# Protocolo de objeto

PyObject *Py_GetConstant(unsigned int constant_id)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Obtém uma referência forte para uma constante.

  Define uma exceção e retorna `NULL` se constant_id for inválido.

  constant_id deve ser um destes identificadores constantes:

  Identificador da constante | Valor | Objeto retornado
  --- | --- | ---
  Py_CONSTANT_NONE | `0` | `None`
  Py_CONSTANT_FALSE | `1` | `False`
  Py_CONSTANT_TRUE | `2` | `True`
  Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS | `3` | `Ellipsis`
  Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED | `4` | `NotImplemented`
  Py_CONSTANT_ZERO | `5` | `0`
  Py_CONSTANT_ONE | `6` | `1`
  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR | `7` | `''`
  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES | `8` | `b''`
  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE | `9` | `()`

  Valores numéricos são fornecidos apenas para projetos que não podem usar identificadores constantes.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

  Detalhes da implementação do CPython: No CPython, todas essas constantes são imortais.

PyObject *Py_GetConstantBorrowed(unsigned int constant_id)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Semelhante a `Py_GetConstant()`, mas retorna uma referência emprestada.

  Esta função destina-se principalmente à compatibilidade com versões anteriores: usar `Py_GetConstant()` é recomendado para novo código.

  A referência é emprestada do interpretador e é válida até a finalização do interpretador.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

PyObject *Py_NotImplemented

  O singleton `NotImplemented`, usado para sinalizar que uma operação não foi implementada para a combinação de tipo fornecida.

Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED

  Manipula adequadamente o retorno de `Py_NotImplemented` de dentro de uma função C (ou seja, cria uma nova referência forte para `NotImplemented` e retorna-a).

Py_PRINT_RAW

  Sinaliza a ser usado com múltiplas funções que imprimem o objeto (como `PyObject_Print()` e `PyFile_WriteObject()`). Se passada, esta função usaria o `str()` do objeto em vez do `repr()`.

int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)

  Print an object o, on file fp. Returns `-1` on error. The flags argument is used to enable certain printing options. The only option currently supported is `Py_PRINT_RAW`; if given, the `str()` of the object is written instead of the `repr()`.

int PyObject_HasAttrWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Returns `1` if o has the attribute attr_name, and `0` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `hasattr(o, attr_name)`. On failure, return `-1`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_HasAttrWithError()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Returns `1` if o has the attribute attr_name, and `0` otherwise. This function always succeeds.

  Nota

  Exceptions that occur when this calls `__getattr__()` and `__getattribute__()` methods are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use `PyObject_HasAttrWithError()`, `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()` or `PyObject_GetAttr()` instead.

int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  This is the same as `PyObject_HasAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Nota

  Exceptions that occur when this calls `__getattr__()` and `__getattribute__()` methods or while creating the temporary `str` object are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use `PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError()`, `PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()` or `PyObject_GetAttrString()` instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retrieve an attribute named attr_name from object o. Returns the attribute value on success, or `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o.attr_name`.

  If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()` instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  This is the same as `PyObject_GetAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use `PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()` instead.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject **result);
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Variant of `PyObject_GetAttr()` which doesn’t raise `AttributeError` if the attribute is not found.

  If the attribute is found, return `1` and set *result to a new strong reference to the attribute. If the attribute is not found, return `0` and set *result to `NULL`; the `AttributeError` is silenced. If an error other than `AttributeError` is raised, return `-1` and set *result to `NULL`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(PyObject *obj, const char *attr_name, PyObject **result);
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Generic attribute getter function that is meant to be put into a type object’s `tp_getattro` slot. It looks for a descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the object’s MRO as well as an attribute in the object’s `__dict__` (if present). As outlined in Implementando descritores, data descriptors take preference over instance attributes, while non-data descriptors don’t. Otherwise, an `AttributeError` is raised.

int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o, to the value v. Raise an exception and return `-1` on failure; return `0` on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement `o.attr_name = v`.

