"io" --- Ferramentas essenciais para trabalhar com fluxos
*********************************************************

**Código-fonte:** Lib/io.py

======================================================================


Visão Geral
===========

O módulo "io" fornece os principais recursos do Python para lidar com
vários tipos de E/S. Existem três tipos principais de E/S: *E/S de
texto*, *E/S binária* e *E/S bruta*. Essas são categorias genéricas, e
vários repositórios de apoio podem ser usados para cada uma delas. Um
objeto concreto pertencente a qualquer uma dessas categorias é chamado
de *objeto arquivo*. Outros termos comuns são *fluxo* e *objeto
arquivo ou similar*.

Independentemente de sua categoria, cada objeto de fluxo concreto
também terá vários recursos: pode ser somente leitura, somente escrita
ou leitura e escrita. Também pode permitir acesso aleatório arbitrário
(buscando para frente ou para trás em qualquer local) ou apenas acesso
sequencial (por exemplo, no caso de um soquete ou encadeamento).

Todos os fluxos são cuidadosos com o tipo de dados que você fornece a
eles. Por exemplo, atribuir um objeto "str" ao método "write()" de um
fluxo binário levantará uma "TypeError". O mesmo ocorrerá com um
objeto "bytes" ao método "write()" de um fluxo de texto.

Alterado na versão 3.3: Operações que costumavam levantar "IOError"
agora levantam "OSError", já que "IOError" agora é um apelido de
"OSError".


E/S de texto
------------

A E/S de texto espera e produz objetos "str". Isso significa que
sempre que o armazenamento de apoio for composto nativamente por bytes
(como no caso de um arquivo), a codificação e a decodificação dos
dados são feitas de forma transparente, bem como a tradução opcional
de caracteres de quebra de linha específicos da plataforma.

A maneira mais fácil de criar um fluxo de texto é com "open()",
especificando opcionalmente uma codificação:

   f = open("myfile.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")

Os fluxos de texto na memória também estão disponíveis como objetos
"StringIO":

   f = io.StringIO("alguns dados em texto iniciais")

Nota:

  Ao trabalhar com um fluxo não bloqueante, esteja ciente de que
  operações de leitura em objetos de E/S de texto podem levantar uma
  "BlockingIOError" se o fluxo não puder executar a operação
  imediatamente.

A API de fluxo de texto é descrita em detalhes na documentação de
"TextIOBase".


E/S binária
-----------

E/S binária (também chamada de *E/S com buffer*) espera *objeto bytes
ou similar* e produz objetos "bytes". Nenhuma codificação,
decodificação ou tradução de quebra de linha é realizada. Esta
categoria de fluxos pode ser usada para todos os tipos de dados não
textuais e também quando se deseja controle manual sobre o tratamento
de dados textuais.

A maneira mais fácil de criar um fluxo binário é com "open()" com
"'b'" na string de modo:

   f = open("meuarquivo.jpg", "rb")

Os fluxos binários na memória também estão disponíveis como objetos
"BytesIO":

   f = io.BytesIO(b"alguns dados bin\xe1rios iniciais: \x00\x01")

A API de fluxo binário é descrita em detalhes na documentação de
"BufferedIOBase".

Outros módulos de biblioteca podem fornecer maneiras adicionais de
criar fluxos de texto ou binários. Veja "socket.socket.makefile()"
como exemplo.


E/S bruta
---------

A E/S bruta (também chamada de *E/S sem buffer*) é geralmente usada
como um bloco de construção de baixo nível para fluxos binários e de
texto; raramente é útil manipular diretamente um fluxo bruto a partir
do código do usuário. No entanto, você pode criar um fluxo bruto
abrindo um arquivo em modo binário com o buffer desabilitado:

   f = open("meuarquivo.jpg", "rb", buffering=0)

A API de fluxo bruto é descrita em detalhes na documentação de
"RawIOBase".


Codificação do texto
====================

A codificação padrão de "TextIOWrapper" e "open()" é específica da
localidade ("locale.getencoding()").

No entanto, muitos desenvolvedores esquecem de especificar a
codificação ao abrir arquivos de texto codificados em UTF-8 (por
exemplo, JSON, TOML, Markdown, etc.), já que a maioria das plataformas
Unix usa a localidade UTF-8 por padrão. Isso causa bugs porque a
codificação de localidade não é UTF-8 para a maioria dos usuários do
Windows. Por exemplo:

   # Pode não funcionar no Windows quando há caracteres não ASCII no arquivo.
   with open("README.md") as f:
       long_description = f.read()

Portanto, é altamente recomendável que você especifique a codificação
explicitamente ao abrir arquivos de texto. Se quiser usar UTF-8, passe
"encoding="utf-8"". Para usar a codificação da localidade atual,
"encoding="locale"" é suportado desde o Python 3.10.

Ver também:

  Modo UTF-8 do Python
     O modo Python UTF-8 pode ser usado para alterar a codificação
     padrão para UTF-8 a partir da codificação específica de
     localidade.

