# Futuros

Código-fonte: Lib/asyncio/futures.py, Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py

Objetos Future são usados para fazer a ponte entre código baseado em funções de retorno (callback) de baixo nível e código async/await de alto nível.

## Funções Future

asyncio.isfuture(obj)

  Return `True` if obj is either of:

  - an instance of `asyncio.Future`,

  - an instance of `asyncio.Task`,

  - a Future-like object with a `_asyncio_future_blocking` attribute.

  Adicionado na versão 3.5.

asyncio.ensure_future(obj, *, loop=None)

  Retorna:

  - obj argument as is, if obj is a `Future`, a `Task`, or a Future-like object (`isfuture()` is used for the test.)

  - a `Task` object wrapping obj, if obj is a coroutine (`iscoroutine()` is used for the test); in this case the coroutine will be scheduled by `ensure_future()`.

  - a `Task` object that would await on obj, if obj is an awaitable (`inspect.isawaitable()` is used for the test.)

  If obj is neither of the above a `TypeError` is raised.

  Importante

  Save a reference to the result of this function, to avoid a task disappearing mid-execution.

  See also the `create_task()` function which is the preferred way for creating new tasks or use `asyncio.TaskGroup` which keeps reference to the task internally.

  Alterado na versão 3.5.1: The function accepts any awaitable object.

  Descontinuado desde a versão 3.10: Deprecation warning is emitted if obj is not a Future-like object and loop is not specified and there is no running event loop.

asyncio.wrap_future(future, *, loop=None)

  Wrap a `concurrent.futures.Future` object in a `asyncio.Future` object.

  Descontinuado desde a versão 3.10: Deprecation warning is emitted if future is not a Future-like object and loop is not specified and there is no running event loop.

## Objeto Future

class asyncio.Future(*, loop=None)

  Um Future representa um resultado eventual de uma operação assíncrona. Não é seguro para thread.

  Future é um objeto aguardável. Corrotinas podem aguardar o objeto Future até que ele tenha um resultado ou um conjunto de exceções, ou até que seja cancelado. Um Future pode ser aguardado várias vezes e o resultado é sempre o mesmo.

  Normalmente, objetos Future são usados para permitir que o código baseado em funções de retorno de baixo nível (por exemplo, em protocolos implementados usando transportes asyncio) interopere com o código async/await de alto nível.

  A regra geral é nunca expor o objeto Future em API voltada para o usuário, e a maneira recomendada de criar um objeto Future objeto chamar `loop.create_future()`. Dessa forma, as implementações de laços de eventos alternativos podem injetar suas próprias versões otimizadas de um objeto Future.

  Alterado na versão 3.7: Adicionado suporte ao módulo `contextvars`.

  Descontinuado desde a versão 3.10: Aviso de descontinuidade é emitido se loop não é especificado e não existe nenhum laço de eventos em execução.

  result()

    Return the result of the Future.

    If the Future is done and has a result set by the `set_result()` method, the result value is returned.

    If the Future is done and has an exception set by the `set_exception()` method, this method raises the exception.

    Se o futuro foi cancelled, este método levanta uma exceção `CancelledError`.

    If the Future’s result isn’t yet available, this method raises an `InvalidStateError` exception.

  set_result(result)

    Mark the Future as done and set its result.

    Raises an `InvalidStateError` error if the Future is already done.

  set_exception(exception)

    Mark the Future as done and set an exception.

    Raises an `InvalidStateError` error if the Future is already done.

  done()

    Return `True` if the Future is done.

    A Future is done if it was cancelled or if it has a result or an exception set with `set_result()` or `set_exception()` calls.

  cancelled()

    Return `True` if the Future was cancelled.

    The method is usually used to check if a Future is not cancelled before setting a result or an exception for it:

        if not fut.cancelled():
            fut.set_result(42)

  add_done_callback(callback, *, context=None)

    Add a callback to be run when the Future is done.

    The callback is called with the Future object as its only argument.

    If the Future is already done when this method is called, the callback is scheduled with `loop.call_soon()`.

    Um argumento opcional somente-nomeado context permite especificar um `contextvars.Context` customizado para executar na função de retorno. O contexto atual é usado quando nenhum context é fornecido.

    `functools.partial()` can be used to pass parameters to the callback, e.g.:

        # Call 'print("Future:", fut)' when "fut" is done.
        fut.add_done_callback(
            functools.partial(print, "Future:"))

    Alterado na versão 3.7: O parâmetro somente-nomeado context foi adicionado. Veja PEP 567 para mais detalhes.

  remove_done_callback(callback)

    Remove callback da lista de funções de retorno.

    Returns the number of callbacks removed, which is typically 1, unless a callback was added more than once.

  cancel(msg=None)

    Cancel the Future and schedule callbacks.

    If the Future is already done or cancelled, return `False`. Otherwise, change the Future’s state to cancelled, schedule the callbacks, and return `True`.

    Alterado na versão 3.9: Adicionado o parâmetro msg.

  exception()

    Return the exception that was set on this Future.

    The exception (or `None` if no exception was set) is returned only if the Future is done.

    Se o futuro foi cancelled, este método levanta uma exceção `CancelledError`.

    If the Future isn’t done yet, this method raises an `InvalidStateError` exception.

  get_loop()

    Return the event loop the Future object is bound to.

    Adicionado na versão 3.7.

This example creates a Future object, creates and schedules an asynchronous Task to set result for the Future, and waits until the Future has a result:

    async def set_after(fut, delay, value):
        # Sleep for *delay* seconds.
        await asyncio.sleep(delay)

        # Set *value* as a result of *fut* Future.
        fut.set_result(value)

    async def main():
        # Get the current event loop.
        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

        # Create a new Future object.
        fut = loop.create_future()

        # Run "set_after()" coroutine in a parallel Task.
        # We are using the low-level "loop.create_task()" API here because
        # we already have a reference to the event loop at hand.
        # Otherwise we could have just used "asyncio.create_task()".
        loop.create_task(
            set_after(fut, 1, '... world'))

        print('hello ...')

        # Wait until *fut* has a result (1 second) and print it.
        print(await fut)

    asyncio.run(main())

Importante

The Future object was designed to mimic `concurrent.futures.Future`. Key differences include:

- unlike asyncio Futures, `concurrent.futures.Future` instances cannot be awaited.

- `asyncio.Future.result()` and `asyncio.Future.exception()` do not accept the timeout argument.

- `asyncio.Future.result()` and `asyncio.Future.exception()` raise an `InvalidStateError` exception when the Future is not done.

- Callbacks registered with `asyncio.Future.add_done_callback()` are not called immediately. They are scheduled with `loop.call_soon()` instead.

- asyncio Future is not compatible with the `concurrent.futures.wait()` and `concurrent.futures.as_completed()` functions.

- `asyncio.Future.cancel()` accepts an optional `msg` argument, but `concurrent.futures.Future.cancel()` does not.