  If v is `NULL`, the attribute is deleted. This behaviour is deprecated in favour of using `PyObject_DelAttr()`, but there are currently no plans to remove it.

int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  This is the same as `PyObject_SetAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  If v is `NULL`, the attribute is deleted, but this feature is deprecated in favour of using `PyObject_DelAttrString()`.

int PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Generic attribute setter and deleter function that is meant to be put into a type object’s `tp_setattro` slot. It looks for a data descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the object’s MRO, and if found it takes preference over setting or deleting the attribute in the instance dictionary. Otherwise, the attribute is set or deleted in the object’s `__dict__` (if present). On success, `0` is returned, otherwise an `AttributeError` is raised and `-1` is returned.

int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns `-1` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement `del o.attr_name`.

int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_DelAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

  A generic implementation for the getter of a `__dict__` descriptor. It creates the dictionary if necessary.

  This function may also be called to get the `__dict__` of the object o. Pass `NULL` for context when calling it. Since this function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, it may be more efficient to call `PyObject_GetAttr()` when accessing an attribute on the object.

  On failure, returns `NULL` with an exception set.

  Adicionado na versão 3.3.

int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.7.

  A generic implementation for the setter of a `__dict__` descriptor. This implementation does not allow the dictionary to be deleted.

  Adicionado na versão 3.3.

PyObject **_PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *obj)

  Return a pointer to `__dict__` of the object obj. If there is no `__dict__`, return `NULL` without setting an exception.

  This function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, so it may be more efficient to call `PyObject_GetAttr()` when accessing an attribute on the object.

PyObject *PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, which must be one of `Py_LT`, `Py_LE`, `Py_EQ`, `Py_NE`, `Py_GT`, or `Py_GE`, corresponding to `<`, `<=`, `==`, `!=`, `>`, or `>=` respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o1 op o2`, where `op` is the operator corresponding to opid. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or `NULL` on failure.

int PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, like `PyObject_RichCompare()`, but returns `-1` on error, `0` if the result is false, `1` otherwise.

Nota

If o1 and o2 are the same object, `PyObject_RichCompareBool()` will always return `1` for `Py_EQ` and `0` for `Py_NE`.

PyObject *PyObject_Format(PyObject *obj, PyObject *format_spec)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Format obj using format_spec. This is equivalent to the Python expression `format(obj, format_spec)`.

  format_spec may be `NULL`. In this case the call is equivalent to `format(obj)`. Returns the formatted string on success, `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `repr(o)`. Called by the `repr()` built-in function.

  Alterado na versão 3.4: Essa função agora inclui uma asserção de depuração para ajudar a garantir que ela não descarte silenciosamente uma exceção ativa.

PyObject *PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  As `PyObject_Repr()`, compute a string representation of object o, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by `PyObject_Repr()` with `\x`, `\u` or `\U` escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by `PyObject_Repr()` in Python 2. Called by the `ascii()` built-in function.

PyObject *PyObject_Str(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `str(o)`. Called by the `str()` built-in function and, therefore, by the `print()` function.

  Alterado na versão 3.4: Essa função agora inclui uma asserção de depuração para ajudar a garantir que ela não descarte silenciosamente uma exceção ativa.

PyObject *PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compute a bytes representation of object o. `NULL` is returned on failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to the Python expression `bytes(o)`, when o is not an integer. Unlike `bytes(o)`, a TypeError is raised when o is an integer instead of a zero-initialized bytes object.

int PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return `1` if the class derived is identical to or derived from the class cls, otherwise return `0`. In case of an error, return `-1`.

  If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be `1` when at least one of the checks returns `1`, otherwise it will be `0`.

  If cls has a `__subclasscheck__()` method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, derived is a subclass of cls if it is a direct or indirect subclass, i.e. contained in `cls.__mro__`.

  Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of `type` or a derived class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this by having a `__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).

int PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return `1` if inst is an instance of the class cls or a subclass of cls, or `0` if not. On error, returns `-1` and sets an exception.

  If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be `1` when at least one of the checks returns `1`, otherwise it will be `0`.