  **PEP 686**
     Python 3.15 utilizará Modo UTF-8 do Python por padrão.


Ativar EncodingWarning
----------------------

Adicionado na versão 3.10: Veja a **PEP 597** para mais detalhes.

Para descobrir onde a codificação da localidade padrão é usada, você
pode habilitar a opção de linha de comando "-X warn_default_encoding"
ou definir a variável de ambiente "PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING", que
emitirá um "EncodingWarning" quando a codificação padrão for usada.

Se você estiver fornecendo uma API que usa "open()" ou "TextIOWrapper"
e passa "encoding=None" como parâmetro, você pode usar
"text_encoding()" para que os chamadores da API emitam um
"EncodingWarning" se não passarem um "encoding". No entanto, considere
usar UTF-8 por padrão (ou seja, "encoding="utf-8"") para novas APIs.


High-level Module Interface
===========================

io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE

   An int containing the default buffer size used by the module's
   buffered I/O classes.  "open()" uses the file's blksize (as
   obtained by "os.stat()") if possible.

io.open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)

   This is an alias for the builtin "open()" function.

   Esta função levanta um evento de auditoria "open" com os argumentos
   *path*, *mode* e *flags*. Os argumentos *mode* e *flags* podem ter
   sido modificados ou inferidos da chamada original.

io.open_code(path)

   Opens the provided file with mode "'rb'". This function should be
   used when the intent is to treat the contents as executable code.

   *path* should be a "str" and an absolute path.

   The behavior of this function may be overridden by an earlier call
   to the "PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook()". However, assuming that *path* is
   a "str" and an absolute path, "open_code(path)" should always
   behave the same as "open(path, 'rb')". Overriding the behavior is
   intended for additional validation or preprocessing of the file.

   Adicionado na versão 3.8.

io.text_encoding(encoding, stacklevel=2, /)

   This is a helper function for callables that use "open()" or
   "TextIOWrapper" and have an "encoding=None" parameter.

   This function returns *encoding* if it is not "None". Otherwise, it
   returns ""locale"" or ""utf-8"" depending on UTF-8 Mode.

   This function emits an "EncodingWarning" if
   "sys.flags.warn_default_encoding" is true and *encoding* is "None".
   *stacklevel* specifies where the warning is emitted. For example:

      def read_text(path, encoding=None):
          encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)  # stacklevel=2
          with open(path, encoding) as f:
              return f.read()

   In this example, an "EncodingWarning" is emitted for the caller of
   "read_text()".

   Veja Codificação do texto para mais informações.

   Adicionado na versão 3.10.

   Alterado na versão 3.11: "text_encoding()" returns "utf-8" when
   UTF-8 mode is enabled and *encoding* is "None".

exception io.BlockingIOError

   This is a compatibility alias for the builtin "BlockingIOError"
   exception.

exception io.UnsupportedOperation

   An exception inheriting "OSError" and "ValueError" that is raised
   when an unsupported operation is called on a stream.

Ver também:

  "sys"
     contains the standard IO streams: "sys.stdin", "sys.stdout", and
     "sys.stderr".


hierarquia de classe
====================

The implementation of I/O streams is organized as a hierarchy of
classes.  First *abstract base classes* (ABCs), which are used to
specify the various categories of streams, then concrete classes
providing the standard stream implementations.

Nota:

  The abstract base classes also provide default implementations of
  some methods in order to help implementation of concrete stream
  classes.  For example, "BufferedIOBase" provides unoptimized
  implementations of "readinto()" and "readline()".

At the top of the I/O hierarchy is the abstract base class "IOBase".
It defines the basic interface to a stream.  Note, however, that there
is no separation between reading and writing to streams;
implementations are allowed to raise "UnsupportedOperation" if they do
not support a given operation.

The "RawIOBase" ABC extends "IOBase".  It deals with the reading and
writing of bytes to a stream.  "FileIO" subclasses "RawIOBase" to
provide an interface to files in the machine's file system.

The "BufferedIOBase" ABC extends "IOBase".  It deals with buffering on
a raw binary stream ("RawIOBase").  Its subclasses, "BufferedWriter",
"BufferedReader", and "BufferedRWPair" buffer raw binary streams that
are writable, readable, and both readable and writable, respectively.
"BufferedRandom" provides a buffered interface to seekable streams.
Another "BufferedIOBase" subclass, "BytesIO", is a stream of in-memory
bytes.

The "TextIOBase" ABC extends "IOBase".  It deals with streams whose
bytes represent text, and handles encoding and decoding to and from
strings.  "TextIOWrapper", which extends "TextIOBase", is a buffered
text interface to a buffered raw stream ("BufferedIOBase").  Finally,
"StringIO" is an in-memory stream for text.

Argument names are not part of the specification, and only the
arguments of "open()" are intended to be used as keyword arguments.

