# Objetos tipo

type PyTypeObject
  Parte da ABI Estável (como uma estrutura opaca).

  A estrutura C dos objetos usados para descrever tipos embutidos.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Este é o objeto de tipo para objetos tipo; é o mesmo objeto que `type` na camada Python.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

  Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto o for um objeto tipo, incluindo instâncias de tipos derivados do objeto tipo padrão. Retorna 0 em todos os outros casos. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

  Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto o for um objeto tipo, mas não um subtipo do objeto tipo padrão. Retorna 0 em todos os outros casos. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Limpa o cache de pesquisa interno. Retorna a marcação de versão atual.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return the `tp_flags` member of type. This function is primarily meant for use with `Py_LIMITED_API`; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to `tp_flags` itself is not part of the limited API.

  Adicionado na versão 3.2.

  Alterado na versão 3.4: O tipo de retorno é agora um `unsigned long` em vez de um `long`.

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return the type object’s internal namespace, which is otherwise only exposed via a read-only proxy (`cls.__dict__`). This is a replacement for accessing `tp_dict` directly. The returned dictionary must be treated as read-only.

  This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect access (e.g. via the proxy or `PyObject_GetAttr()`) isn’t adequate.

  Extension modules should continue to use `tp_dict`, directly or indirectly, when setting up their own types.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Invalida o cache de pesquisa interna para o tipo e todos os seus subtipos. Esta função deve ser chamada após qualquer modificação manual dos atributos ou classes bases do tipo.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

  Register callback as a type watcher. Return a non-negative integer ID which must be passed to future calls to `PyType_Watch()`. In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return `-1` and set an exception.

  In free-threaded builds, `PyType_AddWatcher()` is not thread-safe, so it must be called at start up (before spawning the first thread).

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

  Clear watcher identified by watcher_id (previously returned from `PyType_AddWatcher()`). Return `0` on success, `-1` on error (e.g. if watcher_id was never registered.)

  An extension should never call `PyType_ClearWatcher` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as watched. The callback granted watcher_id by `PyType_AddWatcher()` will be called whenever `PyType_Modified()` reports a change to type. (The callback may be called only once for a series of consecutive modifications to type, if `_PyType_Lookup()` is not called on type between the modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to change.)

  The callback is also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

  An extension should never call `PyType_Watch` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

  Alterado na versão 3.15: The callback is now also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

int PyType_Unwatch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as not watched. This undoes a previous call to `PyType_Watch()`. type must not be `NULL`.

  An extension should never call this function with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  On success, this function returns `0`. On failure, this function returns `-1` with an exception set.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

  Type of a type-watcher callback function.

  The callback must not modify type or cause `PyType_Modified()` to be called on type or any type in its MRO; violating this rule could cause infinite recursion.

  The callback may be called during type deallocation. In this case, the type object is temporarily resurrected (its reference count is at least 1) and all its attributes are still valid. However, the callback should not store new strong references to the type, as this would resurrect the object and prevent its deallocation.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

  Alterado na versão 3.15: The callback may now be called during deallocation of a watched heap type.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

  Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto tipo o define o recurso feature. Os recursos de tipo são denotados por sinalizadores de bit único.

int PyType_FastSubclass(PyTypeObject *type, int flag)

  Return non-zero if the type object type sets the subclass flag flag. Subclass flags are denoted by `Py_TPFLAGS_*_SUBCLASS`. This function is used by many `_Check` functions for common types.

  Ver também

  `PyObject_TypeCheck()`, which is used as a slower alternative in `_Check` functions for types that don’t come with subclass flags.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

  Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`.

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna verdadeiro se a for um subtipo de b.

  This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that `__subclasscheck__()` is not called on b. Call `PyObject_IsSubclass()` to do the same check that `issubclass()` would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Generic handler for the `tp_alloc` slot of a type object. Uses Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate memory for a new instance, zeros the memory, then initializes the memory as if by calling `PyObject_Init()` or `PyObject_InitVar()`.

  Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type’s `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  For types that support garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), this function behaves like `PyObject_GC_New` or `PyObject_GC_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization), and should be paired with `PyObject_GC_Del()` in `tp_free`. Otherwise, it behaves like `PyObject_New` or `PyObject_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization) and should be paired with `PyObject_Free()` in `tp_free`.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Generic handler for the `tp_new` slot of a type object. Creates a new instance using the type’s `tp_alloc` slot and returns the resulting object.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Finaliza um objeto tipo. Isso deve ser chamado em todos os objetos tipo para finalizar sua inicialização. Esta função é responsável por adicionar slots herdados da classe base de um tipo. Retorna `0` em caso de sucesso, ou retorna `-1` e define uma exceção em caso de erro.

