acesso aos membros do enum pelo nome, use o acesso por itens:

>>> Color['RED']
<Color.RED: 1>
>>> Color['GREEN']
<Color.GREEN: 2>

If you have an enum member and need its name or value:

>>> member = Color.RED
>>> member.name
'RED'
>>> member.value
1

Duplicar membros do enum e seus valores.¶

Ter dois membros de um enum com o mesmo nome é inválido:

>>> class Shape(Enum):
...     SQUARE = 2
...     SQUARE = 3
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'SQUARE' already defined as 2

Porém, um membro do enum pode ter outros nomes associados a ele. Dado dois membros A e B com o mesmo valor (e A definido primeiro), B é um apelido para o membro A. A pesquisa por valor de A retorna o membro A. A Pesquisa por nome de A também retorna o membro A. A pesquisa por nome de B também retorna o membro A:

>>> class Shape(Enum):
...     SQUARE = 2
...     DIAMOND = 1
...     CIRCLE = 3
...     ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE = 2
...
>>> Shape.SQUARE
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>
>>> Shape.ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>
>>> Shape(2)
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>

Nota

Tentar criar um membro com o mesmo nome de um atributo já definido (outro membro, um método, etc.) ou tentar criar um atributo com o mesmo nome de um membro não é permitido.

Garantindo valores únicos de enumeração¶

Por padrão, enumerações permitem múltiplos nomes como apelidos para o mesmo valor. Quando esse comportamento não é desejado, você pode usar o decorador unique():

>>> from enum import Enum, unique
>>> @unique
... class Mistake(Enum):
...     ONE = 1
...     TWO = 2
...     THREE = 3
...     FOUR = 3
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'Mistake'>: FOUR -> THREE

Usando valores automáticos¶

Se o exato valor não é importante, você pode usar auto:

>>> from enum import Enum, auto
>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...
>>> [member.value for member in Color]
[1, 2, 3]

The values are chosen by _generate_next_value_(), which can be overridden:

>>> class AutoName(Enum):
...     @staticmethod
...     def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
...         return name
...
>>> class Ordinal(AutoName):
...     NORTH = auto()
...     SOUTH = auto()
...     EAST = auto()
...     WEST = auto()
...
>>> [member.value for member in Ordinal]
['NORTH', 'SOUTH', 'EAST', 'WEST']

Nota

The _generate_next_value_() method must be defined before any members.

Iteração¶

Iterar sobre os membros de um enum não fornece os apelidos:

>>> list(Shape)
[<Shape.SQUARE: 2>, <Shape.DIAMOND: 1>, <Shape.CIRCLE: 3>]
>>> list(Weekday)
[<Weekday.MONDAY: 1>, <Weekday.TUESDAY: 2>, <Weekday.WEDNESDAY: 4>, <Weekday.THURSDAY: 8>, <Weekday.FRIDAY: 16>, <Weekday.SATURDAY: 32>, <Weekday.SUNDAY: 64>]

Note que os apelidos Shape.ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE e Weekday.WEEKEND não são mostrados.

O atributo especial __members__ é um mapeamento ordenado somente leitura de nomes para os membros. Isso inclui todos os nomes definidos na enumeração, incluindo os apelidos:

>>> for name, member in Shape.__members__.items():
...     name, member
...
('SQUARE', <Shape.SQUARE: 2>)
('DIAMOND', <Shape.DIAMOND: 1>)
('CIRCLE', <Shape.CIRCLE: 3>)
('ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE', <Shape.SQUARE: 2>)

O atributo __members__ pode ser usado para um acesso programático detalhado aos membros da enumeração. Por exemplo, achar todos os apelidos:

>>> [name for name, member in Shape.__members__.items() if member.name != name]
['ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE']

Nota

Aliases for flags include values with multiple flags set, such as 3, and no flags set, i.e. 0.

Comparações¶

Membros de uma enumeração são comparados por identidade:

>>> Color.RED is Color.RED
True
>>> Color.RED is Color.BLUE
False
>>> Color.RED is not Color.BLUE
True

Ordered comparisons between enumeration values are not supported. Enum members are not integers (but see IntEnum below):

>>> Color.RED < Color.BLUE
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Color' and 'Color'

Equality comparisons are defined though:

>>> Color.BLUE == Color.RED
False
>>> Color.BLUE != Color.RED
True
>>> Color.BLUE == Color.BLUE
True

Comparisons against non-enumeration values will always compare not equal (again, IntEnum was explicitly designed to behave differently, see below):

>>> Color.BLUE == 2
False

Aviso

É possivel recarregar módulos – se um módulo recarregado contém enums, eles serão recriados, e os novos membros não podem ser comparados de forma identifica/igual a membros originais.

