Objeto Module
*************

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type

   Esta instância de "PyTypeObject" representa o tipo de módulo
   Python. Isso é exposto a programas Python como "types.ModuleType".

int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)

   Return true if *p* is a module object, or a subtype of a module
   object.

int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   Return true if *p* is a module object, but not a subtype of
   "PyModule_Type".

PyObject* PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Retorna um novo objeto de módulo com o atributo "__name__`definido
   como *nome*. Os atributos de módulo
   :attr:`__name__",:attr:*__doc__*,:attr:*__package__* e "__loader__"
   são preenchidos (todos exceto "__name__" são definidos como
   "None"); O caller é responsásvel por providenciar um atributo
   "__file__".

   Novo na versão 3.3.

   Alterado na versão 3.4: "__package__" e "__loader__" são definidos
   como "None".

PyObject* PyModule_New(const char *name)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Semelhante a "PyModule_NewObject()", mas o nome é uma string
   codificada em UTF-8 em vez de um objeto Unicode.

PyObject* PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
    *Return value: Borrowed reference.*

   Return the dictionary object that implements *module*'s namespace;
   this object is the same as the "__dict__" attribute of the module
   object. If *module* is not a module object (or a subtype of a
   module object), "SystemError" is raised and "NULL" is returned.

   It is recommended extensions use other "PyModule_*()" and
   "PyObject_*()" functions rather than directly manipulate a module's
   "__dict__".

PyObject* PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *module)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Return *module*'s "__name__" value.  If the module does not provide
   one, or if it is not a string, "SystemError" is raised and "NULL"
   is returned.

   Novo na versão 3.3.

const char* PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)

   Semelhante a "PyModule_GetNameObject()" mas retorna o nome
   codificado em "'utf-8'"

void* PyModule_GetState(PyObject *module)

   Retorna o "estado" do módulo, ou seja, um ponteiro para o bloco de
   memória alocado no momento de criação do módulo, ou "NULL". Ver
   "PyModuleDef.m_size".

PyModuleDef* PyModule_GetDef(PyObject *module)

   Retorna um ponteiro para a estrutura "PyModuleDef`da qual o módulo
   foi criado, ou ``NULL`" se o módulo não foi criado de uma
   definição.

PyObject* PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *module)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Retorna o nome do arquivo do qual o *módulo* foi carregado usando o
   atributo "__file__" do *módulo*. Se não estiver definido, ou se não
   for uma string unicode, levanta "SystemError" e retorna``NULL``;
   Caso contrário, retorna uma referência a um objeto Unicode.

   Novo na versão 3.2.

const char* PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)

   Semelhante a "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" mas retorna o nome do
   arquivo codificado em 'utf-8'.

   Obsoleto desde a versão 3.2: "PyModule_GetFilename()" raises
   "UnicodeEncodeError" on unencodable filenames, use
   "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" instead.


Inicializando módulos C
=======================

Objetos de módulos são geralmente criados a partir de módulos de
extensão (bibliotecas compartilhadas que exportam uma função de
inicialização), ou módulos compilados (onde a função de inicialização
é adicionada usando "PyImport_AppendInittab()"). Ver Construindo
extensões C e C++ ou Extending Embedded Python para mais detalhes.

A função de inicialização pode passar uma instância de definição de
módulo para "PyModule_Create()" e retornar o objeto de módulo
resultante ou solicitar "inicialização multifásica" retornando a
própria estrutura de definição.

PyModuleDef

   A estrutura de definição de módulo, que contém todas as informações
   necessária para criar um objeto de módulo. Geralmente, há apenas
   uma variável inicializada estaticamente desse tipo para cada
   módulo.

   PyModuleDef_Base m_base

      Sempre inicializa este membro para "PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT".

   const char *m_name

      Nome para o novo módulo.

   const char *m_doc

      Docstring for the module; usually a docstring variable created
      with "PyDoc_STRVAR" is used.

   Py_ssize_t m_size

      Module state may be kept in a per-module memory area that can be
      retrieved with "PyModule_GetState()", rather than in static
      globals. This makes modules safe for use in multiple sub-
      interpreters.

      This memory area is allocated based on *m_size* on module
      creation, and freed when the module object is deallocated, after
      the "m_free" function has been called, if present.

      Setting "m_size" to "-1" means that the module does not support
      sub-interpreters, because it has global state.

      Defini-lo como um valor não negativo significa que o módulo pode
      ser reinicializado e especifica a quantidade adicional de
      memória necessária para seu estado. "m_size" não negativo é
      necessário para inicialização multifásica.

      Ver **PEP 3121** para mais detalhes.

   PyMethodDef* m_methods

      A pointer to a table of module-level functions, described by
      "PyMethodDef" values.  Can be "NULL" if no functions are
      present.

   PyModuleDef_Slot* m_slots

      An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization,
      terminated by a "{0, NULL}" entry. When using single-phase
      initialization, *m_slots* must be "NULL".

