# Políticas

Uma política de laço de eventos é um objeto global por processo que controla o gerenciamento do laço de eventos. Cada laço de eventos possui uma política padrão, que pode ser alterada e personalizada usando a API de política.

Uma política define a noção de contexto e gerencia um laço de eventos separado por contexto. A política padrão define context como a thread atual.

By using a custom event loop policy, the behavior of `get_event_loop()`, `set_event_loop()`, and `new_event_loop()` functions can be customized.

Policy objects should implement the APIs defined in the `AbstractEventLoopPolicy` abstract base class.

## Getting and Setting the Policy

The following functions can be used to get and set the policy for the current process:

`asyncio.``get_event_loop_policy`()

  Retorna a política de todo o processo atual.

`asyncio.``set_event_loop_policy`(policy)

  Set the current process-wide policy to policy.

  If policy is set to `None`, the default policy is restored.

## Policy Objects

The abstract event loop policy base class is defined as follows:

class `asyncio.``AbstractEventLoopPolicy`

  An abstract base class for asyncio policies.

  `get_event_loop`()

    Pegar o evento de loop para o contexto atual.

    Return an event loop object implementing the `AbstractEventLoop` interface.

    This method should never return `None`.

    Alterado na versão 3.6.

  `set_event_loop`(loop)

    Definir o evento de loop do contexto atual como loop.

  `new_event_loop`()

    Cria e retorna um novo objeto de laço de eventos.

    This method should never return `None`.

  `get_child_watcher`()

    Get a child process watcher object.

    Return a watcher object implementing the `AbstractChildWatcher` interface.

    This function is Unix specific.

  `set_child_watcher`(watcher)

    Set the current child process watcher to watcher.

    This function is Unix specific.

asyncio ships with the following built-in policies:

class `asyncio.``DefaultEventLoopPolicy`

  The default asyncio policy. Uses `SelectorEventLoop` on Unix and `ProactorEventLoop` on Windows.

  There is no need to install the default policy manually. asyncio is configured to use the default policy automatically.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: On Windows, `ProactorEventLoop` is now used by default.

class `asyncio.``WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy`

  An alternative event loop policy that uses the `SelectorEventLoop` event loop implementation.

  Disponibilidade: Windows.

class `asyncio.``WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy`

  An alternative event loop policy that uses the `ProactorEventLoop` event loop implementation.

  Disponibilidade: Windows.

## Monitores de processos

A process watcher allows customization of how an event loop monitors child processes on Unix. Specifically, the event loop needs to know when a child process has exited.

In asyncio, child processes are created with `create_subprocess_exec()` and `loop.subprocess_exec()` functions.

asyncio defines the `AbstractChildWatcher` abstract base class, which child watchers should implement, and has four different implementations: `ThreadedChildWatcher` (configured to be used by default), `MultiLoopChildWatcher`, `SafeChildWatcher`, and `FastChildWatcher`.

Veja também a seção Subprocesso e Threads.

The following two functions can be used to customize the child process watcher implementation used by the asyncio event loop:

`asyncio.``get_child_watcher`()

  Return the current child watcher for the current policy.

`asyncio.``set_child_watcher`(watcher)

  Set the current child watcher to watcher for the current policy. watcher must implement methods defined in the `AbstractChildWatcher` base class.

Nota

Third-party event loops implementations might not support custom child watchers. For such event loops, using `set_child_watcher()` might be prohibited or have no effect.

class `asyncio.``AbstractChildWatcher`
  `add_child_handler`(pid, callback, *args)

    Register a new child handler.

    Arrange for `callback(pid, returncode, *args)` to be called when a process with PID equal to pid terminates. Specifying another callback for the same process replaces the previous handler.

    The callback callable must be thread-safe.

  `remove_child_handler`(pid)

    Remove o manipulador para processo com PID igual a pid.

    The function returns `True` if the handler was successfully removed, `False` if there was nothing to remove.

  `attach_loop`(loop)

    Attach the watcher to an event loop.

    If the watcher was previously attached to an event loop, then it is first detached before attaching to the new loop.

    Note: loop may be `None`.

  `is_active`()

    Return `True` if the watcher is ready to use.

    Gerar um subprocesso com um monitor inativo para o filho atual, levanta `RuntimeError`.

    Novo na versão 3.8.

  `close`()

    Close the watcher.

    This method has to be called to ensure that underlying resources are cleaned-up.

class `asyncio.``ThreadedChildWatcher`

  This implementation starts a new waiting thread for every subprocess spawn.

  It works reliably even when the asyncio event loop is run in a non-main OS thread.

  There is no noticeable overhead when handling a big number of children (O(1) each time a child terminates), but starting a thread per process requires extra memory.

  This watcher is used by default.

  Novo na versão 3.8.

class `asyncio.``MultiLoopChildWatcher`

  This implementation registers a `SIGCHLD` signal handler on instantiation. That can break third-party code that installs a custom handler for `SIGCHLD` signal.

  The watcher avoids disrupting other code spawning processes by polling every process explicitly on a `SIGCHLD` signal.

  There is no limitation for running subprocesses from different threads once the watcher is installed.

  The solution is safe but it has a significant overhead when handling a big number of processes (O(n) each time a `SIGCHLD` is received).

  Novo na versão 3.8.

class `asyncio.``SafeChildWatcher`

  This implementation uses active event loop from the main thread to handle `SIGCHLD` signal. If the main thread has no running event loop another thread cannot spawn a subprocess (`RuntimeError` is raised).

  The watcher avoids disrupting other code spawning processes by polling every process explicitly on a `SIGCHLD` signal.

  This solution is as safe as `MultiLoopChildWatcher` and has the same O(N) complexity but requires a running event loop in the main thread to work.

class `asyncio.``FastChildWatcher`

  This implementation reaps every terminated processes by calling `os.waitpid(-1)` directly, possibly breaking other code spawning processes and waiting for their termination.

  There is no noticeable overhead when handling a big number of children (O(1) each time a child terminates).

  This solution requires a running event loop in the main thread to work, as `SafeChildWatcher`.

## Custom Policies

To implement a new event loop policy, it is recommended to subclass `DefaultEventLoopPolicy` and override the methods for which custom behavior is wanted, e.g.:

    class MyEventLoopPolicy(asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy):

        def get_event_loop(self):
            """Get the event loop.

            This may be None or an instance of EventLoop.
            """
            loop = super().get_event_loop()
            # Do something with loop ...
            return loop

    asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(MyEventLoopPolicy())