# `dataclasses` — Data Classes

Código-fonte: Lib/dataclasses.py

Este módulo fornece um decorador e funções para adicionar automaticamente métodos especiais tais como `__init__()` e `__repr__()` a classes definidas pelo usuário. Foi originalmente descrita em PEP 557.

Variáveis-membro a serem usadas nesses métodos gerados são definidas usando as anotações de tipo da PEP 526. Por exemplo, esse código:

    from dataclasses import dataclass

    @dataclass
    class InventoryItem:
        """Class for keeping track of an item in inventory."""
        name: str
        unit_price: float
        quantity_on_hand: int = 0

        def total_cost(self) -> float:
            return self.unit_price * self.quantity_on_hand

adicionará, entre outras coisas, um `__init__()` como esse:

    def __init__(self, name: str, unit_price: float, quantity_on_hand: int = 0):
        self.name = name
        self.unit_price = unit_price
        self.quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand

Observe que este método é adicionado automaticamente à classe: ele não é especificado diretamente na definição `InventoryItem` mostrada acima.

Adicionado na versão 3.7.

## Conteúdo do módulo

@dataclasses.dataclass(*, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)

  Esta função é um decorador que é usado para adicionar métodos especiais para classes, conforme descrito abaixo.

  O decorador `@dataclass` examina a classe para encontrar campos (`field`. Um `field` é definido como uma variável de classe que tem uma anotação de tipo. Com duas exceções, descritas mais adiante, `@dataclass` não examina o tipo especificado na anotação de variável.

  A ordem dos campos em todos os métodos gerados é a ordem em que eles aparecem na definição de classe.

  O decorador `@dataclass` adicionará vários métodos “dunder” à classe, descritos abaixo. Se algum dos métodos adicionados já existir na classe, o comportamento dependerá do parâmetro, conforme documentado abaixo. O decorador retorna a mesma classe decorada; nenhuma nova classe é criada.

  Se `@dataclass` for usado apenas como um simples decorador, sem parâmetros, ele age como se tivesse os valores padrão documentados nessa assinatura. Ou seja, esses três usos de `@dataclass` são equivalentes:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          ...

      @dataclass()
      class C:
          ...

      @dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False,
                 match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)
      class C:
          ...

  Os parâmetros do `@dataclass` são:

  - init: Se verdadeiro (o padrão), o método `__init__()` será gerado.

    Se a classe do usuário definir `__init__()` esse parâmetro é ignorado.

  - repr: Se verdadeiro (o padrão), um método `__repr__()` será gerado. A sequência de string de representação gerada terá o nome da classe e o nome e representação de cada campo, na ordem em que são definidos na classe. Os campos marcados como excluídos da representação não são incluídos. Por exemplo: `InventoryItem(name='widget', unit_price=3.0, quantity_on_hand=10)`.

    Se a classe do usuário já define `__repr__()` esse parâmetro é ignorado.

  - eq: Se verdadeiro (o padrão), um método `__eq__()` será gerado. Este método compara a classe como se fosse uma tupla de campos, em ordem. Ambas as instâncias na comparação devem ser de tipo idêntico.

    Se a classe do usuário já define `__eq__()` esse parâmetro é ignorado.

  - order: Se verdadeiro (o padrão é `False`), os métodos `__lt__()`, `__le__()`, `__gt__()` e `__ge__()` serão gerados. Comparam a classe como se fosse uma tupla de campos, em ordem. Ambas instâncias na comparação devem ser de tipo idêntico. Se order é verdadeiro e eq é falso, a exceção `ValueError` é levantada.

    Se a classe do usuário já define algum dentre `__lt__()`, `__le__()`, `__gt__()` ou `__ge__()`, então `TypeError` é levantada.

  - unsafe_hash: Se `False` (o padrão), um método `__hash__()` é gerado, conforme a forma como eq e frozen estão configurados.

    `__hash__()` is used by built-in `hash()`, and when objects are added to hashed collections such as dictionaries and sets. Having a `__hash__()` implies that instances of the class are immutable. Mutability is a complicated property that depends on the programmer’s intent, the existence and behavior of `__eq__()`, and the values of the eq and frozen flags in the `@dataclass` decorator.