      Alterado na versão 3.5: Prior to version 3.5, this member was
      always set to "NULL", and was defined as:

         inquiry m_reload

   traverseproc m_traverse

      A traversal function to call during GC traversal of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed. This function may be called
      before module state is allocated ("PyModule_GetState()" may
      return *NULL*), and before the "Py_mod_exec" function is
      executed.

   inquiry m_clear

      A clear function to call during GC clearing of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed. This function may be called
      before module state is allocated ("PyModule_GetState()" may
      return *NULL*), and before the "Py_mod_exec" function is
      executed.

   freefunc m_free

      A function to call during deallocation of the module object, or
      "NULL" if not needed. This function may be called before module
      state is allocated ("PyModule_GetState()" may return *NULL*),
      and before the "Py_mod_exec" function is executed.


inicialização de fase única
---------------------------

A função de inicialização do módulo pode criar e retornar o objeto do
módulo diretamente. Isso é chamado de "inicialização de fase única" e
usa uma das duas funções de criação de módulo a seguir:

PyObject* PyModule_Create(PyModuleDef *def)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Cria um novo objeto de módulo, dada a definição em *def*. Isso se
   comporta como "PyModule_Create2()" com *module_api_version*
   definido como "PYTHON_API_VERSION"

PyObject* PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef *def, int module_api_version)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *def*, assuming
   the API version *module_api_version*.  If that version does not
   match the version of the running interpreter, a "RuntimeWarning" is
   emitted.

   Nota:

     A maioria dos usos dessa função deve ser feita
     com:c:func:*PyModule_Create*; use-o apenas se tiver certeza de
     que precisa.

Before it is returned from in the initialization function, the
resulting module object is typically populated using functions like
"PyModule_AddObject()".


Inicialização multifásica
-------------------------

An alternate way to specify extensions is to request "multi-phase
initialization". Extension modules created this way behave more like
Python modules: the initialization is split between the *creation
phase*, when the module object is created, and the *execution phase*,
when it is populated. The distinction is similar to the "__new__()"
and "__init__()" methods of classes.

Unlike modules created using single-phase initialization, these
modules are not singletons: if the *sys.modules* entry is removed and
the module is re-imported, a new module object is created, and the old
module is subject to normal garbage collection -- as with Python
modules. By default, multiple modules created from the same definition
should be independent: changes to one should not affect the others.
This means that all state should be specific to the module object
(using e.g. using "PyModule_GetState()"), or its contents (such as the
module's "__dict__" or individual classes created with
"PyType_FromSpec()").

All modules created using multi-phase initialization are expected to
support sub-interpreters. Making sure multiple modules are independent
is typically enough to achieve this.

To request multi-phase initialization, the initialization function
(PyInit_modulename) returns a "PyModuleDef" instance with non-empty
"m_slots". Before it is returned, the "PyModuleDef" instance must be
initialized with the following function:

PyObject* PyModuleDef_Init(PyModuleDef *def)
    *Return value: Borrowed reference.*

   Garante que uma definição de módulo é um objeto Python devidamente
   inicializado que reporta corretamente seu tipo e contagem de
   referências.

   Returns *def* cast to "PyObject*", or "NULL" if an error occurred.

   Novo na versão 3.5.

The *m_slots* member of the module definition must point to an array
of "PyModuleDef_Slot" structures:

PyModuleDef_Slot

   int slot

      Um ID de lot, escolhido a partir dos valores disponíveis
      explicados abaixo.

   void* value

      Valor do slot, cujo significado depende do ID do slot.

   Novo na versão 3.5.

The *m_slots* array must be terminated by a slot with id 0.

Os tipos de slot disponíveis são:

Py_mod_create

   Specifies a function that is called to create the module object
   itself. The *value* pointer of this slot must point to a function
   of the signature:

   PyObject* create_module(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def)

   The function receives a "ModuleSpec" instance, as defined in **PEP
   451**, and the module definition. It should return a new module
   object, or set an error and return "NULL".

   This function should be kept minimal. In particular, it should not
   call arbitrary Python code, as trying to import the same module
   again may result in an infinite loop.

   Múltiplos slots "Py_mod_create" podem não estar especificados em
   uma definição de módulo.

   If "Py_mod_create" is not specified, the import machinery will
   create a normal module object using "PyModule_New()". The name is
   taken from *spec*, not the definition, to allow extension modules
   to dynamically adjust to their place in the module hierarchy and be
   imported under different names through symlinks, all while sharing
   a single module definition.

   There is no requirement for the returned object to be an instance
   of "PyModule_Type". Any type can be used, as long as it supports
   setting and getting import-related attributes. However, only
   "PyModule_Type" instances may be returned if the "PyModuleDef" has
   non-"NULL" "m_traverse", "m_clear", "m_free"; non-zero "m_size"; or
   slots other than "Py_mod_create".

