19.2. `json` — JSON codificador e decodificador¶

Código Fonte: Lib/json/__init__.py

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), especificado pelo RFC 7159 (que tornou a RFC 4627 obsoleta) e pelo ECMA-404, é um formato leve de troca de dados inspirado pelo sintaxe de objeto JavaScript (embora não seja um subconjunto estrito de JavaScript [1] ).

json expõe uma API familiar para pessoas usuárias dos módulos marshal e pickle da biblioteca padrão.

Codificação de hierarquias básicas de objetos Python:

>>> import json
>>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
'["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
>>> print(json.dumps("\"foo\bar"))
"\"foo\bar"
>>> print(json.dumps('\u1234'))
"\u1234"
>>> print(json.dumps('\\'))
"\\"
>>> print(json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True))
{"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO()
>>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
>>> io.getvalue()
'["streaming API"]'

Codificação compacta:

>>> import json
>>> json.dumps([1,2,3,{'4': 5, '6': 7}], separators=(',', ':'))
'[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'

Saída bonita:

>>> import json
>>> print(json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=4))
{
    "4": 5,
    "6": 7
}

Decodificando JSON:

>>> import json
>>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]')
['foo', {'bar': ['baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
>>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"')
'"foo\x08ar'
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
>>> json.load(io)
['streaming API']

Especialização em decodificação de objeto JSON:

>>> import json
>>> def as_complex(dct):
...     if '__complex__' in dct:
...         return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
...     return dct
...
>>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
...     object_hook=as_complex)
(1+2j)
>>> import decimal
>>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=decimal.Decimal)
Decimal('1.1')

Estendendo JSONEncoder:

>>> import json
>>> class ComplexEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
...     def default(self, obj):
...         if isinstance(obj, complex):
...             return [obj.real, obj.imag]
...         # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
...         return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
...
>>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, cls=ComplexEncoder)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> ComplexEncoder().encode(2 + 1j)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> list(ComplexEncoder().iterencode(2 + 1j))
['[2.0', ', 1.0', ']']

Using json.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print:

$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m json.tool
{
    "json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)

Veja Interface de Linha de Comando para a documentação detalhada.

Nota

JSON é um subconjunto da YAML 1.2. O JSON gerado pelas definições padrão desse módulo (particularmente, o valor padrão dos separadores) é também um subconjunto da YAML 1.0 e 1.1. Esse módulo pode, por tanto, também ser usado para seriar YAML.

19.2.1. Uso Básico¶

json.dump(obj, fp, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)¶

Serializa um obj formatado como um stream JSON para fp (um .write()- dando suporte a objeto arquivo ou similar) usando essa tabela de conversão.

Se skipkeys for verdadeiro (default: False), as chaves de dicionário que não forem de um tipo básico (str, int, float, bool, None) serão ignoradas ao invés de levantarem um TypeError.

O módulo json sempre gera objetos str, e não objetos bytes . Dessa forma, fp.write() precisa suportar entradas str.

If ensure_ascii is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If ensure_ascii is false, these characters will be output as-is.

Se check_circular for falso (default: True), então a checagem referência circular para tipos containers será ignorada e uma referência circular resultará em um OverflowError (ou pior).

Se allow_nan for falso (padrão: True), serializar valores float fora do intervalo (nan, inf, -inf) em estrita conformidade com a especificação JSON será um ValueError . Se allow_nan for verdadeiro, seus equivalentes JavaScript (NaN, Infinity, -Infinity) serão usados.

Se indent for um inteiro não-negativo ou uma string, então elementos de um vetor JSON e membros de objetos terão uma saída formatada com este nível de identação. Um n;ivel de identação 0, negativo ou "" apenas colocará novas linhas. None (o padrão) seleciona a presentação mais compacta. Usando um inteiro positivo a identação terá alguns espaços por nível. Se indent for uma string (como "\t"), essa string será usada para identar cada nível.

Alterado na versão 3.2: Permite strings para indent, além de inteiros.

Se especificado, separators deve ser uma tupla (item_separator, key_separator). O padrão é (', ', ': ') se indent for None e (',', ': ') caso contrário. Para pegar representação JSON mais compacta, você deve especificar (',', ':') para eliminar espaços em branco.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Usa (',', ': ') como padrão se indent não for None.