The following table summarizes the ABCs provided by the "io" module:

+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ABC                       | Inherits           | Stub Methods             | Mixin Methods and Properties                       |
|===========================|====================|==========================|====================================================|
| "IOBase"                  |                    | "fileno", "seek", and    | "close", "closed", "__enter__", "__exit__",        |
|                           |                    | "truncate"               | "flush", "isatty", "__iter__", "__next__",         |
|                           |                    |                          | "readable", "readline", "readlines", "seekable",   |
|                           |                    |                          | "tell", "writable", and "writelines"               |
+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| "RawIOBase"               | "IOBase"           | "readinto" and "write"   | Inherited "IOBase" methods, "read", and "readall"  |
+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| "BufferedIOBase"          | "IOBase"           | "detach", "read",        | Inherited "IOBase" methods, "readinto", and        |
|                           |                    | "read1", and "write"     | "readinto1"                                        |
+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| "TextIOBase"              | "IOBase"           | "detach", "read",        | Inherited "IOBase" methods, "encoding", "errors",  |
|                           |                    | "readline", and "write"  | and "newlines"                                     |
+---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+


I/O Base Classes
----------------

class io.IOBase

   The abstract base class for all I/O classes.

   This class provides empty abstract implementations for many methods
   that derived classes can override selectively; the default
   implementations represent a file that cannot be read, written or
   seeked.

   Even though "IOBase" does not declare "read()" or "write()" because
   their signatures will vary, implementations and clients should
   consider those methods part of the interface.  Also,
   implementations may raise a "ValueError" (or
   "UnsupportedOperation") when operations they do not support are
   called.

   The basic type used for binary data read from or written to a file
   is "bytes".  Other *bytes-like objects* are accepted as method
   arguments too.  Text I/O classes work with "str" data.

   Note that calling any method (even inquiries) on a closed stream is
   undefined.  Implementations may raise "ValueError" in this case.

   "IOBase" (and its subclasses) supports the iterator protocol,
   meaning that an "IOBase" object can be iterated over yielding the
   lines in a stream.  Lines are defined slightly differently
   depending on whether the stream is a binary stream (yielding
   bytes), or a text stream (yielding character strings).  See
   "readline()" below.

   "IOBase" is also a context manager and therefore supports the
   "with" statement.  In this example, *file* is closed after the
   "with" statement's suite is finished---even if an exception occurs:

      with open('spam.txt', 'w') as file:
          file.write('Spam and eggs!')

   "IOBase" provides these data attributes and methods:

   close()

      Flush and close this stream. This method has no effect if the
      file is already closed. Once the file is closed, any operation
      on the file (e.g. reading or writing) will raise a "ValueError".

      As a convenience, it is allowed to call this method more than
      once; only the first call, however, will have an effect.

   closed

      "True" if the stream is closed.

   fileno()

      Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer) of the stream
      if it exists.  An "OSError" is raised if the IO object does not
      use a file descriptor.

   flush()

      Flush the write buffers of the stream if applicable.  This does
      nothing for read-only and non-blocking streams.

   isatty()

      Return "True" if the stream is interactive (i.e., connected to a
      terminal/tty device).

   readable()

      Return "True" if the stream can be read from. If "False",
      "read()" will raise "OSError".

   readline(size=-1, /)

      Read and return one line from the stream.  If *size* is
      specified, at most *size* bytes will be read.

      The line terminator is always "b'\n'" for binary files; for text
      files, the *newline* argument to "open()" can be used to select
      the line terminator(s) recognized.

   readlines(hint=-1, /)

      Read and return a list of lines from the stream.  *hint* can be
      specified to control the number of lines read: no more lines
      will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
      lines so far exceeds *hint*.

      *hint* values of "0" or less, as well as "None", are treated as
      no hint.

      Note that it's already possible to iterate on file objects using
      "for line in file: ..." without calling "file.readlines()".

   seek(offset, whence=os.SEEK_SET, /)

      Change the stream position to the given byte *offset*,
      interpreted relative to the position indicated by *whence*, and
      return the new absolute position. Values for *whence* are:

      * "os.SEEK_SET" or "0" -- start of the stream (the default);
        *offset* should be zero or positive

      * "os.SEEK_CUR" or "1" -- current stream position; *offset* may
        be negative

      * "os.SEEK_END" or "2" -- end of the stream; *offset* is usually
        negative

      Adicionado na versão 3.1: The "SEEK_*" constants.

      Adicionado na versão 3.3: Some operating systems could support
      additional values, like "os.SEEK_HOLE" or "os.SEEK_DATA". The
      valid values for a file could depend on it being open in text or
      binary mode.

   seekable()

      Return "True" if the stream supports random access.  If "False",
      "seek()", "tell()" and "truncate()" will raise "OSError".

   tell()

      Return the current stream position.

   truncate(size=None, /)

      Resize the stream to the given *size* in bytes (or the current
      position if *size* is not specified).  The current stream
      position isn't changed. This resizing can extend or reduce the
      current file size.  In case of extension, the contents of the
      new file area depend on the platform (on most systems,
      additional bytes are zero-filled).  The new file size is
      returned.