Py_mod_exec

   Specifies a function that is called to *execute* the module. This
   is equivalent to executing the code of a Python module: typically,
   this function adds classes and constants to the module. The
   signature of the function is:

   int exec_module(PyObject* module)

   Se vários slots "Py_mod_exec" forem especificados, eles serão
   processados na ordem em que aparecem no vetor *m_slots*.

Ver **PEP 489** para obter mais detalhes sobre a inicialização
multifásica.


Funções de criação de módulo de baixo nível
-------------------------------------------

The following functions are called under the hood when using multi-
phase initialization. They can be used directly, for example when
creating module objects dynamically. Note that both
"PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" and "PyModule_ExecDef" must be called to
fully initialize a module.

PyObject * PyModule_FromDefAndSpec(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *module* and
   the ModuleSpec *spec*.  This behaves like
   "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()" with *module_api_version* set to
   "PYTHON_API_VERSION".

   Novo na versão 3.5.

PyObject * PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *module* and
   the ModuleSpec *spec*, assuming the API version
   *module_api_version*. If that version does not match the version of
   the running interpreter, a "RuntimeWarning" is emitted.

   Nota:

     Most uses of this function should be using
     "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()" instead; only use this if you are
     sure you need it.

   Novo na versão 3.5.

int PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)

   Process any execution slots ("Py_mod_exec") given in *def*.

   Novo na versão 3.5.

int PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *module, const char *docstring)

   Set the docstring for *module* to *docstring*. This function is
   called automatically when creating a module from "PyModuleDef",
   using either "PyModule_Create" or "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec".

   Novo na versão 3.5.

int PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *module, PyMethodDef *functions)

   Add the functions from the "NULL" terminated *functions* array to
   *module*. Refer to the "PyMethodDef" documentation for details on
   individual entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace,
   module level "functions" implemented in C typically receive the
   module as their first parameter, making them similar to instance
   methods on Python classes). This function is called automatically
   when creating a module from "PyModuleDef", using either
   "PyModule_Create" or "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec".

   Novo na versão 3.5.


Support functions
-----------------

The module initialization function (if using single phase
initialization) or a function called from a module execution slot (if
using multi-phase initialization), can use the following functions to
help initialize the module state:

int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)

   Add an object to *module* as *name*.  This is a convenience
   function which can be used from the module's initialization
   function.  This steals a reference to *value* on success.  Return
   "-1" on error, "0" on success.

   Nota:

     Unlike other functions that steal references,
     "PyModule_AddObject()" only decrements the reference count of
     *value* **on success**.This means that its return value must be
     checked, and calling code must "Py_DECREF()" *value* manually on
     error. Example usage:

        Py_INCREF(spam);
        if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "spam", spam) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(module);
            Py_DECREF(spam);
            return NULL;
        }

int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)

   Add an integer constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   Return "-1" on error, "0" on success.

int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)

   Add a string constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   The string *value* must be "NULL"-terminated.  Return "-1" on
   error, "0" on success.

int PyModule_AddIntMacro(PyObject *module, macro)

   Add an int constant to *module*. The name and the value are taken
   from *macro*. For example "PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, AF_INET)"
   adds the int constant *AF_INET* with the value of *AF_INET* to
   *module*. Return "-1" on error, "0" on success.

int PyModule_AddStringMacro(PyObject *module, macro)

   Add a string constant to *module*.


Pesquisa por módulos
====================

Single-phase initialization creates singleton modules that can be
looked up in the context of the current interpreter. This allows the
module object to be retrieved later with only a reference to the
module definition.

These functions will not work on modules created using multi-phase
initialization, since multiple such modules can be created from a
single definition.

PyObject* PyState_FindModule(PyModuleDef *def)
    *Return value: Borrowed reference.*

   Returns the module object that was created from *def* for the
   current interpreter. This method requires that the module object
   has been attached to the interpreter state with
   "PyState_AddModule()" beforehand. In case the corresponding module
   object is not found or has not been attached to the interpreter
   state yet, it returns "NULL".

int PyState_AddModule(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)

   Attaches the module object passed to the function to the
   interpreter state. This allows the module object to be accessible
   via "PyState_FindModule()".

   Only effective on modules created using single-phase
   initialization.

   Python calls "PyState_AddModule" automatically after importing a
   module, so it is unnecessary (but harmless) to call it from module
   initialization code. An explicit call is needed only if the
   module's own init code subsequently calls "PyState_FindModule". The
   function is mainly intended for implementing alternative import
   mechanisms (either by calling it directly, or by referring to its
   implementation for details of the required state updates).

   Return 0 on success or -1 on failure.

   Novo na versão 3.3.

int PyState_RemoveModule(PyModuleDef *def)

   Removes the module object created from *def* from the interpreter
   state. Return 0 on success or -1 on failure.

   Novo na versão 3.3.
