19.5. mimetypes — Mapeia nomes de arquivos para tipos MIME

Código Fonte: Lib/mimetypes.py

O módulo mimetypes converte entre um nome de arquivo ou URL e o tipo MIME associado à extensão do arquivo. As conversões são fornecidas do nome do arquivo para o tipo MIME e da extensão do tipo MIME para o nome do arquivo; codificações não são suportadas para a última conversão.

O módulo fornece uma classe e várias funções convenientes. As funções são a interface normal para este módulo, mas algumas aplicações também podem estar interessadas na classe.

As funções descritas abaixo fornecem a interface principal para este módulo. Se o módulo não foi inicializado, eles chamarão init() se confiarem nas informações init() configuradas.

mimetypes.guess_type(url, strict=True)

Guess the type of a file based on its filename or URL, given by url. The return value is a tuple (type, encoding) where type is None if the type can’t be guessed (missing or unknown suffix) or a string of the form 'type/subtype', usable for a MIME content-type header.

encoding é None para nenhuma codificação ou o nome do programa usado para codificar (por exemplo compress ou gzip). A codificação é adequada para uso como cabeçalho Content-Encoding , não como cabeçalho Content-Transfer-Encoding. Os mapeamentos são orientados por tabela. Os sufixos de codificação diferenciam maiúsculas de minúsculas; os sufixos de tipo são testados primeiro com maiúsculas e minúsculas e depois sem maiúsculas.

O argumento opcional strict é um sinalizados que especifica se alista de tipos MIME conhecidos é limitada apenas aos tipos oficiais registrados na IANA. Quando strict é True (o padrão), apenas os tipos IANA são suportados; quando strict é False, alguns tipos MIME adicionais não padronizados, mas geralmente usados, também são reconhecidos.

mimetypes.guess_all_extensions(type, strict=True)

Adivinhe as extensões para um arquivo com base em seu tipo MIME, fornecido pelo tipo. O valor de retorno é uma lista de cadeias que fornecem todas as extensões possíveis de nome de arquivo, incluindo o ponto ('.'). Não é garantido que as extensões tenham sido associadas a qualquer fluxo de dados específico, mas seriam mapeadas para o tipo MIME tipo por guess_type().

O argumento opcional strict tem o mesmo significado que com a função guess_type().

mimetypes.guess_extension(type, strict=True)

Guess the extension for a file based on its MIME type, given by type. The return value is a string giving a filename extension, including the leading dot ('.'). The extension is not guaranteed to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the MIME type type by guess_type(). If no extension can be guessed for type, None is returned.

O argumento opcional strict tem o mesmo significado que com a função guess_type().

Some additional functions and data items are available for controlling the behavior of the module.

mimetypes.init(files=None)

Initialize the internal data structures. If given, files must be a sequence of file names which should be used to augment the default type map. If omitted, the file names to use are taken from knownfiles; on Windows, the current registry settings are loaded. Each file named in files or knownfiles takes precedence over those named before it. Calling init() repeatedly is allowed.

Specifying an empty list for files will prevent the system defaults from being applied: only the well-known values will be present from a built-in list.

Alterado na versão 3.2: Previously, Windows registry settings were ignored.

mimetypes.read_mime_types(filename)

Load the type map given in the file filename, if it exists. The type map is returned as a dictionary mapping filename extensions, including the leading dot ('.'), to strings of the form 'type/subtype'. If the file filename does not exist or cannot be read, None is returned.

mimetypes.add_type(type, ext, strict=True)

Add a mapping from the MIME type type to the extension ext. When the extension is already known, the new type will replace the old one. When the type is already known the extension will be added to the list of known extensions.

When strict is True (the default), the mapping will be added to the official MIME types, otherwise to the non-standard ones.

mimetypes.inited

Flag indicating whether or not the global data structures have been initialized. This is set to True by init().

mimetypes.knownfiles

List of type map file names commonly installed. These files are typically named mime.types and are installed in different locations by different packages.

mimetypes.suffix_map

Dictionary mapping suffixes to suffixes. This is used to allow recognition of encoded files for which the encoding and the type are indicated by the same extension. For example, the .tgz extension is mapped to .tar.gz to allow the encoding and type to be recognized separately.

mimetypes.encodings_map

Dictionary mapping filename extensions to encoding types.

mimetypes.types_map

Dictionary mapping filename extensions to MIME types.

mimetypes.common_types

Dictionary mapping filename extensions to non-standard, but commonly found MIME types.

An example usage of the module:

>>> import mimetypes
>>> mimetypes.init()
>>> mimetypes.knownfiles
['/etc/mime.types', '/etc/httpd/mime.types', ... ]
>>> mimetypes.suffix_map['.tgz']
'.tar.gz'
>>> mimetypes.encodings_map['.gz']
'gzip'
>>> mimetypes.types_map['.tgz']
'application/x-tar-gz'

19.5.1. Objetos MimeTypes

The MimeTypes class may be useful for applications which may want more than one MIME-type database; it provides an interface similar to the one of the mimetypes module.

class mimetypes.MimeTypes(filenames=(), strict=True)

This class represents a MIME-types database. By default, it provides access to the same database as the rest of this module. The initial database is a copy of that provided by the module, and may be extended by loading additional mime.types-style files into the database using the read() or readfp() methods. The mapping dictionaries may also be cleared before loading additional data if the default data is not desired.

The optional filenames parameter can be used to cause additional files to be loaded “on top” of the default database.

suffix_map

Dictionary mapping suffixes to suffixes. This is used to allow recognition of encoded files for which the encoding and the type are indicated by the same extension. For example, the .tgz extension is mapped to .tar.gz to allow the encoding and type to be recognized separately. This is initially a copy of the global suffix_map defined in the module.

encodings_map

Dictionary mapping filename extensions to encoding types. This is initially a copy of the global encodings_map defined in the module.

types_map

Tuple containing two dictionaries, mapping filename extensions to MIME types: the first dictionary is for the non-standards types and the second one is for the standard types. They are initialized by common_types and types_map.

types_map_inv

Tuple containing two dictionaries, mapping MIME types to a list of filename extensions: the first dictionary is for the non-standards types and the second one is for the standard types. They are initialized by common_types and types_map.

guess_extension(type, strict=True)

Similar to the guess_extension() function, using the tables stored as part of the object.

guess_type(url, strict=True)

Similar to the guess_type() function, using the tables stored as part of the object.

guess_all_extensions(type, strict=True)

Similar to the guess_all_extensions() function, using the tables stored as part of the object.

read(filename, strict=True)

Load MIME information from a file named filename. This uses readfp() to parse the file.

If strict is True, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types.

readfp(fp, strict=True)

Carrega informações do tipo MIME de um arquivo aberto fp. O arquivo precisa estar no formato padrão dos arquivos mime.types.

If strict is True, information will be added to the list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types.

read_windows_registry(strict=True)

Load MIME type information from the Windows registry. Availability: Windows.

If strict is True, information will be added to the list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types.

Novo na versão 3.2.