      Alterado na versão 3.5: Windows will now zero-fill files when
      extending.

   writable()

      Return "True" if the stream supports writing.  If "False",
      "write()" and "truncate()" will raise "OSError".

   writelines(lines, /)

      Write a list of lines to the stream.  Line separators are not
      added, so it is usual for each of the lines provided to have a
      line separator at the end.

   __del__()

      Prepare for object destruction. "IOBase" provides a default
      implementation of this method that calls the instance's
      "close()" method.

class io.RawIOBase

   Base class for raw binary streams.  It inherits from "IOBase".

   Raw binary streams typically provide low-level access to an
   underlying OS device or API, and do not try to encapsulate it in
   high-level primitives (this functionality is done at a higher-level
   in buffered binary streams and text streams, described later in
   this page).

   "RawIOBase" provides these methods in addition to those from
   "IOBase":

   read(size=-1, /)

      Read up to *size* bytes from the object and return them.  As a
      convenience, if *size* is unspecified or -1, all bytes until EOF
      are returned. Otherwise, only one system call is ever made.
      Fewer than *size* bytes may be returned if the operating system
      call returns fewer than *size* bytes.

      If 0 bytes are returned, and *size* was not 0, this indicates
      end of file. If the object is in non-blocking mode and no bytes
      are available, "None" is returned.

      The default implementation defers to "readall()" and
      "readinto()".

   readall()

      Read and return all the bytes from the stream until EOF, using
      multiple calls to the stream if necessary.

   readinto(b, /)

      Read bytes into a pre-allocated, writable *bytes-like object*
      *b*, and return the number of bytes read.  For example, *b*
      might be a "bytearray". If the object is in non-blocking mode
      and no bytes are available, "None" is returned.

   write(b, /)

      Write the given *bytes-like object*, *b*, to the underlying raw
      stream, and return the number of bytes written.  This can be
      less than the length of *b* in bytes, depending on specifics of
      the underlying raw stream, and especially if it is in non-
      blocking mode.  "None" is returned if the raw stream is set not
      to block and no single byte could be readily written to it.  The
      caller may release or mutate *b* after this method returns, so
      the implementation should only access *b* during the method
      call.

class io.BufferedIOBase

   Base class for binary streams that support some kind of buffering.
   It inherits from "IOBase".

   The main difference with "RawIOBase" is that methods "read()",
   "readinto()" and "write()" will try (respectively) to read as much
   input as requested or to emit all provided data.

   In addition, if the underlying raw stream is in non-blocking mode,
   when the system returns would block "write()" will raise
   "BlockingIOError" with "BlockingIOError.characters_written" and
   "read()" will return data read so far or "None" if no data is
   available.

   Besides, the "read()" method does not have a default implementation
   that defers to "readinto()".

   A typical "BufferedIOBase" implementation should not inherit from a
   "RawIOBase" implementation, but wrap one, like "BufferedWriter" and
   "BufferedReader" do.

   "BufferedIOBase" provides or overrides these data attributes and
   methods in addition to those from "IOBase":

   raw

      The underlying raw stream (a "RawIOBase" instance) that
      "BufferedIOBase" deals with.  This is not part of the
      "BufferedIOBase" API and may not exist on some implementations.

   detach()

      Separate the underlying raw stream from the buffer and return
      it.

      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an
      unusable state.

      Some buffers, like "BytesIO", do not have the concept of a
      single raw stream to return from this method.  They raise
      "UnsupportedOperation".

      Adicionado na versão 3.1.

   read(size=-1, /)

      Read and return up to *size* bytes. If the argument is omitted,
      "None", or negative read as much as possible.

      Fewer bytes may be returned than requested. An empty "bytes"
      object is returned if the stream is already at EOF. More than
      one read may be made and calls may be retried if specific errors
      are encountered, see "os.read()" and **PEP 475** for more
      details. Less than size bytes being returned does not imply that
      EOF is imminent.

      When reading as much as possible the default implementation will
      use "raw.readall" if available (which should implement
      "RawIOBase.readall()"), otherwise will read in a loop until read
      returns "None", an empty "bytes", or a non-retryable error. For
      most streams this is to EOF, but for non-blocking streams more
      data may become available.

      Nota:

        When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking,
        implementations may either raise "BlockingIOError" or return
        "None" if no data is available. "io" implementations return
        "None".

   read1(size=-1, /)

      Read and return up to *size* bytes, calling "readinto()" which
      may retry if "EINTR" is encountered per **PEP 475**. If *size*
      is "-1" or not provided, the implementation will choose an
      arbitrary value for *size*.

      Nota:

        When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking,
        implementations may either raise "BlockingIOError" or return
        "None" if no data is available. "io" implementations return
        "None".

   readinto(b, /)

      Read bytes into a pre-allocated, writable *bytes-like object*
      *b* and return the number of bytes read. For example, *b* might
      be a "bytearray".