Membros e atributos permitidos em enumerações¶

A maioria dos exemplos acima usa inteiros como valores para os enums. Usar inteiros é simples e prático (isso é disponibilizado como padrão pela API funcional), mas não é a única aplicação. Na grande maioria dos caso de uso, não importa o valor de fato que um enum possui. Mas se o valor é importante, enums podem ser valores arbitrários.

Enumeções são classes Python, e podem ter métodos e até mesmo métodos especiais como de usual. Se temos essa enumeração:

>>> class Mood(Enum):
...     FUNKY = 1
...     HAPPY = 3
...
...     def describe(self):
...         # self is the member here
...         return self.name, self.value
...
...     def __str__(self):
...         return 'my custom str! {0}'.format(self.value)
...
...     @classmethod
...     def favorite_mood(cls):
...         # cls here is the enumeration
...         return cls.HAPPY
...

Então:

>>> Mood.favorite_mood()
<Mood.HAPPY: 3>
>>> Mood.HAPPY.describe()
('HAPPY', 3)
>>> str(Mood.FUNKY)
'my custom str! 1'

The rules for what is allowed are as follows: names that start and end with a single underscore are reserved by enum and cannot be used; all other attributes defined within an enumeration will become members of this enumeration, with the exception of special methods (__str__(), __add__(), etc.), descriptors (methods are also descriptors), and variable names listed in _ignore_.

Note: if your enumeration defines __new__() and/or __init__(), any value(s) given to the enum member will be passed into those methods. See Planet for an example.

Nota

The __new__() method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum members; it is then replaced by Enum’s __new__() which is used after class creation for lookup of existing members. See When to use __new__() vs. __init__() for more details.

Restricted Enum subclassing¶

A new Enum class must have one base enum class, up to one concrete data type, and as many object-based mixin classes as needed. The order of these base classes is:

class EnumName([mix-in, ...,] [data-type,] base-enum):
    pass

Além disso, criar uma subclasse de uma enumeração é permitido apenas se a enumeção não define nenhum membro. Pontando isso é proibido:

>>> class MoreColor(Color):
...     PINK = 17
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: <enum 'MoreColor'> cannot extend <enum 'Color'>

Mas isso é permitido:

>>> class Foo(Enum):
...     def some_behavior(self):
...         pass
...
>>> class Bar(Foo):
...     HAPPY = 1
...     SAD = 2
...

Allowing subclassing of enums that define members would lead to a violation of some important invariants of types and instances. On the other hand, it makes sense to allow sharing some common behavior between a group of enumerations. (See OrderedEnum for an example.)

Suporte a dataclass¶

When inheriting from a dataclass, the __repr__() omits the inherited class’ name. For example:

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass, field
>>> @dataclass
... class CreatureDataMixin:
...     size: str
...     legs: int
...     tail: bool = field(repr=False, default=True)
...
>>> class Creature(CreatureDataMixin, Enum):
...     BEETLE = 'small', 6
...     DOG = 'medium', 4
...
>>> Creature.DOG
<Creature.DOG: size='medium', legs=4>

Use the dataclass() argument repr=False to use the standard repr().

Alterado na versão 3.12: Only the dataclass fields are shown in the value area, not the dataclass’ name.

Nota

Adding dataclass() decorator to Enum and its subclasses is not supported. It will not raise any errors, but it will produce very strange results at runtime, such as members being equal to each other:

>>> @dataclass               # don't do this: it does not make any sense
... class Color(Enum):
...    RED = 1
...    BLUE = 2
...
>>> Color.RED is Color.BLUE
False
>>> Color.RED == Color.BLUE  # problem is here: they should not be equal
True

Pickling¶

Enumerations can be pickled and unpickled:

>>> from test.test_enum import Fruit
>>> from pickle import dumps, loads
>>> Fruit.TOMATO is loads(dumps(Fruit.TOMATO))
True

The usual restrictions for pickling apply: picklable enums must be defined in the top level of a module, since unpickling requires them to be importable from that module.

Nota

With pickle protocol version 4 it is possible to easily pickle enums nested in other classes.

