"warnings" --- Controle de avisos
*********************************

**Código-fonte:** Lib/warnings.py

======================================================================

As mensagens de aviso são normalmente emitidas em situações em que é
útil alertar o usuário sobre alguma condição em um programa, onde essa
condição (normalmente) não garante o levantamento de uma exceção e o
encerramento do programa. Por exemplo, pode-se querer emitir um aviso
quando um programa usa um módulo obsoleto.

Os programadores Python emitem avisos chamando a função "warn()"
definida neste módulo. (Os programadores C usam "PyErr_WarnEx()"; veja
Tratamento de Exceções para detalhes).

Mensagens de aviso são normalmente escritas no "sys.stderr", mas sua
disposição pode ser alterada de forma flexível, desde ignorar todos os
avisos até transformá-los em exceções. A disposição dos avisos pode
variar de acordo com categoria de aviso, o texto da mensagem de aviso
e o local de origem onde ela é emitida. As repetições de um aviso
específico para o mesmo local de origem são normalmente suprimidas.

Existem duas etapas no controle de avisos: primeiro, cada vez que um
aviso é emitido, é feita uma determinação se uma mensagem deve ser
emitida ou não; a seguir, se uma mensagem deve ser emitida, ela é
formatada e impressa usando um gancho configurável pelo usuário.

A determinação de emitir ou não uma mensagem de aviso é controlada
pelo filtro de aviso, que é uma sequência de regras e ações
correspondentes. As regras podem ser adicionadas ao filtro chamando
"filterwarnings()" e redefinidas para seu estado padrão chamando
"resetwarnings()".

A exibição de mensagens de aviso é feita chamando "showwarning()", que
pode ser substituída; a implementação padrão desta função formata a
mensagem chamando "formatwarning()", que também está disponível para
uso por implementações personalizadas.

Ver também:

  "logging.captureWarnings()" permite que você manipule todos os
  avisos com a infraestrutura de registro padrão.


Categorias de avisos
====================

Existem várias exceções embutidas que representam categorias de aviso.
Essa categorização é útil para filtrar grupos de avisos.

Embora sejam tecnicamente exceções embutidas, elas são documentadas
aqui, porque conceitualmente pertencem ao mecanismo de avisos.

O código do usuário pode definir categorias de aviso adicionais
criando uma subclasse de uma das categorias de aviso padrão. Uma
categoria de aviso deve ser sempre uma subclasse da classe  "Warning".

As seguintes classes de categorias de avisos estão definidas
atualmente:

+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Classe                             | Descrição                                       |
|====================================|=================================================|
| "Warning"                          | Esta é a classe base de todas as classes de     |
|                                    | categoria de aviso. É uma subclasse de          |
|                                    | "Exception".                                    |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "UserWarning"                      | A categoria padrão para "warn()".               |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "DeprecationWarning"               | Categoria base para avisos sobre recursos       |
|                                    | descontinuados quando esses avisos são          |
|                                    | destinados a outros desenvolvedores Python      |
|                                    | (ignorado por padrão, a menos que acionado por  |
|                                    | código em "__main__").                          |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "SyntaxWarning"                    | Base category for warnings about dubious        |
|                                    | syntactic features (typically emitted when      |
|                                    | compiling Python source code, and hence may not |
|                                    | be suppressed by runtime filters)               |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "RuntimeWarning"                   | Categoria base para avisos sobre recursos       |
|                                    | duvidosos de tempo de execução.                 |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "FutureWarning"                    | Categoria base para avisos sobre recursos       |
|                                    | descontinuados quando esses avisos se destinam  |
|                                    | a usuários finais de aplicações escritas em     |
|                                    | Python.                                         |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "PendingDeprecationWarning"        | Categoria base para avisos sobre recursos que   |
|                                    | serão descontinuados no futuro (ignorados por   |
|                                    | padrão).                                        |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "ImportWarning"                    | Categoria base para avisos acionados durante o  |
|                                    | processo de importação de um módulo (ignorado   |
|                                    | por padrão).                                    |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "UnicodeWarning"                   | Categoria base para avisos relacionados a       |
|                                    | Unicode.                                        |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "BytesWarning"                     | Categoria base para avisos relacionados a       |
|                                    | "bytes" e "bytearray".                          |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "ResourceWarning"                  | Categoria base para avisos relacionados a uso   |
|                                    | de recursos (ignorado por padrão).              |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