      Like "read()", multiple reads may be issued to the underlying
      raw stream, unless the latter is interactive.

      A "BlockingIOError" is raised if the underlying raw stream is in
      non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment.

   readinto1(b, /)

      Read bytes into a pre-allocated, writable *bytes-like object*
      *b*, using at most one call to the underlying raw stream's
      "read()" (or "readinto()") method. Return the number of bytes
      read.

      A "BlockingIOError" is raised if the underlying raw stream is in
      non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment.

      Adicionado na versão 3.5.

   write(b, /)

      Write the given *bytes-like object*, *b*, and return the number
      of bytes written (always equal to the length of *b* in bytes,
      since if the write fails an "OSError" will be raised).
      Depending on the actual implementation, these bytes may be
      readily written to the underlying stream, or held in a buffer
      for performance and latency reasons.

      When in non-blocking mode, a "BlockingIOError" is raised if the
      data needed to be written to the raw stream but it couldn't
      accept all the data without blocking.

      The caller may release or mutate *b* after this method returns,
      so the implementation should only access *b* during the method
      call.


Raw File I/O
------------

class io.FileIO(name, mode='r', closefd=True, opener=None)

   A raw binary stream representing an OS-level file containing bytes
   data.  It inherits from "RawIOBase".

   The *name* can be one of two things:

   * a character string or "bytes" object representing the path to the
     file which will be opened. In this case closefd must be "True"
     (the default) otherwise an error will be raised.

   * an integer representing the number of an existing OS-level file
     descriptor to which the resulting "FileIO" object will give
     access. When the FileIO object is closed this fd will be closed
     as well, unless *closefd* is set to "False".

   The *mode* can be "'r'", "'w'", "'x'" or "'a'" for reading
   (default), writing, exclusive creation or appending. The file will
   be created if it doesn't exist when opened for writing or
   appending; it will be truncated when opened for writing.
   "FileExistsError" will be raised if it already exists when opened
   for creating. Opening a file for creating implies writing, so this
   mode behaves in a similar way to "'w'". Add a "'+'" to the mode to
   allow simultaneous reading and writing.

   The "read()" (when called with a positive argument), "readinto()"
   and "write()" methods on this class will only make one system call.

   A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
   underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
   calling *opener* with (*name*, *flags*). *opener* must return an
   open file descriptor (passing "os.open" as *opener* results in
   functionality similar to passing "None").

   O arquivo recém-criado é non-inheritable.

   See the "open()" built-in function for examples on using the
   *opener* parameter.

   Alterado na versão 3.3: The *opener* parameter was added. The "'x'"
   mode was added.

   Alterado na versão 3.4: O arquivo agora é não herdável.

   "FileIO" provides these data attributes in addition to those from
   "RawIOBase" and "IOBase":

   mode

      The mode as given in the constructor.

   name

      The file name.  This is the file descriptor of the file when no
      name is given in the constructor.


Buffered Streams
----------------

Buffered I/O streams provide a higher-level interface to an I/O device
than raw I/O does.

class io.BytesIO(initial_bytes=b'')

   A binary stream using an in-memory bytes buffer.  It inherits from
   "BufferedIOBase".  The buffer is discarded when the "close()"
   method is called.

   The optional argument *initial_bytes* is a *bytes-like object* that
   contains initial data.

   "BytesIO" provides or overrides these methods in addition to those
   from "BufferedIOBase" and "IOBase":

   getbuffer()

      Return a readable and writable view over the contents of the
      buffer without copying them.  Also, mutating the view will
      transparently update the contents of the buffer:

         >>> b = io.BytesIO(b"abcdef")
         >>> view = b.getbuffer()
         >>> view[2:4] = b"56"
         >>> b.getvalue()
         b'ab56ef'

      Nota:

        As long as the view exists, the "BytesIO" object cannot be
        resized or closed.

      Adicionado na versão 3.2.

   getvalue()

      Return "bytes" containing the entire contents of the buffer.

   read1(size=-1, /)

      In "BytesIO", this is the same as "read()".

      Alterado na versão 3.7: The *size* argument is now optional.

   readinto1(b, /)

      In "BytesIO", this is the same as "readinto()".

      Adicionado na versão 3.5.

class io.BufferedReader(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)

   A buffered binary stream providing higher-level access to a
   readable, non seekable "RawIOBase" raw binary stream.  It inherits
   from "BufferedIOBase".

   When reading data from this object, a larger amount of data may be
   requested from the underlying raw stream, and kept in an internal
   buffer. The buffered data can then be returned directly on
   subsequent reads.

   The constructor creates a "BufferedReader" for the given readable
   *raw* stream and *buffer_size*.  If *buffer_size* is omitted,
   "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE" is used.

