28.3. venv— Criação de ambientes virtuais

Novo na versão 3.3.

Código-fonte: Lib/venv/

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O módulo venv provê suporte à criação se simples ^ambientes virtuais” com seus próprios siretórios sie, opcionalmente isolado dos diretórios site do sistema. Cada ambiente virtual tem seu próprio binário de Python (permitindo a criação de ambientes com várias versões de Python) e pode ter seu próprio conjnto indpendente de pacote Pythn instalados em seus diretóios site.

Veja PEP 405 para mais informações sonre Ambientes virtuais em Python.

Nota

The pyvenv script has been deprecated as of Python 3.6 in favor of using python3 -m venv to help prevent any potential confusion as to which Python interpreter a virtual environment will be based on.

28.3.1. Criando ambientes virtuais

Creation of virtual environments is done by executing the pyvenv script:

pyvenv /path/to/new/virtual/environment

Running this command creates the target directory (creating any parent directories that don’t exist already) and places a pyvenv.cfg file in it with a home key pointing to the Python installation the command was run from. It also creates a bin (or Scripts on Windows) subdirectory containing a copy of the python binary (or binaries, in the case of Windows). It also creates an (initially empty) lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages subdirectory (on Windows, this is Lib\site-packages).

Ver também

Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments

On Windows, you may have to invoke the pyvenv script as follows, if you don’t have the relevant PATH and PATHEXT settings:

c:\Temp>c:\Python35\python c:\Python35\Tools\Scripts\pyvenv.py myenv

or equivalently:

c:\Temp>c:\Python35\python -m venv myenv

O comando, se executado com -h, mostrará as opções disponíveis:

usage: venv [-h] [--system-site-packages] [--symlinks | --copies] [--clear]
            [--upgrade] [--without-pip]
            ENV_DIR [ENV_DIR ...]

Creates virtual Python environments in one or more target directories.

positional arguments:
  ENV_DIR             A directory to create the environment in.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help             show this help message and exit
  --system-site-packages Give the virtual environment access to the system
                         site-packages dir.
  --symlinks             Try to use symlinks rather than copies, when symlinks
                         are not the default for the platform.
  --copies               Try to use copies rather than symlinks, even when
                         symlinks are the default for the platform.
  --clear                Delete the contents of the environment directory if it
                         already exists, before environment creation.
  --upgrade              Upgrade the environment directory to use this version
                         of Python, assuming Python has been upgraded in-place.
  --without-pip          Skips installing or upgrading pip in the virtual
                         environment (pip is bootstrapped by default)

Depending on how the venv functionality has been invoked, the usage message may vary slightly, e.g. referencing pyvenv rather than venv.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Instala o pip por padrão, adicionadas as opções --without-pip e --copies.

Alterado na versão 3.4: In earlier versions, if the target directory already existed, an error was raised, unless the --clear or --upgrade option was provided. Now, if an existing directory is specified, its contents are removed and the directory is processed as if it had been newly created.

O arquivo pyvenv.cfg criado também inclui a chave include-system-site-packages, definida como true se venv for executado com a opção --system-site-packages; caso contrário, false.

A menos que a opção --without-pip seja dada, ensurepip será chamado para inicializar o pip no ambiente virtual.

Multiple paths can be given to pyvenv, in which case an identical virtualenv will be created, according to the given options, at each provided path.

Once a venv has been created, it can be “activated” using a script in the venv’s binary directory. The invocation of the script is platform-specific:

Plataforma	Shell	Comando para ativar o ambiente virtual
Posix	bash/zsh	$ source <venv>/bin/activate
	fish	$ . <venv>/bin/activate.fish
	csh/tcsh	$ source <venv>/bin/activate.csh
Windows	cmd.exe	C:\> <venv>\Scripts\activate.bat
	PowerShell	PS C:\> <venv>\Scripts\Activate.ps1

You don’t specifically need to activate an environment; activation just prepends the venv’s binary directory to your path, so that “python” invokes the venv’s Python interpreter and you can run installed scripts without having to use their full path. However, all scripts installed in a venv should be runnable without activating it, and run with the venv’s Python automatically.

You can deactivate a venv by typing “deactivate” in your shell. The exact mechanism is platform-specific: for example, the Bash activation script defines a “deactivate” function, whereas on Windows there are separate scripts called deactivate.bat and Deactivate.ps1 which are installed when the venv is created.

Novo na versão 3.4: Scripts de ativação de fish e csh.

Nota

A virtual environment (also called a venv) is a Python environment such that the Python interpreter, libraries and scripts installed into it are isolated from those installed in other virtual environments, and (by default) any libraries installed in a “system” Python, i.e. one which is installed as part of your operating system.

A venv is a directory tree which contains Python executable files and other files which indicate that it is a venv.

Common installation tools such as Setuptools and pip work as expected with venvs - i.e. when a venv is active, they install Python packages into the venv without needing to be told to do so explicitly.

When a venv is active (i.e. the venv’s Python interpreter is running), the attributes sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix point to the base directory of the venv, whereas sys.base_prefix and sys.base_exec_prefix point to the non-venv Python installation which was used to create the venv. If a venv is not active, then sys.prefix is the same as sys.base_prefix and sys.exec_prefix is the same as sys.base_exec_prefix (they all point to a non-venv Python installation).

