# `webbrowser` — Convenient web-browser controller

Código-fonte: Lib/webbrowser.py

The `webbrowser` module provides a high-level interface to allow displaying web-based documents to users. Under most circumstances, simply calling the `open()` function from this module will do the right thing.

Under Unix, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode browsers will be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11 display isn’t available. If text-mode browsers are used, the calling process will block until the user exits the browser.

If the environment variable `BROWSER` exists, it is interpreted as the `os.pathsep`-separated list of browsers to try ahead of the platform defaults. When the value of a list part contains the string `%s`, then it is interpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URL substituted for `%s`; if the part does not contain `%s`, it is simply interpreted as the name of the browser to launch. [1]

For non-Unix platforms, or when a remote browser is available on Unix, the controlling process will not wait for the user to finish with the browser, but allow the remote browser to maintain its own windows on the display. If remote browsers are not available on Unix, the controlling process will launch a new browser and wait.

On iOS, the `BROWSER` environment variable, as well as any arguments controlling autoraise, browser preference, and new tab/window creation will be ignored. Web pages will always be opened in the user’s preferred browser, in a new tab, with the browser being brought to the foreground. The use of the `webbrowser` module on iOS requires the `ctypes` module. If `ctypes` isn’t available, calls to `open()` will fail.

The script webbrowser can be used as a command-line interface for the module. It accepts a URL as the argument. It accepts the following optional parameters:

- `-n`/`--new-window` opens the URL in a new browser window, if possible.

- `-t`/`--new-tab` opens the URL in a new browser page (“tab”).

The options are, naturally, mutually exclusive. Usage example:

    python -m webbrowser -t "https://www.python.org"

Disponibilidade

The following exception is defined:

exception webbrowser.Error

  Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.

As seguintes funções estão definidas:

webbrowser.open(url, new=0, autoraise=True)

  Display url using the default browser. If new is 0, the url is opened in the same browser window if possible. If new is 1, a new browser window is opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page (“tab”) is opened if possible. If autoraise is `True`, the window is raised if possible (note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of the setting of this variable).

  Returns `True` if a browser was successfully launched, `False` otherwise.

  Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function, may work and start the operating system’s associated program. However, this is neither supported nor portable.

  Levanta um evento de auditoria `webbrowser.open` com o argumento `url`.

webbrowser.open_new(url)

  Open url in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, open url in the only browser window.

  Returns `True` if a browser was successfully launched, `False` otherwise.

webbrowser.open_new_tab(url)

  Open url in a new page (“tab”) of the default browser, if possible, otherwise equivalent to `open_new()`.

  Returns `True` if a browser was successfully launched, `False` otherwise.

webbrowser.get(using=None)

  Return a controller object for the browser type using. If using is `None`, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to the caller’s environment.

webbrowser.register(name, constructor, instance=None, *, preferred=False)

  Register the browser type name. Once a browser type is registered, the `get()` function can return a controller for that browser type. If instance is not provided, or is `None`, constructor will be called without parameters to create an instance when needed. If instance is provided, constructor will never be called, and may be `None`.

  Setting preferred to `True` makes this browser a preferred result for a `get()` call with no argument. Otherwise, this entry point is only useful if you plan to either set the `BROWSER` variable or call `get()` with a nonempty argument matching the name of a handler you declare.

  Alterado na versão 3.7: preferred keyword-only parameter was added.

A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the type names that may be passed to the `get()` function and the corresponding instantiations for the controller classes, all defined in this module.

Type Name | Nome da Classe | Notas
--- | --- | ---
`'mozilla'` | `Mozilla('mozilla')` |
`'firefox'` | `Mozilla('mozilla')` |
`'epiphany'` | `Epiphany('epiphany')` |
`'kfmclient'` | `Konqueror()` | (1)
`'konqueror'` | `Konqueror()` | (1)
`'kfm'` | `Konqueror()` | (1)
`'opera'` | `Opera()` |
`'links'` | `GenericBrowser('links')` |
`'elinks'` | `Elinks('elinks')` |
`'lynx'` | `GenericBrowser('lynx')` |
`'w3m'` | `GenericBrowser('w3m')` |
`'windows-default'` | `WindowsDefault` | (2)
`'macosx'` | `MacOSXOSAScript('default')` | (3)
`'safari'` | `MacOSXOSAScript('safari')` | (3)
`'google-chrome'` | `Chrome('google-chrome')` |
`'chrome'` | `Chrome('chrome')` |
`'chromium'` | `Chromium('chromium')` |
`'chromium-browser'` | `Chromium('chromium-browser')` |
`'iosbrowser'` | `IOSBrowser` | (4)

Notas:

1. “Konqueror” is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for Unix, and only makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way of reliably detecting KDE would be nice; the `KDEDIR` variable is not sufficient. Note also that the name “kfm” is used even when using the konqueror command with KDE 2 — the implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.

2. Somente em Plataformas Windows.

3. Only on macOS.

4. Only on iOS.

Adicionado na versão 3.2: A new `MacOSXOSAScript` class has been added and is used on Mac instead of the previous `MacOSX` class. This adds support for opening browsers not currently set as the OS default.

Adicionado na versão 3.3: Support for Chrome/Chromium has been added.

Alterado na versão 3.12: Support for several obsolete browsers has been removed. Removed browsers include Grail, Mosaic, Netscape, Galeon, Skipstone, Iceape, and Firefox versions 35 and below.

Alterado na versão 3.13: Support for iOS has been added.

Aqui estão alguns exemplos simples:

    url = 'https://docs.python.org/'

    # Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.
    webbrowser.open_new_tab(url)

    # Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.
    webbrowser.open_new(url)

## Browser Controller Objects

Browser controllers provide these methods which parallel three of the module-level convenience functions:

controller.name

  System-dependent name for the browser.

controller.open(url, new=0, autoraise=True)

  Display url using the browser handled by this controller. If new is 1, a new browser window is opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page (“tab”) is opened if possible.

controller.open_new(url)

  Open url in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, if possible, otherwise, open url in the only browser window. Alias `open_new()`.

controller.open_new_tab(url)

  Open url in a new page (“tab”) of the browser handled by this controller, if possible, otherwise equivalent to `open_new()`.

Notas de rodapé

[ 1 ]

Executables named here without a full path will be searched in the directories given in the `PATH` environment variable.