It is possible to modify how enum members are pickled/unpickled by defining __reduce_ex__() in the enumeration class. The default method is by-value, but enums with complicated values may want to use by-name:

>>> import enum
>>> class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
...     __reduce_ex__ = enum.pickle_by_enum_name

Nota

Using by-name for flags is not recommended, as unnamed aliases will not unpickle.

API funcional¶

A classe Enum é chamável, fornecendo a API funcional a seguir:

>>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG')
>>> Animal
<enum 'Animal'>
>>> Animal.ANT
<Animal.ANT: 1>
>>> list(Animal)
[<Animal.ANT: 1>, <Animal.BEE: 2>, <Animal.CAT: 3>, <Animal.DOG: 4>]

The semantics of this API resemble namedtuple. The first argument of the call to Enum is the name of the enumeration.

The second argument is the source of enumeration member names. It can be a whitespace-separated string of names, a sequence of names, a sequence of 2-tuples with key/value pairs, or a mapping (e.g. dictionary) of names to values. The last two options enable assigning arbitrary values to enumerations; the others auto-assign increasing integers starting with 1 (use the start parameter to specify a different starting value). A new class derived from Enum is returned. In other words, the above assignment to Animal is equivalent to:

>>> class Animal(Enum):
...     ANT = 1
...     BEE = 2
...     CAT = 3
...     DOG = 4
...

The reason for defaulting to 1 as the starting number and not 0 is that 0 is False in a boolean sense, but by default enum members all evaluate to True.

Pickling enums created with the functional API can be tricky as frame stack implementation details are used to try and figure out which module the enumeration is being created in (e.g. it will fail if you use a utility function in a separate module, and also may not work on IronPython or Jython). The solution is to specify the module name explicitly as follows:

>>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG', module=__name__)

Aviso

If module is not supplied, and Enum cannot determine what it is, the new Enum members will not be unpicklable; to keep errors closer to the source, pickling will be disabled.

The new pickle protocol 4 also, in some circumstances, relies on __qualname__ being set to the location where pickle will be able to find the class. For example, if the class was made available in class SomeData in the global scope:

>>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG', qualname='SomeData.Animal')

A assinatura completa é:

Enum(
    value='NewEnumName',
    names=<...>,
    *,
    module='...',
    qualname='...',
    type=<mixed-in class>,
    start=1,
    )

value: What the new enum class will record as its name.
names: The enum members. This can be a whitespace- or comma-separated string (values will start at 1 unless otherwise specified):
```
'RED GREEN BLUE' | 'RED,GREEN,BLUE' | 'RED, GREEN, BLUE'
```
or an iterator of names:
```
['RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE']
```
or an iterator of (name, value) pairs:
```
[('CYAN', 4), ('MAGENTA', 5), ('YELLOW', 6)]
```
or a mapping:
```
{'CHARTREUSE': 7, 'SEA_GREEN': 11, 'ROSEMARY': 42}
```
module: name of module where new enum class can be found.
qualname: where in module new enum class can be found.
type: type to mix in to new enum class.
start: number to start counting at if only names are passed in.

Alterado na versão 3.5: The start parameter was added.

Derived Enumerations¶

IntEnum¶

The first variation of Enum that is provided is also a subclass of int. Members of an IntEnum can be compared to integers; by extension, integer enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other:

>>> from enum import IntEnum
>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...     CIRCLE = 1
...     SQUARE = 2
...
>>> class Request(IntEnum):
...     POST = 1
...     GET = 2
...
>>> Shape == 1
False
>>> Shape.CIRCLE == 1
True
>>> Shape.CIRCLE == Request.POST
True

However, they still can’t be compared to standard Enum enumerations:

>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...     CIRCLE = 1
...     SQUARE = 2
...
>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = 1
...     GREEN = 2
...
>>> Shape.CIRCLE == Color.RED
False

IntEnum values behave like integers in other ways you’d expect:

>>> int(Shape.CIRCLE)
1
>>> ['a', 'b', 'c'][Shape.CIRCLE]
'b'
>>> [i for i in range(Shape.SQUARE)]
[0, 1]

StrEnum¶

The second variation of Enum that is provided is also a subclass of str. Members of a StrEnum can be compared to strings; by extension, string enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other.