  If cls has a `__instancecheck__()` method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, inst is an instance of cls if its class is a subclass of cls.

  An instance inst can override what is considered its class by having a `__class__` attribute.

  An object cls can override if it is considered a class, and what its base classes are, by having a `__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).

Py_hash_t PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Compute and return the hash value of an object o. On failure, return `-1`. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `hash(o)`.

  Alterado na versão 3.2: The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is a signed integer the same size as `Py_ssize_t`.

Py_hash_t PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *o)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Set a `TypeError` indicating that `type(o)` is not hashable and return `-1`. This function receives special treatment when stored in a `tp_hash` slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the interpreter that it is not hashable.

int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Returns `1` if the object o is considered to be true, and `0` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `not not o`. On failure, return `-1`.

int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Returns `0` if the object o is considered to be true, and `1` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `not o`. On failure, return `-1`.

PyObject *PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  When o is non-`NULL`, returns a type object corresponding to the object type of object o. On failure, raises `SystemError` and returns `NULL`. This is equivalent to the Python expression `type(o)`. This function creates a new strong reference to the return value. There’s really no reason to use this function instead of the `Py_TYPE()` function, which returns a pointer of type PyTypeObject*, except when a new strong reference is needed.

int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)

  Return non-zero if the object o is of type type or a subtype of type, and `0` otherwise. Both parameters must be non-`NULL`.

Py_ssize_t PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
Py_ssize_t PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return the length of object o. If the object o provides either the sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is returned. On error, `-1` is returned. This is the equivalent to the Python expression `len(o)`.

Py_ssize_t PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)

  Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using `__length_hint__()`, and finally return the default value. On error return `-1`. This is the equivalent to the Python expression `operator.length_hint(o, defaultvalue)`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.4.

PyObject *PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return element of o corresponding to the object key or `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o[key]`.

int PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Map the object key to the value v. Raise an exception and return `-1` on failure; return `0` on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement `o[key] = v`. This function does not steal a reference to v.

int PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Remove the mapping for the object key from the object o. Return `-1` on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement `del o[key]`.

PyObject *PyObject_Dir(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  This is equivalent to the Python expression `dir(o)`, returning a (possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the object argument, or `NULL` if there was an error. If the argument is `NULL`, this is like the Python `dir()`, returning the names of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active then `NULL` is returned but `PyErr_Occurred()` will return false.

PyObject *PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  This is equivalent to the Python expression `iter(o)`. It returns a new iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the object is already an iterator. Raises `TypeError` and returns `NULL` if the object cannot be iterated.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAIter(PyObject *o)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.

  This is the equivalent to the Python expression `aiter(o)`. Takes an `AsyncIterable` object and returns an `AsyncIterator` for it. This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an `AsyncIterator`, this returns itself. Raises `TypeError` and returns `NULL` if the object cannot be iterated.

  Adicionado na versão 3.10.

void *PyObject_GetTypeData(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *cls)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

  Get a pointer to subclass-specific data reserved for cls.

  The object o must be an instance of cls, and cls must have been created using negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize`. Python does not check this.

  On error, set an exception and return `NULL`.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyType_GetTypeDataSize(PyTypeObject *cls)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.

  Return the size of the instance memory space reserved for cls, i.e. the size of the memory `PyObject_GetTypeData()` returns.

  This may be larger than requested using `-PyType_Spec.basicsize`; it is safe to use this larger size (e.g. with `memset()`).

  The type cls must have been created using negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize`. Python does not check this.

  On error, set an exception and return a negative value.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

void *PyObject_GetItemData(PyObject *o)

  Get a pointer to per-item data for a class with `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END`.

  On error, set an exception and return `NULL`. `TypeError` is raised if o does not have `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` set.

  Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyObject_VisitManagedDict(PyObject *obj, visitproc visit, void *arg)

  Visit the managed dictionary of obj.

  This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` flag set.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

void PyObject_ClearManagedDict(PyObject *obj)

  Clear the managed dictionary of obj.

  This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` flag set.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.