When a venv is active, any options that change the installation path will be ignored from all distutils configuration files to prevent projects being inadvertently installed outside of the virtual environment.

When working in a command shell, users can make a venv active by running an activate script in the venv’s executables directory (the precise filename is shell-dependent), which prepends the venv’s directory for executables to the PATH environment variable for the running shell. There should be no need in other circumstances to activate a venv – scripts installed into venvs have a shebang line which points to the venv’s Python interpreter. This means that the script will run with that interpreter regardless of the value of PATH. On Windows, shebang line processing is supported if you have the Python Launcher for Windows installed (this was added to Python in 3.3 - see PEP 397 for more details). Thus, double-clicking an installed script in a Windows Explorer window should run the script with the correct interpreter without there needing to be any reference to its venv in PATH.

28.3.2. API

O método de alto nível descrito acima utiliza uma API simples que fornece mecanismos para que criadores de ambientes virtuais de terceiros personalizem a criação do ambiente de acordo com suas necessidades, a classe EnvBuilder.

class venv.EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False)

A classe EnvBuilder aceita os seguintes argumentos nomeados na instanciação:

• system_site_packages – um valor booleano indicando que os pacotes de sites do sistema Python devem estar disponíveis para o ambiente (o padrão é False).
• clear – um valor booleano que, se verdadeiro, excluirá o conteúdo de qualquer diretório de destino existente, antes de criar o ambiente.
• symlinks – a Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to symlink the Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other binaries, e.g. pythonw.exe), rather than copying. Defaults to True on Linux and Unix systems, but False on Windows.
• upgrade – um valor booleano que, se verdadeiro, atualizará um ambiente existente com o Python em execução - para uso quando o Python tiver sido atualizado no local (o padrão é False).
• with_pip – um valor booleano que, se verdadeiro, garante que o pip seja instalado no ambiente virtual. Isso usa ensurepip com a opção --default-pip.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Adicionado o parâmetro with_pip

Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to use the provided EnvBuilder class as a base class.

O env-builder retornado é um objeto que possui um método, create:

create(env_dir)

This method takes as required argument the path (absolute or relative to the current directory) of the target directory which is to contain the virtual environment. The create method will either create the environment in the specified directory, or raise an appropriate exception.

The create method of the EnvBuilder class illustrates the hooks available for subclass customization:

def create(self, env_dir):
    """
    Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory.
    env_dir is the target directory to create an environment in.
    """
    env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir)
    context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir)
    self.create_configuration(context)
    self.setup_python(context)
    self.setup_scripts(context)
    self.post_setup(context)

Cada um dos métodos ensure_directories(), create_configuration(), setup_python(), setup_scripts() e post_setup() pode ser substituído.

ensure_directories(env_dir)

Cria o diretório do ambiente e todos os diretórios necessários e retorna um objeto de contexto. Este é apenas um suporte para atributos (como caminhos), para uso pelos outros métodos. Os diretórios já podem existir, desde que clear ou upgrade tenham sido especificados para permitir a operação em um diretório de ambiente existente.

create_configuration(context)

Cria o arquivo de configuração pyvenv.cfg no ambiente.

setup_python(context)

Creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows, DLLs) in the environment. On a POSIX system, if a specific executable python3.x was used, symlinks to python and python3 will be created pointing to that executable, unless files with those names already exist.

setup_scripts(context)

Instala scripts de ativação apropriados para a plataforma no ambiente virtual.

post_setup(context)

Um método de espaço reservado que pode ser substituído em implementações de terceiros para pré-instalar pacotes no ambiente virtual ou executar outras etapas pós-criação.

Além disso, EnvBuilder fornece este método utilitário que pode ser chamado de setup_scripts() ou post_setup() nas subclasses para ajudar na instalação de scripts personalizados no ambiente virtual.

install_scripts(context, path)

path é o caminho para um diretório que deve conter subdiretórios “common”, “posix” e “nt”, cada um contendo scripts destinados ao diretório bin no ambiente. O conteúdo de “common” e o diretório correspondente a os.name são copiados após alguma substituição de texto dos espaços reservados:

• __VENV_DIR__ é substituído pelo caminho absoluto do diretório do ambiente.
• __VENV_NAME__ é substituído pelo nome do ambiente (segmento do caminho final do diretório do ambiente).
• __VENV_PROMPT__ é substituído pelo prompt (o nome do ambiente entre parênteses e com o seguinte espaço)
• __VENV_BIN_NAME__ é substituído pelo nome do diretório bin (bin ou Scripts).
• __VENV_PYTHON__ é substituído pelo caminho absoluto do executável do ambiente.

É permitido que os diretórios existam (para quando um ambiente existente estiver sendo atualizado).