   "BufferedReader" provides or overrides these methods in addition to
   those from "BufferedIOBase" and "IOBase":

   peek(size=0, /)

      Return bytes from the stream without advancing the position. The
      number of bytes returned may be less or more than requested. If
      the underlying raw stream is non-blocking and the operation
      would block, returns empty bytes.

   read(size=-1, /)

      In "BufferedReader" this is the same as
      "io.BufferedIOBase.read()"

   read1(size=-1, /)

      In "BufferedReader" this is the same as
      "io.BufferedIOBase.read1()"

      Alterado na versão 3.7: The *size* argument is now optional.

class io.BufferedWriter(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)

   A buffered binary stream providing higher-level access to a
   writeable, non seekable "RawIOBase" raw binary stream.  It inherits
   from "BufferedIOBase".

   When writing to this object, data is normally placed into an
   internal buffer.  The buffer will be written out to the underlying
   "RawIOBase" object under various conditions, including:

   * when the buffer gets too small for all pending data;

   * when "flush()" is called;

   * when a "seek()" is requested (for "BufferedRandom" objects);

   * when the "BufferedWriter" object is closed or destroyed.

   The constructor creates a "BufferedWriter" for the given writeable
   *raw* stream.  If the *buffer_size* is not given, it defaults to
   "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE".

   "BufferedWriter" provides or overrides these methods in addition to
   those from "BufferedIOBase" and "IOBase":

   flush()

      Force bytes held in the buffer into the raw stream.  A
      "BlockingIOError" should be raised if the raw stream blocks.

   write(b, /)

      Write the *bytes-like object*, *b*, and return the number of
      bytes written.  When in non-blocking mode, a "BlockingIOError"
      with "BlockingIOError.characters_written" set is raised if the
      buffer needs to be written out but the raw stream blocks.

class io.BufferedRandom(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)

   A buffered binary stream providing higher-level access to a
   seekable "RawIOBase" raw binary stream.  It inherits from
   "BufferedReader" and "BufferedWriter".

   The constructor creates a reader and writer for a seekable raw
   stream, given in the first argument.  If the *buffer_size* is
   omitted it defaults to "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE".

   "BufferedRandom" is capable of anything "BufferedReader" or
   "BufferedWriter" can do.  In addition, "seek()" and "tell()" are
   guaranteed to be implemented.

class io.BufferedRWPair(reader, writer, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, /)

   A buffered binary stream providing higher-level access to two non
   seekable "RawIOBase" raw binary streams---one readable, the other
   writeable. It inherits from "BufferedIOBase".

   *reader* and *writer* are "RawIOBase" objects that are readable and
   writeable respectively.  If the *buffer_size* is omitted it
   defaults to "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE".

   "BufferedRWPair" implements all of "BufferedIOBase"'s methods
   except for "detach()", which raises "UnsupportedOperation".

   Aviso:

     "BufferedRWPair" does not attempt to synchronize accesses to its
     underlying raw streams.  You should not pass it the same object
     as reader and writer; use "BufferedRandom" instead.


E/S de texto
------------

class io.TextIOBase

   Base class for text streams.  This class provides a character and
   line based interface to stream I/O.  It inherits from "IOBase".

   "TextIOBase" provides or overrides these data attributes and
   methods in addition to those from "IOBase":

   encoding

      The name of the encoding used to decode the stream's bytes into
      strings, and to encode strings into bytes.

   errors

      The error setting of the decoder or encoder.

   newlines

      A string, a tuple of strings, or "None", indicating the newlines
      translated so far.  Depending on the implementation and the
      initial constructor flags, this may not be available.

   buffer

      The underlying binary buffer (a "BufferedIOBase" or "RawIOBase"
      instance) that "TextIOBase" deals with. This is not part of the
      "TextIOBase" API and may not exist in some implementations.

   detach()

      Separate the underlying binary buffer from the "TextIOBase" and
      return it.

      After the underlying buffer has been detached, the "TextIOBase"
      is in an unusable state.

      Some "TextIOBase" implementations, like "StringIO", may not have
      the concept of an underlying buffer and calling this method will
      raise "UnsupportedOperation".

      Adicionado na versão 3.1.

   read(size=-1, /)

      Read and return at most *size* characters from the stream as a
      single "str".  If *size* is negative or "None", reads until EOF.

   readline(size=-1, /)

      Read until newline or EOF and return a single "str".  If the
      stream is already at EOF, an empty string is returned.

      If *size* is specified, at most *size* characters will be read.

   seek(offset, whence=SEEK_SET, /)

      Change the stream position to the given *offset*.  Behaviour
      depends on the *whence* parameter.  The default value for
      *whence* is "SEEK_SET".

      * "SEEK_SET" or "0": seek from the start of the stream (the
        default); *offset* must either be a number returned by
        "TextIOBase.tell()", or zero.  Any other *offset* value
        produces undefined behaviour.

      * "SEEK_CUR" or "1": "seek" to the current position; *offset*
        must be zero, which is a no-operation (all other values are
        unsupported).

      * "SEEK_END" or "2": seek to the end of the stream; *offset*
        must be zero (all other values are unsupported).