Alterado na versão 3.7: Anteriormente, "DeprecationWarning" e
"FutureWarning" eram diferenciadas com base em se um recurso estava
sendo removido completamente ou mudando seu comportamento. Elas agora
são diferenciadas com base em seu público-alvo e na maneira como são
tratadas pelos filtros de avisos padrão.


O filtro de avisos
==================

O filtro de avisos controla se os avisos são ignorados, exibidos ou
transformados em erros (levantando uma exceção).

Conceitualmente, o filtro de avisos mantém uma lista ordenada de
especificações de filtro; qualquer aviso específico é comparado com
cada especificação de filtro na lista, por sua vez, até que uma
correspondência seja encontrada; o filtro determina a disposição da
correspondência. Cada entrada é uma tupla no formato (*action*,
*message*, *category*, *module*, *lineno*), sendo:

* *action* é uma das seguintes strings:

  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | Valor           | Disposição                                     |
  |=================|================================================|
  | ""default""     | exibe a primeira ocorrência de avisos          |
  |                 | correspondentes para cada local (módulo +      |
  |                 | número da linha) onde o aviso é emitido        |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""error""       | transforma avisos correspondentes em exceções  |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""ignore""      | nunca exibe avisos correspondentes             |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""always""      | sempre exibe avisos correspondentes            |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""all""         | alias to "always"                              |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""module""      | exibe a primeira ocorrência de avisos          |
  |                 | correspondentes para cada módulo onde o aviso  |
  |                 | é emitido (independentemente do número da      |
  |                 | linha)                                         |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""once""        | exibe apenas a primeira ocorrência de avisos   |
  |                 | correspondentes, independentemente da          |
  |                 | localização                                    |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+

* *message* é uma string contendo uma expressão regular que o início
  da mensagem de aviso deve corresponder, sem distinção entre
  maiúsculas e minúsculas. Em "-W" e "PYTHONWARNINGS", *message* é uma
  string literal que o início da mensagem de aviso deve conter (sem
  distinção entre maiúsculas e minúsculas), ignorando qualquer espaço
  em branco no início ou no fim de *message*.

* *category* é uma classe (uma subclasse de "Warning") da qual a
  categoria de aviso deve ser uma subclasse para corresponder.

* *module* é uma string contendo uma expressão regular que o início do
  nome do módulo totalmente qualificado deve corresponder,
  diferenciando maiúsculas de minúsculas. Em "-W" e "PYTHONWARNINGS",
  *module* é uma string literal que o nome do módulo totalmente
  qualificado deve ser igual a (diferenciando maiúsculas de
  minúsculas), ignorando qualquer espaço em branco no início ou no fim
  de *module*.

* *lineno* é um número inteiro que deve corresponder ao número da
  linha onde ocorreu o aviso, ou "0" para corresponder a todos os
  números de linha.

Como a classe "Warning" é derivada da classe embutida "Exception",
para transformar um aviso em um erro, simplesmente levantamos
"category(message)".

Se um aviso for relatado e não corresponder a nenhum filtro
registrado, a ação "padrão" será aplicada (daí seu nome).


Critérios de supressão de avisos repetidos
------------------------------------------

Os filtros que suprimem avisos repetidos aplicam os seguintes
critérios para determinar se um aviso é considerado uma repetição:

* ""default"": Um aviso é considerado uma repetição somente se
  (*message*, *category*, *module*, *lineno*) forem todos iguais.

* ""module"": Um aviso é considerado uma repetição se (*message*,
  *category*, *module*) forem os mesmos, ignorando o número da linha.