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

IntFlag¶

The next variation of Enum provided, IntFlag, is also based on int. The difference being IntFlag members can be combined using the bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~) and the result is still an IntFlag member, if possible. Like IntEnum, IntFlag members are also integers and can be used wherever an int is used.

Nota

Any operation on an IntFlag member besides the bit-wise operations will lose the IntFlag membership.

Bit-wise operations that result in invalid IntFlag values will lose the IntFlag membership. See FlagBoundary for details.

Adicionado na versão 3.6.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

Sample IntFlag class:

>>> from enum import IntFlag
>>> class Perm(IntFlag):
...     R = 4
...     W = 2
...     X = 1
...
>>> Perm.R | Perm.W
<Perm.R|W: 6>
>>> Perm.R + Perm.W
6
>>> RW = Perm.R | Perm.W
>>> Perm.R in RW
True

It is also possible to name the combinations:

>>> class Perm(IntFlag):
...     R = 4
...     W = 2
...     X = 1
...     RWX = 7
...
>>> Perm.RWX
<Perm.RWX: 7>
>>> ~Perm.RWX
<Perm: 0>
>>> Perm(7)
<Perm.RWX: 7>

Nota

Combinações nomeadas são consideradas apelidos. Apelidos não aparecem durante uma iteração, mas podem ser retornados por pesquisas por valor.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

Another important difference between IntFlag and Enum is that if no flags are set (the value is 0), its boolean evaluation is False:

>>> Perm.R & Perm.X
<Perm: 0>
>>> bool(Perm.R & Perm.X)
False

Because IntFlag members are also subclasses of int they can be combined with them (but may lose IntFlag membership:

>>> Perm.X | 4
<Perm.R|X: 5>

>>> Perm.X + 8
9

Nota

The negation operator, ~, always returns an IntFlag member with a positive value:

>>> (~Perm.X).value == (Perm.R|Perm.W).value == 6
True

IntFlag members can also be iterated over:

>>> list(RW)
[<Perm.R: 4>, <Perm.W: 2>]

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

Sinalizador¶

The last variation is Flag. Like IntFlag, Flag members can be combined using the bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~). Unlike IntFlag, they cannot be combined with, nor compared against, any other Flag enumeration, nor int. While it is possible to specify the values directly it is recommended to use auto as the value and let Flag select an appropriate value.

Adicionado na versão 3.6.

Like IntFlag, if a combination of Flag members results in no flags being set, the boolean evaluation is False:

>>> from enum import Flag, auto
>>> class Color(Flag):
...     RED = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...
>>> Color.RED & Color.GREEN
<Color: 0>
>>> bool(Color.RED & Color.GREEN)
False

Individual flags should have values that are powers of two (1, 2, 4, 8, …), while combinations of flags will not:

>>> class Color(Flag):
...     RED = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...     WHITE = RED | BLUE | GREEN
...
>>> Color.WHITE
<Color.WHITE: 7>

Giving a name to the “no flags set” condition does not change its boolean value:

>>> class Color(Flag):
...     BLACK = 0
...     RED = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...
>>> Color.BLACK
<Color.BLACK: 0>
>>> bool(Color.BLACK)
False

Flag members can also be iterated over:

>>> purple = Color.RED | Color.BLUE
>>> list(purple)
[<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.BLUE: 2>]

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

Nota

For the majority of new code, Enum and Flag are strongly recommended, since IntEnum and IntFlag break some semantic promises of an enumeration (by being comparable to integers, and thus by transitivity to other unrelated enumerations). IntEnum and IntFlag should be used only in cases where Enum and Flag will not do; for example, when integer constants are replaced with enumerations, or for interoperability with other systems.

Outros¶

While IntEnum is part of the enum module, it would be very simple to implement independently:

class IntEnum(int, ReprEnum):   # or Enum instead of ReprEnum
    pass

This demonstrates how similar derived enumerations can be defined; for example a FloatEnum that mixes in float instead of int.

Algumas regras:

When subclassing Enum, mix-in types must appear before the Enum class itself in the sequence of bases, as in the IntEnum example above.
Mix-in types must be subclassable. For example, bool and range are not subclassable and will throw an error during Enum creation if used as the mix-in type.
While Enum can have members of any type, once you mix in an additional type, all the members must have values of that type, e.g. int above. This restriction does not apply to mix-ins which only add methods and don’t specify another type.
When another data type is mixed in, the value attribute is not the same as the enum member itself, although it is equivalent and will compare equal.
A data type is a mixin that defines __new__(), or a dataclass
%-style formatting: %s and %r call the Enum class’s __str__() and __repr__() respectively; other codes (such as %i or %h for IntEnum) treat the enum member as its mixed-in type.
Formatted string literals, str.format(), and format() will use the enum’s __str__() method.