    Por padrão, `@dataclass` não vai adicionar implicitamente um método `__hash__()`, a menos que seja seguro fazê-lo. Nem irá adicionar ou modificar um método `__hash__()` existente, definido explicitamente. Configurar o atributo de classe `__hash__ = None` tem um significado específico para o Python, conforme descrito na documentação de `__hash__()`.

    Se `__hash__()` não é definido explicitamente, ou se é configurado como `None`, então `@dataclass` pode adicionar um método `__hash__()` implícito. Mesmo que não seja recomendado, pode-se forçar `@dataclass` a criar um método `__hash__()` com `unsafe_hash=True`. Este pode ser o caso se sua classe é logicamente imutável, mas na prática pode ser mudada. Esse é um caso de uso específico e deve ser considerado com muito cuidado.

    Essas são as regras governando a criação implícita de um método `__hash__()`. Observe que não pode ter um método `__hash__()` explícito na dataclass e configurar `unsafe_hash=True`; isso resultará em um `TypeError`.

    If eq and frozen are both true, by default `@dataclass` will generate a `__hash__()` method for you. If eq is true and frozen is false, `__hash__()` will be set to `None`, marking it unhashable (which it is, since it is mutable). If eq is false, `__hash__()` will be left untouched meaning the `__hash__()` method of the superclass will be used (if the superclass is `object`, this means it will fall back to id-based hashing).

  - frozen: If true (the default is `False`), assigning to fields will generate an exception. This emulates read-only frozen instances. If `__setattr__()` or `__delattr__()` is defined in the class, then `TypeError` is raised. See the discussion below.

  - match_args: If true (the default is `True`), the `__match_args__` tuple will be created from the list of parameters to the generated `__init__()` method (even if `__init__()` is not generated, see above). If false, or if `__match_args__` is already defined in the class, then `__match_args__` will not be generated.

  > Adicionado na versão 3.10.

  - kw_only: If true (the default value is `False`), then all fields will be marked as keyword-only. If a field is marked as keyword-only, then the only effect is that the `__init__()` parameter generated from a keyword-only field must be specified with a keyword when `__init__()` is called. There is no effect on any other aspect of dataclasses. See the parameter glossary entry for details. Also see the `KW_ONLY` section.

  > Adicionado na versão 3.10.

  - slots: If true (the default is `False`), `__slots__` attribute will be generated and new class will be returned instead of the original one. If `__slots__` is already defined in the class, then `TypeError` is raised.

  > Adicionado na versão 3.10.

  > Alterado na versão 3.11: If a field name is already included in the `__slots__` of a base class, it will not be included in the generated `__slots__` to prevent overriding them. Therefore, do not use `__slots__` to retrieve the field names of a dataclass. Use `fields()` instead. To be able to determine inherited slots, base class `__slots__` may be any iterable, but not an iterator.

  - weakref_slot: If true (the default is `False`), add a slot named “__weakref__”, which is required to make an instance weakref-able. It is an error to specify `weakref_slot=True` without also specifying `slots=True`.

  > Adicionado na versão 3.11.

  `field`s pode opcionalmente especificar um valor padrão, usando sintaxe Python normal:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          a: int       # 'a' has no default value
          b: int = 0   # assign a default value for 'b'

  In this example, both `a` and `b` will be included in the added `__init__()` method, which will be defined as:

      def __init__(self, a: int, b: int = 0):

  `TypeError` será levantada se um campo sem valor padrão for definido após um campo com valor padrão. Isso é verdadeiro se ocorrer numa classe simples, ou como resultado de uma herança de classe.

dataclasses.field(*, default=MISSING, default_factory=MISSING, init=True, repr=True, hash=None, compare=True, metadata=None, kw_only=MISSING)

  For common and simple use cases, no other functionality is required. There are, however, some dataclass features that require additional per-field information. To satisfy this need for additional information, you can replace the default field value with a call to the provided `field()` function. For example:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          mylist: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)

      c = C()
      c.mylist += [1, 2, 3]

  Como mostrado acima, o valor `MISSING` é um objeto sentinela usado para detectar se alguns parâmetros são fornecidos pelo usuário. Este sentinela é usado porque `None` é um valor válido para alguns parâmetros com um significado distinto. Nenhum código deve usar diretamente o valor `MISSING`.