* ""once"": Um aviso é considerado uma repetição se (*message*,
  *category*) forem os mesmos, ignorando o módulo e o número da linha.


Descrevendo filtros de aviso
----------------------------

The warnings filter is initialized by "-W" options passed to the
Python interpreter command line and the "PYTHONWARNINGS" environment
variable. The interpreter saves the arguments for all supplied entries
without interpretation in "sys.warnoptions"; the "warnings" module
parses these when it is first imported (invalid options are ignored,
after printing a message to "sys.stderr").

Individual warnings filters are specified as a sequence of fields
separated by colons:

   action:message:category:module:line

The meaning of each of these fields is as described in O filtro de
avisos. When listing multiple filters on a single line (as for
"PYTHONWARNINGS"), the individual filters are separated by commas and
the filters listed later take precedence over those listed before them
(as they're applied left-to-right, and the most recently applied
filters take precedence over earlier ones).

Commonly used warning filters apply to either all warnings, warnings
in a particular category, or warnings raised by particular modules or
packages. Some examples:

   default                      # Show all warnings (even those ignored by default)
   ignore                       # Ignore all warnings
   error                        # Convert all warnings to errors
   error::ResourceWarning       # Treat ResourceWarning messages as errors
   default::DeprecationWarning  # Show DeprecationWarning messages
   ignore,default:::mymodule    # Only report warnings triggered by "mymodule"
   error:::mymodule             # Convert warnings to errors in "mymodule"


Filtro de avisos padrão
-----------------------

By default, Python installs several warning filters, which can be
overridden by the "-W" command-line option, the "PYTHONWARNINGS"
environment variable and calls to "filterwarnings()".

In regular release builds, the default warning filter has the
following entries (in order of precedence):

   default::DeprecationWarning:__main__
   ignore::DeprecationWarning
   ignore::PendingDeprecationWarning
   ignore::ImportWarning
   ignore::ResourceWarning

In a debug build, the list of default warning filters is empty.

Alterado na versão 3.2: "DeprecationWarning" is now ignored by default
in addition to "PendingDeprecationWarning".

Alterado na versão 3.7: "DeprecationWarning" is once again shown by
default when triggered directly by code in "__main__".

Alterado na versão 3.7: "BytesWarning" no longer appears in the
default filter list and is instead configured via "sys.warnoptions"
when "-b" is specified twice.


Overriding the default filter
-----------------------------

Developers of applications written in Python may wish to hide *all*
Python level warnings from their users by default, and only display
them when running tests or otherwise working on the application. The
"sys.warnoptions" attribute used to pass filter configurations to the
interpreter can be used as a marker to indicate whether or not
warnings should be disabled:

   import sys

   if not sys.warnoptions:
       import warnings
       warnings.simplefilter("ignore")

Developers of test runners for Python code are advised to instead
ensure that *all* warnings are displayed by default for the code under
test, using code like:

   import sys

   if not sys.warnoptions:
       import os, warnings
       warnings.simplefilter("default") # Change the filter in this process
       os.environ["PYTHONWARNINGS"] = "default" # Also affect subprocesses

Finally, developers of interactive shells that run user code in a
namespace other than "__main__" are advised to ensure that
"DeprecationWarning" messages are made visible by default, using code
like the following (where "user_ns" is the module used to execute code
entered interactively):

   import warnings
   warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=DeprecationWarning,
                                      module=user_ns.get("__name__"))


Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
================================

If you are using code that you know will raise a warning, such as a
deprecated function, but do not want to see the warning (even when
warnings have been explicitly configured via the command line), then
it is possible to suppress the warning using the "catch_warnings"
context manager:

   import warnings

   def fxn():
       warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning)

   with warnings.catch_warnings():
       warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
       fxn()

While within the context manager all warnings will simply be ignored.
This allows you to use known-deprecated code without having to see the
warning while not suppressing the warning for other code that might
not be aware of its use of deprecated code.