Se especificado, default deve ser uma função para ser chamada para objetos que não podem ser serializados de outra forma. Deve retornar uma versão codificada JSON do objeto ou lançar uma exceção TypeError. Se não for especificada, TypeError é levantada.

Se sort_keys for verdadeiro (padrão: False), então os dicionários da saída serão ordenados pela chave.

Para usar uma subclasse de JSONEncoder personalizada (por ex., uma que sobrescreve o método default() para serializar tipos adicionais), especifique isso com argumento cls; caso contrário é usado JSONEncoder.

json.dumps(obj, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)¶: Serialize obj to a JSON formatted str using this conversion table. The arguments have the same meaning as in dump().

Nota

Diferente de pickle e marshal, JSON não é um protocolo com datagrama, assim tentar serializar múltiplos objetos com chamadas repetidas para dump() usando o mesmo fp resultará em um arquivo JSON inválido.

Nota

Keys in key/value pairs of JSON are always of the type str. When a dictionary is converted into JSON, all the keys of the dictionary are coerced to strings. As a result of this, if a dictionary is converted into JSON and then back into a dictionary, the dictionary may not equal the original one. That is, loads(dumps(x)) != x if x has non-string keys.

json.load(fp, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)¶

Deserialize fp (a .read()-supporting file-like object containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this conversion table.

object_hook is an optional function that will be called with the result of any object literal decoded (a dict). The return value of object_hook will be used instead of the dict. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

object_pairs_hook is an optional function that will be called with the result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return value of object_pairs_hook will be used instead of the dict. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example, collections.OrderedDict() will remember the order of insertion). If object_hook is also defined, the object_pairs_hook takes priority.

Alterado na versão 3.1: Added support for object_pairs_hook.

parse_float, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).

parse_int, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers (e.g. float).

parse_constant, if specified, will be called with one of the following strings: '-Infinity', 'Infinity', 'NaN'. This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are encountered.

Alterado na versão 3.1: parse_constant doesn’t get called on ‘null’, ‘true’, ‘false’ anymore.

To use a custom JSONDecoder subclass, specify it with the cls kwarg; otherwise JSONDecoder is used. Additional keyword arguments will be passed to the constructor of the class.

If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a JSONDecodeError will be raised.

json.loads(s, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)¶

Deserialize s (a str instance containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this conversion table.

The other arguments have the same meaning as in load(), except encoding which is ignored and deprecated.

If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a JSONDecodeError will be raised.

19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders¶

class json.JSONDecoder(object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, strict=True, object_pairs_hook=None)¶

Simple JSON decoder.

Performs the following translations in decoding by default:

JSON	Python
object (objeto)	dict
Array	list
string	str
number (int)	int
número (real)	float
true	True
false	False
null	None

It also understands NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity as their corresponding float values, which is outside the JSON spec.

object_hook, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given dict. This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).

object_pairs_hook, if specified will be called with the result of every JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return value of object_pairs_hook will be used instead of the dict. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example, collections.OrderedDict() will remember the order of insertion). If object_hook is also defined, the object_pairs_hook takes priority.

Alterado na versão 3.1: Added support for object_pairs_hook.

parse_float, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).

parse_int, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers (e.g. float).

parse_constant, if specified, will be called with one of the following strings: '-Infinity', 'Infinity', 'NaN'. This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are encountered.

If strict is false (True is the default), then control characters will be allowed inside strings. Control characters in this context are those with character codes in the 0–31 range, including '\t' (tab), '\n', '\r' and '\0'.

If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a JSONDecodeError will be raised.

decode(s)¶

Return the Python representation of s (a str instance containing a JSON document).

JSONDecodeError will be raised if the given JSON document is not valid.

raw_decode(s)¶

Decode a JSON document from s (a str beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python representation and the index in s where the document ended.

This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have extraneous data at the end.

class json.JSONEncoder(skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, sort_keys=False, indent=None, separators=None, default=None)¶

Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.

Supports the following objects and types by default:

Python	JSON
dict	object (objeto)
list, tuple	Array
str	string
int, float, int- & float-derived Enums	número
True	true
False	false
None	null

Alterado na versão 3.4: Added support for int- and float-derived Enum classes.