  The parameters to `field()` are:

  - default: If provided, this will be the default value for this field. This is needed because the `field()` call itself replaces the normal position of the default value.

  - default_factory: If provided, it must be a zero-argument callable that will be called when a default value is needed for this field. Among other purposes, this can be used to specify fields with mutable default values, as discussed below. It is an error to specify both default and default_factory.

  - init: If true (the default), this field is included as a parameter to the generated `__init__()` method.

  - repr: If true (the default), this field is included in the string returned by the generated `__repr__()` method.

  - hash: This can be a bool or `None`. If true, this field is included in the generated `__hash__()` method. If `None` (the default), use the value of compare: this would normally be the expected behavior. A field should be considered in the hash if it’s used for comparisons. Setting this value to anything other than `None` is discouraged.

    Uma possível razão para definir `hash=False` mas `compare=True` seria se um campo for caro para calcular um valor de hash, esse campo for necessário para teste de igualdade e houver outros campos que contribuem para o valor de hash do tipo. Mesmo que um campo seja excluído do hash, ele ainda será usado para comparações.

  - compare: If true (the default), this field is included in the generated equality and comparison methods (`__eq__()`, `__gt__()`, et al.).

  - metadata: This can be a mapping or None. None is treated as an empty dict. This value is wrapped in `MappingProxyType()` to make it read-only, and exposed on the `Field` object. It is not used at all by Data Classes, and is provided as a third-party extension mechanism. Multiple third-parties can each have their own key, to use as a namespace in the metadata.

  - kw_only: If true, this field will be marked as keyword-only. This is used when the generated `__init__()` method’s parameters are computed.

  > Adicionado na versão 3.10.

  If the default value of a field is specified by a call to `field()`, then the class attribute for this field will be replaced by the specified default value. If default is not provided, then the class attribute will be deleted. The intent is that after the `@dataclass` decorator runs, the class attributes will all contain the default values for the fields, just as if the default value itself were specified. For example, after:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          x: int
          y: int = field(repr=False)
          z: int = field(repr=False, default=10)
          t: int = 20

  The class attribute `C.z` will be `10`, the class attribute `C.t` will be `20`, and the class attributes `C.x` and `C.y` will not be set.

class dataclasses.Field

  `Field` objects describe each defined field. These objects are created internally, and are returned by the `fields()` module-level method (see below). Users should never instantiate a `Field` object directly. Its documented attributes are:

  - `name`: The name of the field.

  - `type`: The type of the field.

  - `default`, `default_factory`, `init`, `repr`, `hash`, `compare`, `metadata`, and `kw_only` have the identical meaning and values as they do in the `field()` function.

  Outros atributos podem existir, mas são privados e não devem ser inspecionados ou confiáveis.

dataclasses.fields(class_or_instance)

  Retorna uma tupla de objetos `Field` que definem os campos para esta classe de dados. Aceita uma classe de dados ou uma instância de uma classe de dados. Levanta `TypeError` se não for passada uma classe de dados ou instância de uma. Não retorna pseudocampos que são `ClassVar` ou `InitVar`.

dataclasses.asdict(obj, *, dict_factory=dict)

  Converts the dataclass obj to a dict (by using the factory function dict_factory). Each dataclass is converted to a dict of its fields, as `name: value` pairs. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with `copy.deepcopy()`.

