Using "importlib.metadata"
**************************

Novo na versão 3.8.

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/metadata.py

Nota:

  This functionality is provisional and may deviate from the usual
  version semantics of the standard library.

"importlib.metadata" is a library that provides for access to
installed package metadata.  Built in part on Python's import system,
this library intends to replace similar functionality in the entry
point API and metadata API of "pkg_resources".  Along with
"importlib.resources" in Python 3.7 and newer (backported as
importlib_resources for older versions of Python), this can eliminate
the need to use the older and less efficient "pkg_resources" package.

By "installed package" we generally mean a third-party package
installed into Python's "site-packages" directory via tools such as
pip.  Specifically, it means a package with either a discoverable
"dist-info" or "egg-info" directory, and metadata defined by **PEP
566** or its older specifications. By default, package metadata can
live on the file system or in zip archives on "sys.path".  Through an
extension mechanism, the metadata can live almost anywhere.


Visão Geral
===========

Let's say you wanted to get the version string for a package you've
installed using "pip".  We start by creating a virtual environment and
installing something into it:

   $ python3 -m venv example
   $ source example/bin/activate
   (example) $ pip install wheel

Você pode obter a string de versão para "wheel" executando o seguinte:

   (example) $ python
   >>> from importlib.metadata import version  
   >>> version('wheel')  
   '0.32.3'

You can also get the set of entry points keyed by group, such as
"console_scripts", "distutils.commands" and others.  Each group
contains a sequence of EntryPoint objects.

Você pode obter os metadados para uma distribuição:

   >>> list(metadata('wheel'))  
   ['Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Summary', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email', 'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Keywords', 'Platform', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Requires-Python', 'Provides-Extra', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Dist']

Você também pode obter uma número da versão da distribuição, listar
seus arquivos constituintes e obter uma lista dos Requisitos de
distribuição da distribuição.


API funcional
=============

Este pacote fornece a seguinte funcionalidade por meio de sua API
pública.


Pontos de entrada
-----------------

The "entry_points()" function returns a dictionary of all entry
points, keyed by group.  Entry points are represented by "EntryPoint"
instances; each "EntryPoint" has a ".name", ".group", and ".value"
attributes and a ".load()" method to resolve the value.

>>> eps = entry_points()  
>>> list(eps)  
['console_scripts', 'distutils.commands', 'distutils.setup_keywords', 'egg_info.writers', 'setuptools.installation']
>>> scripts = eps['console_scripts']  
>>> wheel = [ep for ep in scripts if ep.name == 'wheel'][0]  
>>> wheel  
EntryPoint(name='wheel', value='wheel.cli:main', group='console_scripts')
>>> main = wheel.load()  
>>> main  
<function main at 0x103528488>

The "group" and "name" are arbitrary values defined by the package
author and usually a client will wish to resolve all entry points for
a particular group.  Read the setuptools docs for more information on
entrypoints, their definition, and usage.


Metadados de distribuição
-------------------------

Every distribution includes some metadata, which you can extract using
the "metadata()" function:

   >>> wheel_metadata = metadata('wheel')  

The keys of the returned data structure [1] name the metadata
keywords, and their values are returned unparsed from the distribution
metadata:

   >>> wheel_metadata['Requires-Python']  
   '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'


Versões de distribuição
-----------------------

The "version()" function is the quickest way to get a distribution's
version number, as a string:

   >>> version('wheel')  
   '0.32.3'


Arquivos de distribuição
------------------------

You can also get the full set of files contained within a
distribution.  The "files()" function takes a distribution package
name and returns all of the files installed by this distribution.
Each file object returned is a "PackagePath", a "pathlib.Path" derived
object with additional "dist", "size", and "hash" properties as
indicated by the metadata.  For example:

   >>> util = [p for p in files('wheel') if 'util.py' in str(p)][0]  
   >>> util  
   PackagePath('wheel/util.py')
   >>> util.size  
   859
   >>> util.dist  
   <importlib.metadata._hooks.PathDistribution object at 0x101e0cef0>
   >>> util.hash  
   <FileHash mode: sha256 value: bYkw5oMccfazVCoYQwKkkemoVyMAFoR34mmKBx8R1NI>

Uma vez que tenha o arquivo, você também pode ler seu conteúdo:

   >>> print(util.read_text())  
   import base64
   import sys
   ...
   def as_bytes(s):
       if isinstance(s, text_type):
           return s.encode('utf-8')
       return s

No caso em que o arquivo de metadados que lista os arquivos (RECORD ou
SOURCES.txt) estiver faltando, "files()" retornará "None". O chamador
pode querer agrupar chamadas para "files()" em always_iterable ou de
outra forma se proteger contra isso condição se a distribuição de
destino não for conhecida por ter os metadados presentes.


Requisitos de distribuição
--------------------------

To get the full set of requirements for a distribution, use the
"requires()" function:

   >>> requires('wheel')  
   ["pytest (>=3.0.0) ; extra == 'test'", "pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'"]


Distribuições
=============

While the above API is the most common and convenient usage, you can
get all of that information from the "Distribution" class.  A
"Distribution" is an abstract object that represents the metadata for
a Python package.  You can get the "Distribution" instance:

   >>> from importlib.metadata import distribution  
   >>> dist = distribution('wheel')  

Assim, uma forma alternativa de obter o número da versão é através da
instância "Distribution":

   >>> dist.version  
   '0.32.3'

Existem todos os tipos de metadados adicionais disponíveis na
instância "Distribution":

   >>> dist.metadata['Requires-Python']  
   '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
   >>> dist.metadata['License']  
   'MIT'

The full set of available metadata is not described here.  See **PEP
566** for additional details.


Estendendo o algoritmo de pesquisa
==================================

Because package metadata is not available through "sys.path" searches,
or package loaders directly, the metadata for a package is found
through import system finders.  To find a distribution package's
metadata, "importlib.metadata" queries the list of *meta path finders*
on "sys.meta_path".

The default "PathFinder" for Python includes a hook that calls into
"importlib.metadata.MetadataPathFinder" for finding distributions
loaded from typical file-system-based paths.

A classe abstrata "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder" define a interface
esperada dos localizadores pelo sistema de importação do Python.
"importlib.metadata" estende este protocolo procurando por um chamável
"find_distributions" opcional nos localizadores de "sys.meta_path" e
apresenta esta interface estendida como a classe base abstrata
"DistributionFinder", que define este método abstrato:

   @abc.abstractmethod
   def find_distributions(context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
       """Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
       loading the metadata for packages for the indicated ``context``.
       """

The "DistributionFinder.Context" object provides ".path" and ".name"
properties indicating the path to search and names to match and may
supply other relevant context.

O que isso significa na prática é que para prover suporte à
localização de metadados de pacotes de distribuição em outros locais
fora do sistema de arquivos, crie uma subclasse "Distribution" e
implemente os métodos abstratos. Então, a partir de um localizador
personalizado, retorne instâncias deste derivado de "Distribution" no
método "find_distributions()".

-[ Notas de rodapé ]-

[1] Technically, the returned distribution metadata object is an
    "email.message.EmailMessage" instance, but this is an
    implementation detail, and not part of the stable API.  You should
    only use dictionary-like methods and syntax to access the metadata
    contents.