   Nota:

     See Concurrent safety of Context Managers for details on the
     concurrency-safety of the "catch_warnings" context manager when
     used in programs using multiple threads or async functions.


Testing Warnings
================

To test warnings raised by code, use the "catch_warnings" context
manager. With it you can temporarily mutate the warnings filter to
facilitate your testing. For instance, do the following to capture all
raised warnings to check:

   import warnings

   def fxn():
       warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning)

   with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
       # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
       warnings.simplefilter("always")
       # Trigger a warning.
       fxn()
       # Verify some things
       assert len(w) == 1
       assert issubclass(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
       assert "deprecated" in str(w[-1].message)

One can also cause all warnings to be exceptions by using "error"
instead of "always". One thing to be aware of is that if a warning has
already been raised because of a "once"/"default" rule, then no matter
what filters are set the warning will not be seen again unless the
warnings registry related to the warning has been cleared.

Once the context manager exits, the warnings filter is restored to its
state when the context was entered. This prevents tests from changing
the warnings filter in unexpected ways between tests and leading to
indeterminate test results.

   Nota:

     See Concurrent safety of Context Managers for details on the
     concurrency-safety of the "catch_warnings" context manager when
     used in programs using multiple threads or async functions.

When testing multiple operations that raise the same kind of warning,
it is important to test them in a manner that confirms each operation
is raising a new warning (e.g. set warnings to be raised as exceptions
and check the operations raise exceptions, check that the length of
the warning list continues to increase after each operation, or else
delete the previous entries from the warnings list before each new
operation).


Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies
==============================================

Warning categories that are primarily of interest to Python developers
(rather than end users of applications written in Python) are ignored
by default.

Notably, this "ignored by default" list includes "DeprecationWarning"
(for every module except "__main__"), which means developers should
make sure to test their code with typically ignored warnings made
visible in order to receive timely notifications of future breaking
API changes (whether in the standard library or third party packages).

In the ideal case, the code will have a suitable test suite, and the
test runner will take care of implicitly enabling all warnings when
running tests (the test runner provided by the "unittest" module does
this).

In less ideal cases, applications can be checked for use of deprecated
interfaces by passing "-Wd" to the Python interpreter (this is
shorthand for "-W default") or setting "PYTHONWARNINGS=default" in the
environment. This enables default handling for all warnings, including
those that are ignored by default. To change what action is taken for
encountered warnings you can change what argument is passed to "-W"
(e.g. "-W error"). See the "-W" flag for more details on what is
possible.


Funções disponíveis
===================

warnings.warn(message, category=None, stacklevel=1, source=None, *, skip_file_prefixes=())

   Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.  The
   *category* argument, if given, must be a warning category class; it
   defaults to "UserWarning".  Alternatively, *message* can be a
   "Warning" instance, in which case *category* will be ignored and
   "message.__class__" will be used. In this case, the message text
   will be "str(message)". This function raises an exception if the
   particular warning issued is changed into an error by the warnings
   filter.  The *stacklevel* argument can be used by wrapper functions
   written in Python, like this:

      def deprecated_api(message):
          warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

   This makes the warning refer to "deprecated_api"'s caller, rather
   than to the source of "deprecated_api" itself (since the latter
   would defeat the purpose of the warning message).

   The *skip_file_prefixes* keyword argument can be used to indicate
   which stack frames are ignored when counting stack levels. This can
   be useful when you want the warning to always appear at call sites
   outside of a package when a constant *stacklevel* does not fit all
   call paths or is otherwise challenging to maintain. If supplied, it
   must be a tuple of strings. When prefixes are supplied, stacklevel
   is implicitly overridden to be "max(2, stacklevel)". To cause a
   warning to be attributed to the caller from outside of the current
   package you might write:

      # example/lower.py
      _warn_skips = (os.path.dirname(__file__),)

      def one_way(r_luxury_yacht=None, t_wobbler_mangrove=None):
          if r_luxury_yacht:
              warnings.warn("Please migrate to t_wobbler_mangrove=.",
                            skip_file_prefixes=_warn_skips)

      # example/higher.py
      from . import lower

      def another_way(**kw):
          lower.one_way(**kw)

   This makes the warning refer to both the "example.lower.one_way()"
   and "example.higher.another_way()" call sites only from calling
   code living outside of "example" package.