  Example of using `asdict()` on nested dataclasses:

      @dataclass
      class Point:
           x: int
           y: int

      @dataclass
      class C:
           mylist: list[Point]

      p = Point(10, 20)
      assert asdict(p) == {'x': 10, 'y': 20}

      c = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])
      assert asdict(c) == {'mylist': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}

  Para criar uma cópia rasa, a seguinte solução alternativa pode ser usada:

      {field.name: getattr(obj, field.name) for field in fields(obj)}

  `asdict()` raises `TypeError` if obj is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.astuple(obj, *, tuple_factory=tuple)

  Converts the dataclass obj to a tuple (by using the factory function tuple_factory). Each dataclass is converted to a tuple of its field values. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with `copy.deepcopy()`.

  Continuando a partir do exemplo anterior:

      assert astuple(p) == (10, 20)
      assert astuple(c) == ([(0, 0), (10, 4)],)

  Para criar uma cópia rasa, a seguinte solução alternativa pode ser usada:

      tuple(getattr(obj, field.name) for field in dataclasses.fields(obj))

  `astuple()` raises `TypeError` if obj is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.make_dataclass(cls_name, fields, *, bases=(), namespace=None, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False, module=None)

  Creates a new dataclass with name cls_name, fields as defined in fields, base classes as given in bases, and initialized with a namespace as given in namespace. fields is an iterable whose elements are each either `name`, `(name, type)`, or `(name, type, Field)`. If just `name` is supplied, `typing.Any` is used for `type`. The values of init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots, and weakref_slot have the same meaning as they do in `@dataclass`.

  If module is defined, the `__module__` attribute of the dataclass is set to that value. By default, it is set to the module name of the caller.

  This function is not strictly required, because any Python mechanism for creating a new class with `__annotations__` can then apply the `@dataclass` function to convert that class to a dataclass. This function is provided as a convenience. For example:

      C = make_dataclass('C',
                         [('x', int),
                           'y',
                          ('z', int, field(default=5))],
                         namespace={'add_one': lambda self: self.x + 1})

  É equivalente a:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          x: int
          y: 'typing.Any'
          z: int = 5

          def add_one(self):
              return self.x + 1

dataclasses.replace(obj, /, **changes)

  Creates a new object of the same type as obj, replacing fields with values from changes. If obj is not a Data Class, raises `TypeError`. If keys in changes are not field names of the given dataclass, raises `TypeError`.

  The newly returned object is created by calling the `__init__()` method of the dataclass. This ensures that `__post_init__()`, if present, is also called.

  Init-only variables without default values, if any exist, must be specified on the call to `replace()` so that they can be passed to `__init__()` and `__post_init__()`.

  It is an error for changes to contain any fields that are defined as having `init=False`. A `ValueError` will be raised in this case.

  Be forewarned about how `init=False` fields work during a call to `replace()`. They are not copied from the source object, but rather are initialized in `__post_init__()`, if they’re initialized at all. It is expected that `init=False` fields will be rarely and judiciously used. If they are used, it might be wise to have alternate class constructors, or perhaps a custom `replace()` (or similarly named) method which handles instance copying.

dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj)

  Return `True` if its parameter is a dataclass or an instance of one, otherwise return `False`.

  Se você precisa saber se a classe é uma instância de dataclass (e não a dataclass de fato), então adicione uma verificação para `not isinstance(obj, type)`:

      def is_dataclass_instance(obj):
          return is_dataclass(obj) and not isinstance(obj, type)

dataclasses.MISSING

  A sentinel value signifying a missing default or default_factory.

dataclasses.KW_ONLY

  A sentinel value used as a type annotation. Any fields after a pseudo-field with the type of `KW_ONLY` are marked as keyword-only fields. Note that a pseudo-field of type `KW_ONLY` is otherwise completely ignored. This includes the name of such a field. By convention, a name of `_` is used for a `KW_ONLY` field. Keyword-only fields signify `__init__()` parameters that must be specified as keywords when the class is instantiated.

  In this example, the fields `y` and `z` will be marked as keyword-only fields:

      @dataclass
      class Point:
          x: float
          _: KW_ONLY
          y: float
          z: float

      p = Point(0, y=1.5, z=2.0)

  In a single dataclass, it is an error to specify more than one field whose type is `KW_ONLY`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.10.

exception dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError

  Raised when an implicitly defined `__setattr__()` or `__delattr__()` is called on a dataclass which was defined with `frozen=True`. It is a subclass of `AttributeError`.