To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a default() method with another method that returns a serializable object for o if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass implementation (to raise TypeError).

If skipkeys is false (the default), then it is a TypeError to attempt encoding of keys that are not str, int, float or None. If skipkeys is true, such items are simply skipped.

If ensure_ascii is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If ensure_ascii is false, these characters will be output as-is.

If check_circular is true (the default), then lists, dicts, and custom encoded objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an OverflowError). Otherwise, no such check takes place.

If allow_nan is true (the default), then NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity will be encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript based encoders and decoders. Otherwise, it will be a ValueError to encode such floats.

If sort_keys is true (default: False), then the output of dictionaries will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.

Se indent for um inteiro não-negativo ou uma string, então elementos de um vetor JSON e membros de objetos terão uma saída formatada com este nível de identação. Um n;ivel de identação 0, negativo ou "" apenas colocará novas linhas. None (o padrão) seleciona a presentação mais compacta. Usando um inteiro positivo a identação terá alguns espaços por nível. Se indent for uma string (como "\t"), essa string será usada para identar cada nível.

Alterado na versão 3.2: Permite strings para indent, além de inteiros.

Se especificado, separators deve ser uma tupla (item_separator, key_separator). O padrão é (', ', ': ') se indent for None e (',', ': ') caso contrário. Para pegar representação JSON mais compacta, você deve especificar (',', ':') para eliminar espaços em branco.

Alterado na versão 3.4: Usa (',', ': ') como padrão se indent não for None.

Se especificado, default deve ser uma função para ser chamada para objetos que não podem ser serializados de outra forma. Deve retornar uma versão codificada JSON do objeto ou lançar uma exceção TypeError. Se não for especificada, TypeError é levantada.

default(o)¶

Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a serializable object for o, or calls the base implementation (to raise a TypeError).

For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement default like this:

def default(self, o):
   try:
       iterable = iter(o)
   except TypeError:
       pass
   else:
       return list(iterable)
   # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
   return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)

encode(o)¶

Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure, o. For example:

>>> json.JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
'{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'

iterencode(o)¶

Encode the given object, o, and yield each string representation as available. For example:

for chunk in json.JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
    mysocket.write(chunk)

19.2.3. Exceções¶

exception json.JSONDecodeError(msg, doc, pos)¶

Subclass of ValueError with the following additional attributes:

msg¶: A mensagem de erro não formatada.

doc¶: The JSON document being parsed.

pos¶: The start index of doc where parsing failed.

lineno¶: The line corresponding to pos.

colno¶: The column corresponding to pos.

Novo na versão 3.5.

19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability¶

The JSON format is specified by RFC 7159 and by ECMA-404. This section details this module’s level of compliance with the RFC. For simplicity, JSONEncoder and JSONDecoder subclasses, and parameters other than those explicitly mentioned, are not considered.

This module does not comply with the RFC in a strict fashion, implementing some extensions that are valid JavaScript but not valid JSON. In particular:

Infinite and NaN number values are accepted and output;
Repeated names within an object are accepted, and only the value of the last name-value pair is used.

Since the RFC permits RFC-compliant parsers to accept input texts that are not RFC-compliant, this module’s deserializer is technically RFC-compliant under default settings.

19.2.4.1. Character Encodings¶

The RFC requires that JSON be represented using either UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32, with UTF-8 being the recommended default for maximum interoperability.

As permitted, though not required, by the RFC, this module’s serializer sets ensure_ascii=True by default, thus escaping the output so that the resulting strings only contain ASCII characters.

Other than the ensure_ascii parameter, this module is defined strictly in terms of conversion between Python objects and Unicode strings, and thus does not otherwise directly address the issue of character encodings.

The RFC prohibits adding a byte order mark (BOM) to the start of a JSON text, and this module’s serializer does not add a BOM to its output. The RFC permits, but does not require, JSON deserializers to ignore an initial BOM in their input. This module’s deserializer raises a ValueError when an initial BOM is present.

The RFC does not explicitly forbid JSON strings which contain byte sequences that don’t correspond to valid Unicode characters (e.g. unpaired UTF-16 surrogates), but it does note that they may cause interoperability problems. By default, this module accepts and outputs (when present in the original str) code points for such sequences.