  Nota

  If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the `tp_traverse` handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.11.

  Retorna o nome do tipo. Equivalente a pegar o atributo `__name__` do tipo.

  Adicionado na versão 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.11.

  Retorna o nome qualificado do tipo. Equivalente a pegar o atributo `__qualname__` do tipo.

  Adicionado na versão 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Retorna o nome qualificado do tipo. Equivalente à `f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"`, ou `type.__qualname__` se `type.__module__` não é uma string ou é igual a `"builtins"`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Retorna o nome do tipo do módulo. Equivalente a pegar o atributo `type.__module__`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.4.

  Retorna o ponteiro de função armazenado no slot fornecido. Se o resultado for `NULL`, isso indica que o slot é `NULL` ou que a função foi chamada com parâmetros inválidos. Os chamadores normalmente lançarão o ponteiro do resultado no tipo de função apropriado.

  Veja `PyType_Slot.slot` por possíveis valores do argumento slot.

  Adicionado na versão 3.4.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: `PyType_GetSlot()` agora aceita todos os tipos. Antes, estava limitada a tipos heap.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
  Retorna valor: Referência emprestada. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

  Retorna o objeto de módulo associado ao tipo fornecido quando o tipo foi criado usando `PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()`.

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  Se nenhum módulo estiver associado com o tipo fornecido, define `TypeError` e retorna `NULL`.

  This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, `PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))` may not return the intended result. `Py_TYPE(self)` may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See `PyCMethod` to get the class that defines the method. See `PyType_GetModuleByToken()` for cases when `PyCMethod` cannot be used.

  Adicionado na versão 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

  Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling `PyModule_GetState()` on the result of `PyType_GetModule()`.

  Se nenhum módulo estiver associado com o tipo fornecido, define `TypeError` e retorna `NULL`.

  Se o tipo tem um módulo associado mas o seu estado é `NULL`, retorna `NULL` sem definir uma exceção.

  Adicionado na versão 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByToken(PyTypeObject *type, const void *mod_token)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  Find the first superclass whose module has the given module token, and return that module.

  Se nenhum módulo é encontrado, levanta um `TypeError` e retorna `NULL`.

  This function is intended to be used together with `PyModule_GetState()` to get module state from slot methods (such as `tp_init` or `nb_add`) and other places where a method’s defining class cannot be passed using the `PyCMethod` calling convention.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)
  Retorna valor: Referência emprestada. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given `PyModuleDef` def, or whose module token is equal to def, and return that module.

  Note that modules created from a `PyModuleDef` always have their token set to the `PyModuleDef`’s address. In other words, this function is equivalent to `PyType_GetModuleByToken()`, except that it:

  - returns a borrowed reference, and

  - has a non-`void*` argument type (which is a cosmetic difference in C).

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  Adicionado na versão 3.11.

int PyType_GetBaseByToken(PyTypeObject *type, void *tp_token, PyTypeObject **result)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.14.

  Find the first superclass in type’s method resolution order whose `Py_tp_token` token is equal to tp_token.

  - If found, set *result to a new strong reference to it and return `1`.

  - If not found, set *result to `NULL` and return `0`.

  - On error, set *result to `NULL` and return `-1` with an exception set.

  The result argument may be `NULL`, in which case *result is not set. Use this if you need only the return value.

  The tp_token argument may not be `NULL`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)
  Esta é uma API Instável. Isso pode se alterado sem aviso em lançamentos menores.

  Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

  Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_SUPPORTS_WEAKREFS(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return true if instances of type support creating weak references, false otherwise. This function always succeeds. type must not be `NULL`.

  Ver também

  - Objetos referência fraca

  - `weakref`

## Creating Heap-Allocated Types

The following function is used to create heap types:

PyObject *PyType_FromSlots(const PySlot *slots)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  Create and return a heap type from a `PySlot` array. See Definition slots for general information on slots, and Type slot IDs for slots specific to type creation.

  This function calls `PyType_Ready()` on the new type.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer calling `type` (or the metaclass) over `PyType_From*` functions. Specifically:

  - `__new__()` is not called on the new class (and it must be set to `type.__new__`).

  - `__init__()` is not called on the new class.

  - `__init_subclass__()` is not called on any bases.

  - `__set_name__()` is not called on new descriptors.