## Processamento pós-inicialização

dataclasses.__post_init__()

  When defined on the class, it will be called by the generated `__init__()`, normally as `self.__post_init__()`. However, if any `InitVar` fields are defined, they will also be passed to `__post_init__()` in the order they were defined in the class. If no `__init__()` method is generated, then `__post_init__()` will not automatically be called.

  Among other uses, this allows for initializing field values that depend on one or more other fields. For example:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          a: float
          b: float
          c: float = field(init=False)

          def __post_init__(self):
              self.c = self.a + self.b

The `__init__()` method generated by `@dataclass` does not call base class `__init__()` methods. If the base class has an `__init__()` method that has to be called, it is common to call this method in a `__post_init__()` method:

    class Rectangle:
        def __init__(self, height, width):
          self.height = height
          self.width = width

    @dataclass
    class Square(Rectangle):
        side: float

        def __post_init__(self):
            super().__init__(self.side, self.side)

Note, however, that in general the dataclass-generated `__init__()` methods don’t need to be called, since the derived dataclass will take care of initializing all fields of any base class that is a dataclass itself.

See the section below on init-only variables for ways to pass parameters to `__post_init__()`. Also see the warning about how `replace()` handles `init=False` fields.

## Variáveis de classe

One of the few places where `@dataclass` actually inspects the type of a field is to determine if a field is a class variable as defined in PEP 526. It does this by checking if the type of the field is `typing.ClassVar`. If a field is a `ClassVar`, it is excluded from consideration as a field and is ignored by the dataclass mechanisms. Such `ClassVar` pseudo-fields are not returned by the module-level `fields()` function.

## Variáveis de inicialização apenas

Another place where `@dataclass` inspects a type annotation is to determine if a field is an init-only variable. It does this by seeing if the type of a field is of type `dataclasses.InitVar`. If a field is an `InitVar`, it is considered a pseudo-field called an init-only field. As it is not a true field, it is not returned by the module-level `fields()` function. Init-only fields are added as parameters to the generated `__init__()` method, and are passed to the optional `__post_init__()` method. They are not otherwise used by dataclasses.

For example, suppose a field will be initialized from a database, if a value is not provided when creating the class:

    @dataclass
    class C:
        i: int
        j: int | None = None
        database: InitVar[DatabaseType | None] = None

        def __post_init__(self, database):
            if self.j is None and database is not None:
                self.j = database.lookup('j')

    c = C(10, database=my_database)

In this case, `fields()` will return `Field` objects for `i` and `j`, but not for `database`.

## Frozen instances

It is not possible to create truly immutable Python objects. However, by passing `frozen=True` to the `@dataclass` decorator you can emulate immutability. In that case, dataclasses will add `__setattr__()` and `__delattr__()` methods to the class. These methods will raise a `FrozenInstanceError` when invoked.

There is a tiny performance penalty when using `frozen=True`: `__init__()` cannot use simple assignment to initialize fields, and must use `__setattr__()`.

## Herança

When the dataclass is being created by the `@dataclass` decorator, it looks through all of the class’s base classes in reverse MRO (that is, starting at `object`) and, for each dataclass that it finds, adds the fields from that base class to an ordered mapping of fields. After all of the base class fields are added, it adds its own fields to the ordered mapping. All of the generated methods will use this combined, calculated ordered mapping of fields. Because the fields are in insertion order, derived classes override base classes. An example:

    @dataclass
    class Base:
        x: Any = 15.0
        y: int = 0

    @dataclass
    class C(Base):
        z: int = 10
        x: int = 15

The final list of fields is, in order, `x`, `y`, `z`. The final type of `x` is `int`, as specified in class `C`.

The generated `__init__()` method for `C` will look like:

    def __init__(self, x: int = 15, y: int = 0, z: int = 10):

## Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in `__init__()`

After the parameters needed for `__init__()` are computed, any keyword-only parameters are moved to come after all regular (non-keyword-only) parameters. This is a requirement of how keyword-only parameters are implemented in Python: they must come after non-keyword-only parameters.