19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values¶

The RFC does not permit the representation of infinite or NaN number values. Despite that, by default, this module accepts and outputs Infinity, -Infinity, and NaN as if they were valid JSON number literal values:

>>> # Neither of these calls raises an exception, but the results are not valid JSON
>>> json.dumps(float('-inf'))
'-Infinity'
>>> json.dumps(float('nan'))
'NaN'
>>> # Same when deserializing
>>> json.loads('-Infinity')
-inf
>>> json.loads('NaN')
nan

In the serializer, the allow_nan parameter can be used to alter this behavior. In the deserializer, the parse_constant parameter can be used to alter this behavior.

19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object¶

The RFC specifies that the names within a JSON object should be unique, but does not mandate how repeated names in JSON objects should be handled. By default, this module does not raise an exception; instead, it ignores all but the last name-value pair for a given name:

>>> weird_json = '{"x": 1, "x": 2, "x": 3}'
>>> json.loads(weird_json)
{'x': 3}

The object_pairs_hook parameter can be used to alter this behavior.

19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values¶

The old version of JSON specified by the obsolete RFC 4627 required that the top-level value of a JSON text must be either a JSON object or array (Python dict or list), and could not be a JSON null, boolean, number, or string value. RFC 7159 removed that restriction, and this module does not and has never implemented that restriction in either its serializer or its deserializer.

Regardless, for maximum interoperability, you may wish to voluntarily adhere to the restriction yourself.

19.2.4.5. Limitações de implementação¶

Some JSON deserializer implementations may set limits on:

the size of accepted JSON texts
the maximum level of nesting of JSON objects and arrays
the range and precision of JSON numbers
the content and maximum length of JSON strings

This module does not impose any such limits beyond those of the relevant Python datatypes themselves or the Python interpreter itself.

When serializing to JSON, beware any such limitations in applications that may consume your JSON. In particular, it is common for JSON numbers to be deserialized into IEEE 754 double precision numbers and thus subject to that representation’s range and precision limitations. This is especially relevant when serializing Python int values of extremely large magnitude, or when serializing instances of “exotic” numerical types such as decimal.Decimal.

19.2.5. Interface de Linha de Comando¶

Source code: Lib/json/tool.py

The json.tool module provides a simple command line interface to validate and pretty-print JSON objects.

If the optional infile and outfile arguments are not specified, sys.stdin and sys.stdout will be used respectively:

$ echo '{"json": "obj"}' | python -m json.tool
{
    "json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)

Alterado na versão 3.5: The output is now in the same order as the input. Use the --sort-keys option to sort the output of dictionaries alphabetically by key.

19.2.5.1. Opções da linha de comando¶

infile¶

The JSON file to be validated or pretty-printed:

$ python -m json.tool mp_films.json
[
    {
        "title": "And Now for Something Completely Different",
        "year": 1971
    },
    {
        "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail",
        "year": 1975
    }
]

If infile is not specified, read from sys.stdin.

outfile¶: Write the output of the infile to the given outfile. Otherwise, write it to sys.stdout.

--sort-keys¶: Sort the output of dictionaries alphabetically by key.

Novo na versão 3.5.

-h, --help¶: Show the help message.

Notas de rodapé

[1]	As noted in the errata for RFC 7159, JSON permits literal U+2028 (LINE SEPARATOR) and U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) characters in strings, whereas JavaScript (as of ECMAScript Edition 5.1) does not.

19.2. `json` — JSON codificador e decodificador¶

19.2.1. Uso Básico¶

19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders¶

19.2.3. Exceções¶

19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability¶

19.2.4.1. Character Encodings¶

19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values¶

19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object¶

19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values¶

19.2.4.5. Limitações de implementação¶

19.2.5. Interface de Linha de Comando¶

19.2.5.1. Opções da linha de comando¶

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19.2. json — JSON codificador e decodificador¶

19.2.1. Uso Básico¶

19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders¶

19.2.3. Exceções¶

19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability¶

19.2.4.1. Character Encodings¶

19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values¶

19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object¶

19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values¶

19.2.4.5. Limitações de implementação¶

19.2.5. Interface de Linha de Comando¶

19.2.5.1. Opções da linha de comando¶

19.2. `json` — JSON codificador e decodificador¶