  Slots are typically defined as a global static constant arrays. However, sometimes slot values are not statically known at compile time. For example, slots like `Py_tp_bases`, `Py_tp_metaclass` and `Py_tp_module` require live Python objects. In this case, it is recommended to put such slots on the stack, and use `Py_slot_subslots` to refer to an array of static slots. For example:

      static const PySlot my_slots[] = {
         PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_tp_name, "MyClass"),
         PySlot_FUNC(Py_tp_repr, my_repr_func),
         ...
         PySlot_END
      };

      PyObject *make_my_class(PyObject *module) {
         PySlot all_slots[] = {
            PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_slot_subslots, my_slots),
            PySlot_DATA(Py_tp_module, module),
            PySlot_END
         };
         return PyType_FromSlots(all_slots);
      }

Heap types created without the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag may be modified, for example by setting attributes on them, as with classes defined in Python code. Sometimes, such modifications are necessary to fully initialize a type, but you may wish to prevent users from changing the type after the initialization is done:

int PyType_Freeze(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.14.

  Make a type immutable: set the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag.

  All base classes of type must be immutable.

  On success, return `0`. On error, set an exception and return `-1`.

  The type must not be used before it’s made immutable. For example, type instances must not be created before the type is made immutable.

  Adicionado na versão 3.14.

### Type slot IDs

Most type slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures `PyTypeObject`, `PyNumberMethods`, `PySequenceMethods`, `PyMappingMethods` and `PyAsyncMethods` with an added `Py_` prefix. For example, use:

- `Py_tp_dealloc` to set `PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`

- `Py_nb_add` to set `PyNumberMethods.nb_add`

- `Py_sq_length` to set `PySequenceMethods.sq_length`

The following slots need additional considerations when specified as slots:

- `Py_tp_name`

- `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize`

- `Py_tp_itemsize`

- `Py_tp_flags`

Additional slots do not directly correspond to a `PyTypeObject` struct field:

- `Py_tp_token`

- `Py_tp_metaclass`

- `Py_tp_module`

The following “offset” fields cannot be set using `PyType_Slot`:

- `tp_weaklistoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` instead if possible)

- `tp_dictoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` instead if possible)

- `tp_vectorcall_offset` (use `"__vectorcalloffset__"` in PyMemberDef)

If it is not possible to switch to a `MANAGED` flag (for example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12), specify the offset in `Py_tp_members`. See PyMemberDef documentation for details.

The following internal fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap type:

- `tp_dict`, `tp_mro`, `tp_cache`, `tp_subclasses`, and `tp_weaklist`.

The `Py_tp_base` slot is equivalent to `Py_tp_bases`; both may be set either to a type or a tuple of types. If both are specified, the value of `Py_tp_bases` is used.

Slot values may not be `NULL`, except for the following:

- `Py_tp_doc`

- `Py_tp_token` (for clarity, prefer `Py_TP_USE_SPEC` rather than `NULL`)

Alterado na versão 3.9: Slots in `PyBufferProcs` may be set in the unlimited API.

Alterado na versão 3.11: `bf_getbuffer` and `bf_releasebuffer` are now available under the limited API.

Alterado na versão 3.14: The field `tp_vectorcall` can now be set using `Py_tp_vectorcall`. See the field’s documentation for details.

Alterado na versão 3.15: The `Py_tp_bases` slot may be set to a single type object, making it equivalent to the `Py_tp_base` slot. Previously, a tuple of types was required.

The following slots correspond to fields in the underlying type structure, but need extra remarks for use as slots:

Py_tp_name
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the name of the type, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_name`.

  This slot (or `PyType_Spec.name()`) is required to create a type.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.name()` instead.

  Detalhes da implementação do CPython: CPython processes slots in order. It is recommended to put `Py_tp_name` at the beginning of the slots array, so that if processing of a later slots fails, error messages can include the name.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_basicsize
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the size of the instance in bytes. It is used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`.

  The value must be positive.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` instead if needed, but be aware that a type’s size is often considered an implementation detail.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_extra_basicsize
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for type data size in bytes, that is, how much space instances of the class need in addition to space needed for superclasses.

  The value is used, together with the size of superclasses, to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`. Python will insert padding as needed to meet `tp_basicsize`’s alignment requirements.

  Use `PyObject_GetTypeData()` to get a pointer to subclass-specific memory reserved this way.

  The value must be positive. To specify that instances need no additional size (that is, size should be inherited), omit the `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` slot rather than set it to zero.

  Specifying both `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` is an error.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_itemsize
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize`. See `tp_itemsize` documentation for caveats.

  The value must be positive.

  If this slot is missing, `tp_itemsize` is inherited. Extending arbitrary variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes, inheriting `itemsize` is only possible in the following situations:

  - The base is not variable-sized (its `tp_itemsize`).