Nota

Because IntEnum, IntFlag, and StrEnum are designed to be drop-in replacements for existing constants, their __str__() method has been reset to their data types’ __str__() method.

When to use `new()` vs. `init()`¶

__new__() must be used whenever you want to customize the actual value of the Enum member. Any other modifications may go in either __new__() or __init__(), with __init__() being preferred.

For example, if you want to pass several items to the constructor, but only want one of them to be the value:

>>> class Coordinate(bytes, Enum):
...     """
...     Coordinate with binary codes that can be indexed by the int code.
...     """
...     def __new__(cls, value, label, unit):
...         obj = bytes.__new__(cls, [value])
...         obj._value_ = value
...         obj.label = label
...         obj.unit = unit
...         return obj
...     PX = (0, 'P.X', 'km')
...     PY = (1, 'P.Y', 'km')
...     VX = (2, 'V.X', 'km/s')
...     VY = (3, 'V.Y', 'km/s')
...

>>> print(Coordinate['PY'])
Coordinate.PY

>>> print(Coordinate(3))
Coordinate.VY

Aviso

Do not call super().__new__(), as the lookup-only __new__ is the one that is found; instead, use the data type directly.

Finer Points¶

Nomes `dunder` suportados¶

__members__ is a read-only ordered mapping of member_name:member items. It is only available on the class.

__new__(), if specified, must create and return the enum members; it is also a very good idea to set the member’s _value_ appropriately. Once all the members are created it is no longer used.

Nomes `_sunder_` suportados¶

_name_ – name of the member
_value_ – value of the member; can be set in __new__
_missing_() – a lookup function used when a value is not found; may be overridden
_ignore_ – a list of names, either as a list or a str, that will not be transformed into members, and will be removed from the final class
_generate_next_value_() – used to get an appropriate value for an enum member; may be overridden
_add_alias_() – adds a new name as an alias to an existing member.
_add_value_alias_() – adds a new value as an alias to an existing member. See MultiValueEnum for an example.

Nota

For standard Enum classes the next value chosen is the highest value seen incremented by one.

For Flag classes the next value chosen will be the next highest power-of-two.

Alterado na versão 3.13: Versões anteriores usariam o último valor visualizado em vez do maior valor.

Adicionado na versão 3.6: _missing_, _order_, _generate_next_value_

Adicionado na versão 3.7: _ignore_

Adicionado na versão 3.13: _add_alias_, _add_value_alias_

To help keep Python 2 / Python 3 code in sync an _order_ attribute can be provided. It will be checked against the actual order of the enumeration and raise an error if the two do not match:

>>> class Color(Enum):
...     _order_ = 'RED GREEN BLUE'
...     RED = 1
...     BLUE = 3
...     GREEN = 2
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: member order does not match _order_:
  ['RED', 'BLUE', 'GREEN']
  ['RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE']

Nota

In Python 2 code the _order_ attribute is necessary as definition order is lost before it can be recorded.

_Private__names¶

Private names are not converted to enum members, but remain normal attributes.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

`Enum` member type¶

Enum members are instances of their enum class, and are normally accessed as EnumClass.member. In certain situations, such as writing custom enum behavior, being able to access one member directly from another is useful, and is supported; however, in order to avoid name clashes between member names and attributes/methods from mixed-in classes, upper-case names are strongly recommended.

Alterado na versão 3.5.

Creating members that are mixed with other data types¶

When subclassing other data types, such as int or str, with an Enum, all values after the = are passed to that data type’s constructor. For example:

>>> class MyEnum(IntEnum):      # help(int) -> int(x, base=10) -> integer
...     example = '11', 16      # so x='11' and base=16
...
>>> MyEnum.example.value        # and hex(11) is...
17

Boolean value of `Enum` classes and members¶

Enum classes that are mixed with non-Enum types (such as int, str, etc.) are evaluated according to the mixed-in type’s rules; otherwise, all members evaluate as True. To make your own enum’s boolean evaluation depend on the member’s value add the following to your class:

def __bool__(self):
    return bool(self.value)

Plain Enum classes always evaluate as True.