In this example, `Base.y`, `Base.w`, and `D.t` are keyword-only fields, and `Base.x` and `D.z` are regular fields:

    @dataclass
    class Base:
        x: Any = 15.0
        _: KW_ONLY
        y: int = 0
        w: int = 1

    @dataclass
    class D(Base):
        z: int = 10
        t: int = field(kw_only=True, default=0)

The generated `__init__()` method for `D` will look like:

    def __init__(self, x: Any = 15.0, z: int = 10, *, y: int = 0, w: int = 1, t: int = 0):

Note that the parameters have been re-ordered from how they appear in the list of fields: parameters derived from regular fields are followed by parameters derived from keyword-only fields.

The relative ordering of keyword-only parameters is maintained in the re-ordered `__init__()` parameter list.

## Funções padrão de fábrica

If a `field()` specifies a default_factory, it is called with zero arguments when a default value for the field is needed. For example, to create a new instance of a list, use:

    mylist: list = field(default_factory=list)

If a field is excluded from `__init__()` (using `init=False`) and the field also specifies default_factory, then the default factory function will always be called from the generated `__init__()` function. This happens because there is no other way to give the field an initial value.

## Valores padrão mutáveis

Python stores default member variable values in class attributes. Consider this example, not using dataclasses:

    class C:
        x = []
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

    o1 = C()
    o2 = C()
    o1.add(1)
    o2.add(2)
    assert o1.x == [1, 2]
    assert o1.x is o2.x

Note that the two instances of class `C` share the same class variable `x`, as expected.

Usando dataclasses, se este código fosse válido:

    @dataclass
    class D:
        x: list = []      # This code raises ValueError
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

Geraria código similar a:

    class D:
        x = []
        def __init__(self, x=x):
            self.x = x
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

    assert D().x is D().x

This has the same issue as the original example using class `C`. That is, two instances of class `D` that do not specify a value for `x` when creating a class instance will share the same copy of `x`. Because dataclasses just use normal Python class creation they also share this behavior. There is no general way for Data Classes to detect this condition. Instead, the `@dataclass` decorator will raise a `ValueError` if it detects an unhashable default parameter. The assumption is that if a value is unhashable, it is mutable. This is a partial solution, but it does protect against many common errors.

Using default factory functions is a way to create new instances of mutable types as default values for fields:

    @dataclass
    class D:
        x: list = field(default_factory=list)

    assert D().x is not D().x

Alterado na versão 3.11: Instead of looking for and disallowing objects of type `list`, `dict`, or `set`, unhashable objects are now not allowed as default values. Unhashability is used to approximate mutability.

## Descriptor-typed fields

Fields that are assigned descriptor objects as their default value have the following special behaviors:

- The value for the field passed to the dataclass’s `__init__()` method is passed to the descriptor’s `__set__()` method rather than overwriting the descriptor object.

- Similarly, when getting or setting the field, the descriptor’s `__get__()` or `__set__()` method is called rather than returning or overwriting the descriptor object.

- To determine whether a field contains a default value, `@dataclass` will call the descriptor’s `__get__()` method using its class access form: `descriptor.__get__(obj=None, type=cls)`. If the descriptor returns a value in this case, it will be used as the field’s default. On the other hand, if the descriptor raises `AttributeError` in this situation, no default value will be provided for the field.

    class IntConversionDescriptor:
        def __init__(self, *, default):
            self._default = default

        def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
            self._name = "_" + name

        def __get__(self, obj, type):
            if obj is None:
                return self._default

            return getattr(obj, self._name, self._default)

        def __set__(self, obj, value):
            setattr(obj, self._name, int(value))

    @dataclass
    class InventoryItem:
        quantity_on_hand: IntConversionDescriptor = IntConversionDescriptor(default=100)

    i = InventoryItem()
    print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 100
    i.quantity_on_hand = 2.5    # calls __set__ with 2.5
    print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 2

Note that if a field is annotated with a descriptor type, but is not assigned a descriptor object as its default value, the field will act like a normal field.