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is positive, suggesting that the memory layout of the base class is known.

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is zero, suggesting that the subclass does not access the instance’s memory directly.

  - With the `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` flag.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.itemsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_flags
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for type flags, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_flags`.

  The `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE` flag is not set, `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()` sets it automatically.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetFlags()` instead.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

The following slots do not correspond to public fields in the underlying structures:

Py_tp_metaclass
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for the metaclass used to construct the resulting type object. When omitted the metaclass is derived from bases (`Py_tp_bases` or the bases argument of `PyType_FromMetaclass()`).

  Metaclasses that override `tp_new` are not supported, except if `tp_new` is `NULL`.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a metaclass with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `Py_TYPE()` on the type object instead.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_module
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` for recording the module in which the new class is defined.

  The value must be a module object. The module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with `PyType_GetModule()`. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a module with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetModule()` instead.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

Py_tp_token
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.14.

  `Slot ID` for recording a static memory layout ID for a class.

  If the class is defined using a `PyType_Spec`, and that spec is statically allocated, the token can be set to the spec using the special value `Py_TP_USE_SPEC`:

      static PyType_Slot foo_slots[] = {
         {Py_tp_token, Py_TP_USE_SPEC},

  It can also be set to an arbitrary pointer, but you must ensure that:

  - The pointer outlives the class, so it’s not reused for something else while the class exists.

  - It “belongs” to the extension module where the class lives, so it will not clash with other extensions.

  Use `PyType_GetBaseByToken()` to check if a class’s superclass has a given token – that is, check whether the memory layout is compatible.

  To get the token for a given class (without considering superclasses), use `PyType_GetSlot()` with `Py_tp_token`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.14.

  Py_TP_USE_SPEC
    Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.14.

    Used as a value with `Py_tp_token` to set the token to the class’s `PyType_Spec`. May only be used for classes defined using `PyType_Spec`.

    Expands to `NULL`.

    Adicionado na versão 3.14.

Py_tp_slots
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.15.

  `Slot ID` that works like `Py_slot_subslots`, except it specifies an array of `PyType_Slot` structures.

  Adicionado na versão 3.15.

## Soft-deprecated API

The following functions are soft deprecated. They will continue to work, but new features will be added as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, not as arguments to new `PyType_From*` functions.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

  Create and return a heap type from the spec (see `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`).

  A non-`NULL` metaclass argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_metaclass` slot.

  A non-`NULL` bases argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_bases` slot, and takes precedence over `Py_tp_bases` and `Py_tp_bases` slots.

  A non-`NULL` module argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_module` slot.

  This function calls `PyType_Ready()` on the new type.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. See the note in `PyType_FromSlots()` documentation for details.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

  Suavemente descontinuado desde a versão 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.9.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and `NULL` as the `tp_doc` slot.

  Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Alterado na versão 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Suavemente descontinuado desde a versão 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.3.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.3.

  Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Alterado na versão 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Suavemente descontinuado desde a versão 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)`.

  Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Alterado na versão 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Suavemente descontinuado desde a versão 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

type PyType_Spec
  Parte da ABI Estável (incluindo todos os membros).

  Structure defining a type’s behavior, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

  This structure contains several members that can instead be specified as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, and an array of slot entries with a simpler structure.

  const char *name

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_name`.

  int basicsize

    If positive, corresponds to `Py_tp_basicsize`.

    If negative, corresponds to `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` set to the absolute value.

    Alterado na versão 3.12: Previously, this field could not be negative.

  int itemsize

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_itemsize`.

  unsigned int flags

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_flags`.

  PyType_Slot *slots

    Array of `PyType_Slot` (not `PySlot`) structures.

    Terminated by the special slot value `{0, NULL}`. Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

    type PyType_Slot
      Parte da ABI Estável (incluindo todos os membros).

      Structure defining optional functionality of a type, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

      Note that a `PyType_Slot` array may be included in a `PySlot` array using `Py_tp_slots`, and vice versa using `Py_slot_subslots`.

      Each `PyType_Slot` structure `tpslot` is interpreted as the following `PySlot` structure:

          (PySlot){
             .sl_id=tpslot.slot,
             .sl_flags=PySlot_INTPTR | sub_static,
             .sl_ptr=tpslot.func
          }

      where `sub_static` is `PySlot_STATIC` if the slot requires the flag (such as for `Py_tp_methods`), or if this flag is present on the “parent” `Py_tp_slots` slot (if any).

      int slot

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_id`.

      void *pfunc

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_ptr`.