`Enum` classes with methods¶

If you give your enum subclass extra methods, like the Planet class below, those methods will show up in a dir() of the member, but not of the class:

>>> dir(Planet)                         
['EARTH', 'JUPITER', 'MARS', 'MERCURY', 'NEPTUNE', 'SATURN', 'URANUS', 'VENUS', '__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']
>>> dir(Planet.EARTH)                   
['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__', 'mass', 'name', 'radius', 'surface_gravity', 'value']

Combining members of `Flag`¶

Iterating over a combination of Flag members will only return the members that are comprised of a single bit:

>>> class Color(Flag):
...     RED = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     MAGENTA = RED | BLUE
...     YELLOW = RED | GREEN
...     CYAN = GREEN | BLUE
...
>>> Color(3)  # named combination
<Color.YELLOW: 3>
>>> Color(7)      # not named combination
<Color.RED|GREEN|BLUE: 7>

`Flag` and `IntFlag` minutia¶

Using the following snippet for our examples:

>>> class Color(IntFlag):
...     BLACK = 0
...     RED = 1
...     GREEN = 2
...     BLUE = 4
...     PURPLE = RED | BLUE
...     WHITE = RED | GREEN | BLUE
...

the following are true:

single-bit flags are canonical
multi-bit and zero-bit flags are aliases

only canonical flags are returned during iteration:

>>> list(Color.WHITE)
[<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.BLUE: 4>]

negating a flag or flag set returns a new flag/flag set with the corresponding positive integer value:
```
>>> Color.BLUE
<Color.BLUE: 4>

>>> ~Color.BLUE
<Color.RED|GREEN: 3>
```

names of pseudo-flags are constructed from their members’ names:

>>> (Color.RED | Color.GREEN).name
'RED|GREEN'

>>> class Perm(IntFlag):
...     R = 4
...     W = 2
...     X = 1
...
>>> (Perm.R & Perm.W).name is None  # effectively Perm(0)
True

multi-bit flags, aka aliases, can be returned from operations:

>>> Color.RED | Color.BLUE
<Color.PURPLE: 5>

>>> Color(7)  # or Color(-1)
<Color.WHITE: 7>

>>> Color(0)
<Color.BLACK: 0>

membership / containment checking: zero-valued flags are always considered to be contained:
```
>>> Color.BLACK in Color.WHITE
True
```
otherwise, only if all bits of one flag are in the other flag will True be returned:
```
>>> Color.PURPLE in Color.WHITE
True

>>> Color.GREEN in Color.PURPLE
False
```

There is a new boundary mechanism that controls how out-of-range / invalid bits are handled: STRICT, CONFORM, EJECT, and KEEP:

STRICT –> raises an exception when presented with invalid values
CONFORM –> discards any invalid bits
EJECT –> lose Flag status and become a normal int with the given value
KEEP –> keep the extra bits
- keeps Flag status and extra bits
- extra bits do not show up in iteration
- extra bits do show up in repr() and str()

The default for Flag is STRICT, the default for IntFlag is EJECT, and the default for _convert_ is KEEP (see ssl.Options for an example of when KEEP is needed).

How are Enums and Flags different?¶

Enums have a custom metaclass that affects many aspects of both derived Enum classes and their instances (members).

Enum Classes¶

The EnumType metaclass is responsible for providing the __contains__(), __dir__(), __iter__() and other methods that allow one to do things with an Enum class that fail on a typical class, such as list(Color) or some_enum_var in Color. EnumType is responsible for ensuring that various other methods on the final Enum class are correct (such as __new__(), __getnewargs__(), __str__() and __repr__()).

Flag Classes¶

Flags have an expanded view of aliasing: to be canonical, the value of a flag needs to be a power-of-two value, and not a duplicate name. So, in addition to the Enum definition of alias, a flag with no value (a.k.a. 0) or with more than one power-of-two value (e.g. 3) is considered an alias.

Enum Members (aka instances)¶

The most interesting thing about enum members is that they are singletons. EnumType creates them all while it is creating the enum class itself, and then puts a custom __new__() in place to ensure that no new ones are ever instantiated by returning only the existing member instances.

Flag Members¶

Flag members can be iterated over just like the Flag class, and only the canonical members will be returned. For example:

>>> list(Color)
[<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.BLUE: 4>]

(Note that BLACK, PURPLE, and WHITE do not show up.)