      Return the new absolute position as an opaque number.

      Adicionado na versão 3.1: The "SEEK_*" constants.

   tell()

      Return the current stream position as an opaque number.  The
      number does not usually represent a number of bytes in the
      underlying binary storage.

   write(s, /)

      Write the string *s* to the stream and return the number of
      characters written.

class io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, line_buffering=False, write_through=False)

   A buffered text stream providing higher-level access to a
   "BufferedIOBase" buffered binary stream.  It inherits from
   "TextIOBase".

   *encoding* gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
   decoded or encoded with.  In UTF-8 Mode, this defaults to UTF-8.
   Otherwise, it defaults to "locale.getencoding()".
   "encoding="locale"" can be used to specify the current locale's
   encoding explicitly. See Codificação do texto for more information.

   *errors* is an optional string that specifies how encoding and
   decoding errors are to be handled.  Pass "'strict'" to raise a
   "ValueError" exception if there is an encoding error (the default
   of "None" has the same effect), or pass "'ignore'" to ignore
   errors.  (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data
   loss.)  "'replace'" causes a replacement marker (such as "'?'") to
   be inserted where there is malformed data. "'backslashreplace'"
   causes malformed data to be replaced by a backslashed escape
   sequence.  When writing, "'xmlcharrefreplace'" (replace with the
   appropriate XML character reference)  or "'namereplace'" (replace
   with "\N{...}" escape sequences) can be used.  Any other error
   handling name that has been registered with
   "codecs.register_error()" is also valid.

   *newline* controls how line endings are handled.  It can be "None",
   "''", "'\n'", "'\r'", and "'\r\n'".  It works as follows:

   * When reading input from the stream, if *newline* is "None",
     *universal newlines* mode is enabled.  Lines in the input can end
     in "'\n'", "'\r'", or "'\r\n'", and these are translated into
     "'\n'" before being returned to the caller.  If *newline* is
     "''", universal newlines mode is enabled, but line endings are
     returned to the caller untranslated.  If *newline* has any of the
     other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
     string, and the line ending is returned to the caller
     untranslated.

   * Ao gravar a saída no fluxo, se *newline* for "None", quaisquer
     caracteres "'\n'" gravados serão traduzidos para o separador de
     linhas padrão do sistema, "os.linesep". Se *newline* for "''" ou
     "'\n'", nenhuma tradução ocorrerá. Se *newline* for um dos outros
     valores legais, qualquer caractere "'\n'" escrito será traduzido
     para a string especificada.

   If *line_buffering* is "True", "flush()" is implied when a call to
   write contains a newline character or a carriage return.

   If *write_through* is "True", calls to "write()" are guaranteed not
   to be buffered: any data written on the "TextIOWrapper" object is
   immediately handled to its underlying binary *buffer*.

   Alterado na versão 3.3: The *write_through* argument has been
   added.

   Alterado na versão 3.3: The default *encoding* is now
   "locale.getpreferredencoding(False)" instead of
   "locale.getpreferredencoding()". Don't change temporary the locale
   encoding using "locale.setlocale()", use the current locale
   encoding instead of the user preferred encoding.

   Alterado na versão 3.10: The *encoding* argument now supports the
   ""locale"" dummy encoding name.

   Nota:

     When the underlying raw stream is non-blocking, a
     "BlockingIOError" may be raised if a read operation cannot be
     completed immediately.

   "TextIOWrapper" provides these data attributes and methods in
   addition to those from "TextIOBase" and "IOBase":

   line_buffering

      Whether line buffering is enabled.

   write_through

      Whether writes are passed immediately to the underlying binary
      buffer.

      Adicionado na versão 3.7.

   reconfigure(*, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, line_buffering=None, write_through=None)

      Reconfigure this text stream using new settings for *encoding*,
      *errors*, *newline*, *line_buffering* and *write_through*.

      Parameters not specified keep current settings, except
      "errors='strict'" is used when *encoding* is specified but
      *errors* is not specified.

      It is not possible to change the encoding or newline if some
      data has already been read from the stream. On the other hand,
      changing encoding after write is possible.

      This method does an implicit stream flush before setting the new
      parameters.

      Adicionado na versão 3.7.

      Alterado na versão 3.11: The method supports "encoding="locale""
      option.

   seek(cookie, whence=os.SEEK_SET, /)

      Set the stream position. Return the new stream position as an
      "int".

      Four operations are supported, given by the following argument
      combinations:

      * "seek(0, SEEK_SET)": Rewind to the start of the stream.

      * "seek(cookie, SEEK_SET)": Restore a previous position;
        *cookie* **must be** a number returned by "tell()".

      * "seek(0, SEEK_END)": Fast-forward to the end of the stream.

      * "seek(0, SEEK_CUR)": Leave the current stream position
        unchanged.

      Any other argument combinations are invalid, and may raise
      exceptions.