Há também uma função de conveniência no nível do módulo:

venv.create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, with_pip=False)

Cria um EnvBuilder com os argumentos nomeados fornecidos e chame seu método create() com o argumento env_dir.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Adicionado o parâmetro with_pip

28.3.3. Um exemplo de extensão de EnvBuilder

The following script shows how to extend EnvBuilder by implementing a subclass which installs setuptools and pip into a created venv:

import os
import os.path
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import sys
from threading import Thread
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from urllib.request import urlretrieve
import venv

class ExtendedEnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
    """
    This builder installs setuptools and pip so that you can pip or
    easy_install other packages into the created environment.

    :param nodist: If True, setuptools and pip are not installed into the
                   created environment.
    :param nopip: If True, pip is not installed into the created
                  environment.
    :param progress: If setuptools or pip are installed, the progress of the
                     installation can be monitored by passing a progress
                     callable. If specified, it is called with two
                     arguments: a string indicating some progress, and a
                     context indicating where the string is coming from.
                     The context argument can have one of three values:
                     'main', indicating that it is called from virtualize()
                     itself, and 'stdout' and 'stderr', which are obtained
                     by reading lines from the output streams of a subprocess
                     which is used to install the app.

                     If a callable is not specified, default progress
                     information is output to sys.stderr.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.nodist = kwargs.pop('nodist', False)
        self.nopip = kwargs.pop('nopip', False)
        self.progress = kwargs.pop('progress', None)
        self.verbose = kwargs.pop('verbose', False)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def post_setup(self, context):
        """
        Set up any packages which need to be pre-installed into the
        environment being created.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = context.env_dir
        if not self.nodist:
            self.install_setuptools(context)
        # Can't install pip without setuptools
        if not self.nopip and not self.nodist:
            self.install_pip(context)

    def reader(self, stream, context):
        """
        Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
        callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
        """
        progress = self.progress
        while True:
            s = stream.readline()
            if not s:
                break
            if progress is not None:
                progress(s, context)
            else:
                if not self.verbose:
                    sys.stderr.write('.')
                else:
                    sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
                sys.stderr.flush()
        stream.close()

    def install_script(self, context, name, url):
        _, _, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
        fn = os.path.split(path)[-1]
        binpath = context.bin_path
        distpath = os.path.join(binpath, fn)
        # Download script into the env's binaries folder
        urlretrieve(url, distpath)
        progress = self.progress
        if self.verbose:
            term = '\n'
        else:
            term = ''
        if progress is not None:
            progress('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term), 'main')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('Installing %s ...%s' % (name, term))
            sys.stderr.flush()
        # Install in the env
        args = [context.env_exe, fn]
        p = Popen(args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=binpath)
        t1 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
        t1.start()
        t2 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
        t2.start()
        p.wait()
        t1.join()
        t2.join()
        if progress is not None:
            progress('done.', 'main')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
        # Clean up - no longer needed
        os.unlink(distpath)

    def install_setuptools(self, context):
        """
        Install setuptools in the environment.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        url = 'https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/downloads/ez_setup.py'
        self.install_script(context, 'setuptools', url)
        # clear up the setuptools archive which gets downloaded
        pred = lambda o: o.startswith('setuptools-') and o.endswith('.tar.gz')
        files = filter(pred, os.listdir(context.bin_path))
        for f in files:
            f = os.path.join(context.bin_path, f)
            os.unlink(f)

    def install_pip(self, context):
        """
        Install pip in the environment.

        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        url = 'https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py'
        self.install_script(context, 'pip', url)

def main(args=None):
    compatible = True
    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
        compatible = False
    elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
        compatible = False
    if not compatible:
        raise ValueError('This script is only for use with '
                         'Python 3.3 or later')
    else:
        import argparse

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__,
                                         description='Creates virtual Python '
                                                     'environments in one or '
                                                     'more target '
                                                     'directories.')
        parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+',
                            help='A directory to create the environment in.')
        parser.add_argument('--no-setuptools', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='nodist',
                            help="Don't install setuptools or pip in the "
                                 "virtual environment.")
        parser.add_argument('--no-pip', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='nopip',
                            help="Don't install pip in the virtual "
                                 "environment.")
        parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='system_site',
                            help='Give the virtual environment access to the '
                                 'system site-packages dir.')
        if os.name == 'nt':
            use_symlinks = False
        else:
            use_symlinks = True
        parser.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks,
                            action='store_true', dest='symlinks',
                            help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, '
                                 'when symlinks are not the default for '
                                 'the platform.')
        parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the '
                                               'environment directory if it '
                                               'already exists, before '
                                               'environment creation.')
        parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment '
                                               'directory to use this version '
                                               'of Python, assuming Python '
                                               'has been upgraded in-place.')
        parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='verbose', help='Display the output '
                                               'from the scripts which '
                                               'install setuptools and pip.')
        options = parser.parse_args(args)
        if options.upgrade and options.clear:
            raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.')
        builder = ExtendedEnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site,
                                       clear=options.clear,
                                       symlinks=options.symlinks,
                                       upgrade=options.upgrade,
                                       nodist=options.nodist,
                                       nopip=options.nopip,
                                       verbose=options.verbose)
        for d in options.dirs:
            builder.create(d)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rc = 1
    try:
        main()
        rc = 0
    except Exception as e:
        print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(rc)

This script is also available for download online.