Inverting a flag member returns the corresponding positive value, rather than a negative value — for example:

>>> ~Color.RED
<Color.GREEN|BLUE: 6>

Flag members have a length corresponding to the number of power-of-two values they contain. For example:

>>> len(Color.PURPLE)
2

Enum Cookbook¶

While Enum, IntEnum, StrEnum, Flag, and IntFlag are expected to cover the majority of use-cases, they cannot cover them all. Here are recipes for some different types of enumerations that can be used directly, or as examples for creating one’s own.

Omitting values¶

In many use-cases, one doesn’t care what the actual value of an enumeration is. There are several ways to define this type of simple enumeration:

use instances of auto for the value
use instances of object as the value
use a descriptive string as the value
use a tuple as the value and a custom __new__() to replace the tuple with an int value

Using any of these methods signifies to the user that these values are not important, and also enables one to add, remove, or reorder members without having to renumber the remaining members.

Using `auto`¶

Using auto would look like:

>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = auto()
...     BLUE = auto()
...     GREEN = auto()
...
>>> Color.GREEN
<Color.GREEN: 3>

Using `object`¶

Using object would look like:

>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = object()
...     GREEN = object()
...     BLUE = object()
...
>>> Color.GREEN                         
<Color.GREEN: <object object at 0x...>>

This is also a good example of why you might want to write your own __repr__():

>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = object()
...     GREEN = object()
...     BLUE = object()
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return "<%s.%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_)
...
>>> Color.GREEN
<Color.GREEN>

Using a descriptive string¶

Using a string as the value would look like:

>>> class Color(Enum):
...     RED = 'stop'
...     GREEN = 'go'
...     BLUE = 'too fast!'
...
>>> Color.GREEN
<Color.GREEN: 'go'>

Using a custom `new()`¶

Using an auto-numbering __new__() would look like:

>>> class AutoNumber(Enum):
...     def __new__(cls):
...         value = len(cls.__members__) + 1
...         obj = object.__new__(cls)
...         obj._value_ = value
...         return obj
...
>>> class Color(AutoNumber):
...     RED = ()
...     GREEN = ()
...     BLUE = ()
...
>>> Color.GREEN
<Color.GREEN: 2>

To make a more general purpose AutoNumber, add *args to the signature:

>>> class AutoNumber(Enum):
...     def __new__(cls, *args):      # this is the only change from above
...         value = len(cls.__members__) + 1
...         obj = object.__new__(cls)
...         obj._value_ = value
...         return obj
...

Then when you inherit from AutoNumber you can write your own __init__ to handle any extra arguments:

>>> class Swatch(AutoNumber):
...     def __init__(self, pantone='unknown'):
...         self.pantone = pantone
...     AUBURN = '3497'
...     SEA_GREEN = '1246'
...     BLEACHED_CORAL = () # New color, no Pantone code yet!
...
>>> Swatch.SEA_GREEN
<Swatch.SEA_GREEN: 2>
>>> Swatch.SEA_GREEN.pantone
'1246'
>>> Swatch.BLEACHED_CORAL.pantone
'unknown'

Nota

The __new__() method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum members; it is then replaced by Enum’s __new__() which is used after class creation for lookup of existing members.

Aviso

Do not call super().__new__(), as the lookup-only __new__ is the one that is found; instead, use the data type directly – e.g.:

obj = int.__new__(cls, value)

OrderedEnum¶

An ordered enumeration that is not based on IntEnum and so maintains the normal Enum invariants (such as not being comparable to other enumerations):

>>> class OrderedEnum(Enum):
...     def __ge__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self.value >= other.value
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __gt__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self.value > other.value
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __le__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self.value <= other.value
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __lt__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self.value < other.value
...         return NotImplemented
...
>>> class Grade(OrderedEnum):
...     A = 5
...     B = 4
...     C = 3
...     D = 2
...     F = 1
...
>>> Grade.C < Grade.A
True

DuplicateFreeEnum¶

Raises an error if a duplicate member value is found instead of creating an alias:

>>> class DuplicateFreeEnum(Enum):
...     def __init__(self, *args):
...         cls = self.__class__
...         if any(self.value == e.value for e in cls):
...             a = self.name
...             e = cls(self.value).name
...             raise ValueError(
...                 "aliases not allowed in DuplicateFreeEnum:  %r --> %r"
...                 % (a, e))
...
>>> class Color(DuplicateFreeEnum):
...     RED = 1
...     GREEN = 2
...     BLUE = 3
...     GRENE = 2
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: aliases not allowed in DuplicateFreeEnum:  'GRENE' --> 'GREEN'

Nota

This is a useful example for subclassing Enum to add or change other behaviors as well as disallowing aliases. If the only desired change is disallowing aliases, the unique() decorator can be used instead.