      Ver também: "os.SEEK_SET", "os.SEEK_CUR", and "os.SEEK_END".

   tell()

      Return the stream position as an opaque number. The return value
      of "tell()" can be given as input to "seek()", to restore a
      previous stream position.

class io.StringIO(initial_value='', newline='\n')

   A text stream using an in-memory text buffer.  It inherits from
   "TextIOBase".

   The text buffer is discarded when the "close()" method is called.

   The initial value of the buffer can be set by providing
   *initial_value*. If newline translation is enabled, newlines will
   be encoded as if by "write()".  The stream is positioned at the
   start of the buffer which emulates opening an existing file in a
   "w+" mode, making it ready for an immediate write from the
   beginning or for a write that would overwrite the initial value.
   To emulate opening a file in an "a+" mode ready for appending, use
   "f.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)" to reposition the stream at the end of the
   buffer.

   The *newline* argument works like that of "TextIOWrapper", except
   that when writing output to the stream, if *newline* is "None",
   newlines are written as "\n" on all platforms.

   "StringIO" provides this method in addition to those from
   "TextIOBase" and "IOBase":

   getvalue()

      Return a "str" containing the entire contents of the buffer.
      Newlines are decoded as if by "read()", although the stream
      position is not changed.

   Exemplo de uso:

      import io

      output = io.StringIO()
      output.write('First line.\n')
      print('Second line.', file=output)

      # Retrieve file contents -- this will be
      # 'First line.\nSecond line.\n'
      contents = output.getvalue()

      # Close object and discard memory buffer --
      # .getvalue() will now raise an exception.
      output.close()

class io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder

   A helper codec that decodes newlines for *universal newlines* mode.
   It inherits from "codecs.IncrementalDecoder".


Static Typing
=============

The following protocols can be used for annotating function and method
arguments for simple stream reading or writing operations. They are
decorated with "@typing.runtime_checkable".

class io.Reader[T]

   Generic protocol for reading from a file or other input stream. "T"
   will usually be "str" or "bytes", but can be any type that is read
   from the stream.

   Adicionado na versão 3.14.

   read()
   read(size, /)

      Read data from the input stream and return it. If *size* is
      specified, it should be an integer, and at most *size* items
      (bytes/characters) will be read.

   Por exemplo:

      def read_it(reader: Reader[str]):
          data = reader.read(11)
          assert isinstance(data, str)

class io.Writer[T]

   Generic protocol for writing to a file or other output stream. "T"
   will usually be "str" or "bytes", but can be any type that can be
   written to the stream.

   Adicionado na versão 3.14.

   write(data, /)

      Write *data* to the output stream and return the number of items
      (bytes/characters) written.

   Por exemplo:

      def write_binary(writer: Writer[bytes]):
          writer.write(b"Hello world!\n")

See ABCs e protocolos para trabalhar com E/S for other I/O related
protocols and classes that can be used for static type checking.


Desempenho
==========

This section discusses the performance of the provided concrete I/O
implementations.


E/S binária
-----------

By reading and writing only large chunks of data even when the user
asks for a single byte, buffered I/O hides any inefficiency in calling
and executing the operating system's unbuffered I/O routines.  The
gain depends on the OS and the kind of I/O which is performed.  For
example, on some modern OSes such as Linux, unbuffered disk I/O can be
as fast as buffered I/O.  The bottom line, however, is that buffered
I/O offers predictable performance regardless of the platform and the
backing device.  Therefore, it is almost always preferable to use
buffered I/O rather than unbuffered I/O for binary data.


E/S de texto
------------

Text I/O over a binary storage (such as a file) is significantly
slower than binary I/O over the same storage, because it requires
conversions between unicode and binary data using a character codec.
This can become noticeable handling huge amounts of text data like
large log files.  Also, "tell()" and "seek()" are both quite slow due
to the reconstruction algorithm used.

"StringIO", however, is a native in-memory unicode container and will
exhibit similar speed to "BytesIO".


Multi-threading
---------------

"FileIO" objects are thread-safe to the extent that the operating
system calls (such as *read(2)* under Unix) they wrap are thread-safe
too.

Binary buffered objects (instances of "BufferedReader",
"BufferedWriter", "BufferedRandom" and "BufferedRWPair") protect their
internal structures using a lock; it is therefore safe to call them
from multiple threads at once.

"TextIOWrapper" objects are not thread-safe.


Reentrancy
----------

Binary buffered objects (instances of "BufferedReader",
"BufferedWriter", "BufferedRandom" and "BufferedRWPair") are not
reentrant.  While reentrant calls will not happen in normal
situations, they can arise from doing I/O in a "signal" handler.  If a
thread tries to re-enter a buffered object which it is already
accessing, a "RuntimeError" is raised.  Note this doesn't prohibit a
different thread from entering the buffered object.

The above implicitly extends to text files, since the "open()"
function will wrap a buffered object inside a "TextIOWrapper".  This
includes standard streams and therefore affects the built-in "print()"
function as well.