   *source*, if supplied, is the destroyed object which emitted a
   "ResourceWarning".

   Alterado na versão 3.6: Adicionado o parâmetro *source*.

   Alterado na versão 3.12: Added *skip_file_prefixes*.

warnings.warn_explicit(message, category, filename, lineno, module=None, registry=None, module_globals=None, source=None)

   This is a low-level interface to the functionality of "warn()",
   passing in explicitly the message, category, filename and line
   number, and optionally the module name and the registry (which
   should be the "__warningregistry__" dictionary of the module).  The
   module name defaults to the filename with ".py" stripped; if no
   registry is passed, the warning is never suppressed. *message* must
   be a string and *category* a subclass of "Warning" or *message* may
   be a "Warning" instance, in which case *category* will be ignored.

   *module_globals*, if supplied, should be the global namespace in
   use by the code for which the warning is issued.  (This argument is
   used to support displaying source for modules found in zipfiles or
   other non-filesystem import sources).

   *source*, if supplied, is the destroyed object which emitted a
   "ResourceWarning".

   Alterado na versão 3.6: Adiciona o parâmetro *source*.

warnings.showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None)

   Write a warning to a file.  The default implementation calls
   "formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line)" and
   writes the resulting string to *file*, which defaults to
   "sys.stderr".  You may replace this function with any callable by
   assigning to "warnings.showwarning". *line* is a line of source
   code to be included in the warning message; if *line* is not
   supplied, "showwarning()" will try to read the line specified by
   *filename* and *lineno*.

warnings.formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line=None)

   Format a warning the standard way.  This returns a string which may
   contain embedded newlines and ends in a newline.  *line* is a line
   of source code to be included in the warning message; if *line* is
   not supplied, "formatwarning()" will try to read the line specified
   by *filename* and *lineno*.

warnings.filterwarnings(action, message='', category=Warning, module='', lineno=0, append=False)

   Insert an entry into the list of warnings filter specifications.
   The entry is inserted at the front by default; if *append* is true,
   it is inserted at the end.  This checks the types of the arguments,
   compiles the *message* and *module* regular expressions, and
   inserts them as a tuple in the list of warnings filters.  Entries
   closer to the front of the list override entries later in the list,
   if both match a particular warning.  Omitted arguments default to a
   value that matches everything.

warnings.simplefilter(action, category=Warning, lineno=0, append=False)

   Insert a simple entry into the list of warnings filter
   specifications.  The meaning of the function parameters is as for
   "filterwarnings()", but regular expressions are not needed as the
   filter inserted always matches any message in any module as long as
   the category and line number match.

warnings.resetwarnings()

   Reset the warnings filter.  This discards the effect of all
   previous calls to "filterwarnings()", including that of the "-W"
   command line options and calls to "simplefilter()".

@warnings.deprecated(msg, *, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=1)

   Decorator to indicate that a class, function or overload is
   deprecated.

   When this decorator is applied to an object, deprecation warnings
   may be emitted at runtime when the object is used. *static type
   checkers* will also generate a diagnostic on usage of the
   deprecated object.

   Uso:

      from warnings import deprecated
      from typing import overload

      @deprecated("Use B instead")
      class A:
          pass

      @deprecated("Use g instead")
      def f():
          pass

      @overload
      @deprecated("int support is deprecated")
      def g(x: int) -> int: ...
      @overload
      def g(x: str) -> int: ...

   The warning specified by *category* will be emitted at runtime on
   use of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls;
   for classes, on instantiation and on creation of subclasses. If the
   *category* is "None", no warning is emitted at runtime. The
   *stacklevel* determines where the warning is emitted. If it is "1"
   (the default), the warning is emitted at the direct caller of the
   deprecated object; if it is higher, it is emitted further up the
   stack. Static type checker behavior is not affected by the
   *category* and *stacklevel* arguments.