MultiValueEnum¶

Supports having more than one value per member:

>>> class MultiValueEnum(Enum):
...     def __new__(cls, value, *values):
...         self = object.__new__(cls)
...         self._value_ = value
...         for v in values:
...             self._add_value_alias_(v)
...         return self
...
>>> class DType(MultiValueEnum):
...     float32 = 'f', 8
...     double64 = 'd', 9
...
>>> DType('f')
<DType.float32: 'f'>
>>> DType(9)
<DType.double64: 'd'>

Planet¶

If __new__() or __init__() is defined, the value of the enum member will be passed to those methods:

>>> class Planet(Enum):
...     MERCURY = (3.303e+23, 2.4397e6)
...     VENUS   = (4.869e+24, 6.0518e6)
...     EARTH   = (5.976e+24, 6.37814e6)
...     MARS    = (6.421e+23, 3.3972e6)
...     JUPITER = (1.9e+27,   7.1492e7)
...     SATURN  = (5.688e+26, 6.0268e7)
...     URANUS  = (8.686e+25, 2.5559e7)
...     NEPTUNE = (1.024e+26, 2.4746e7)
...     def __init__(self, mass, radius):
...         self.mass = mass       # in kilograms
...         self.radius = radius   # in meters
...     @property
...     def surface_gravity(self):
...         # universal gravitational constant  (m3 kg-1 s-2)
...         G = 6.67300E-11
...         return G * self.mass / (self.radius * self.radius)
...
>>> Planet.EARTH.value
(5.976e+24, 6378140.0)
>>> Planet.EARTH.surface_gravity
9.802652743337129

TimePeriod¶

An example to show the _ignore_ attribute in use:

>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> class Period(timedelta, Enum):
...     "different lengths of time"
...     _ignore_ = 'Period i'
...     Period = vars()
...     for i in range(367):
...         Period['day_%d' % i] = i
...
>>> list(Period)[:2]
[<Period.day_0: datetime.timedelta(0)>, <Period.day_1: datetime.timedelta(days=1)>]
>>> list(Period)[-2:]
[<Period.day_365: datetime.timedelta(days=365)>, <Period.day_366: datetime.timedelta(days=366)>]

Subclassing EnumType¶

While most enum needs can be met by customizing Enum subclasses, either with class decorators or custom functions, EnumType can be subclassed to provide a different Enum experience.

Enum¶

Acesso programático aos membros da enumeração e seus atributos.¶

Duplicar membros do enum e seus valores.¶

Garantindo valores únicos de enumeração¶

Usando valores automáticos¶

Iteração¶

Comparações¶

Membros e atributos permitidos em enumerações¶

Restricted Enum subclassing¶

Suporte a dataclass¶

Pickling¶

API funcional¶

Derived Enumerations¶

IntEnum¶

StrEnum¶

IntFlag¶

Sinalizador¶

Outros¶

When to use __new__() vs. __init__()¶

Finer Points¶

Nomes __dunder__ suportados¶

Nomes _sunder_ suportados¶

_Private__names¶

Enum member type¶

Creating members that are mixed with other data types¶

Boolean value of Enum classes and members¶

Enum classes with methods¶

Combining members of Flag¶

Flag and IntFlag minutia¶

How are Enums and Flags different?¶

Enum Classes¶

Flag Classes¶

Enum Members (aka instances)¶

Flag Members¶

Enum Cookbook¶

Omitting values¶

Using auto¶

Using object¶

Using a descriptive string¶

Using a custom __new__()¶

OrderedEnum¶

DuplicateFreeEnum¶

MultiValueEnum¶

Planet¶

TimePeriod¶

Subclassing EnumType¶

When to use `new()` vs. `init()`¶

Nomes `dunder` suportados¶

Nomes `_sunder_` suportados¶

`Enum` member type¶

Boolean value of `Enum` classes and members¶

`Enum` classes with methods¶

Combining members of `Flag`¶

`Flag` and `IntFlag` minutia¶

Using `auto`¶

Using `object`¶

Using a custom `new()`¶