   The deprecation message passed to the decorator is saved in the
   "__deprecated__" attribute on the decorated object. If applied to
   an overload, the decorator must be after the "@~typing.overload"
   decorator for the attribute to exist on the overload as returned by
   "typing.get_overloads()".

   Adicionado na versão 3.13: See **PEP 702**.


Gerenciadores de contexto disponíveis
=====================================

class warnings.catch_warnings(*, record=False, module=None, action=None, category=Warning, lineno=0, append=False)

   A context manager that copies and, upon exit, restores the warnings
   filter and the "showwarning()" function. If the *record* argument
   is "False" (the default) the context manager returns "None" on
   entry. If *record* is "True", a list is returned that is
   progressively populated with objects as seen by a custom
   "showwarning()" function (which also suppresses output to
   "sys.stdout"). Each object in the list has attributes with the same
   names as the arguments to "showwarning()".

   The *module* argument takes a module that will be used instead of
   the module returned when you import "warnings" whose filter will be
   protected. This argument exists primarily for testing the
   "warnings" module itself.

   If the *action* argument is not "None", the remaining arguments are
   passed to "simplefilter()" as if it were called immediately on
   entering the context.

   See O filtro de avisos for the meaning of the *category* and
   *lineno* parameters.

   Nota:

     See Concurrent safety of Context Managers for details on the
     concurrency-safety of the "catch_warnings" context manager when
     used in programs using multiple threads or async functions.

   Alterado na versão 3.11: Added the *action*, *category*, *lineno*,
   and *append* parameters.


Concurrent safety of Context Managers
=====================================

The behavior of "catch_warnings" context manager depends on the
"sys.flags.context_aware_warnings" flag.  If the flag is true, the
context manager behaves in a concurrent-safe fashion and otherwise
not. Concurrent-safe means that it is both thread-safe and safe to use
within asyncio coroutines and tasks.  Being thread-safe means that
behavior is predictable in a multi-threaded program.  The flag
defaults to true for free-threaded builds and false otherwise.

If the "context_aware_warnings" flag is false, then "catch_warnings"
will modify the global attributes of the "warnings" module.  This is
not safe if used within a concurrent program (using multiple threads
or using asyncio coroutines).  For example, if two or more threads use
the "catch_warnings" class at the same time, the behavior is
undefined.

If the flag is true, "catch_warnings" will not modify global
attributes and will instead use a "ContextVar" to store the newly
established warning filtering state.  A context variable provides
thread-local storage and it makes the use of "catch_warnings" thread-
safe.

The *record* parameter of the context handler also behaves differently
depending on the value of the flag.  When *record* is true and the
flag is false, the context manager works by replacing and then later
restoring the module's "showwarning()" function.  That is not
concurrent-safe.

When *record* is true and the flag is true, the "showwarning()"
function is not replaced.  Instead, the recording status is indicated
by an internal property in the context variable.  In this case, the
"showwarning()" function will not be restored when exiting the context
handler.

The "context_aware_warnings" flag can be set the "-X
context_aware_warnings" command-line option or by the
"PYTHON_CONTEXT_AWARE_WARNINGS" environment variable.

   Nota:

     It is likely that most programs that desire thread-safe behaviour
     of the warnings module will also want to set the
     "thread_inherit_context" flag to true.  That flag causes threads
     created by "threading.Thread" to start with a copy of the context
     variables from the thread starting it.  When true, the context
     established by "catch_warnings" in one thread will also apply to
     new threads started by it.  If false, new threads will start with
     an empty warnings context variable, meaning that any filtering
     that was established by a "catch_warnings" context manager will
     no longer be active.

Alterado na versão 3.14: Added the "sys.flags.context_aware_warnings"
flag and the use of a context variable for "catch_warnings" if the
flag is true.  Previous versions of Python acted as if the flag was
always set to false.
