# Objetos Inteiros

Todos os inteiros são implementados como objetos inteiros “longos” de tamanho arbitrário.

Em caso de erro, a maioria das APIs `PyLong_As*` retorna `(tipo de retorno)-1` que não pode ser distinguido de um número. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

type PyLongObject
  Parte da API Limitada (como uma estrutura opaca).

  Este subtipo de `PyObject` representa um objeto inteiro Python.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Esta instância de `PyTypeObject` representa o tipo inteiro Python. Este é o mesmo objeto que `int` na camada Python.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

  Retorna true se seu argumento é um `PyLongObject` ou um subtipo de `PyLongObject`. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

  Retorna true se seu argumento é um `PyLongObject`, mas não um subtipo de `PyLongObject`. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLong(long v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna um novo objeto `PyLongObject` de v ou `NULL` em caso de falha.

  The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between `-5` and `256`. When you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a new `PyLongObject` object from a C unsigned long, or `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna um novo objeto `PyLongObject` de um `Py_ssize_t` C ou `NULL` em caso de falha.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna um novo objeto `PyLongObject` de um `size_t` C ou `NULL` em caso de falha.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a new `PyLongObject` object from a C long long, or `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a new `PyLongObject` object from a C unsigned long long, or `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna um novo objeto `PyLongObject` da parte inteira de v ou `NULL` em caso de falha.

PyObject *PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a new `PyLongObject` based on the string value in str, which is interpreted according to the radix in base, or `NULL` on failure. If pend is non-`NULL`, *pend will point to the end of str on success or to the first character that could not be processed on error. If base is `0`, str is interpreted using the Inteiros literais definition; in this case, leading zeros in a non-zero decimal number raises a `ValueError`. If base is not `0`, it must be between `2` and `36`, inclusive. Leading and trailing whitespace and single underscores after a base specifier and between digits are ignored. If there are no digits or str is not NULL-terminated following the digits and trailing whitespace, `ValueError` will be raised.

  Ver também

  Python methods `int.to_bytes()` and `int.from_bytes()` to convert a `PyLongObject` to/from an array of bytes in base `256`. You can call those from C using `PyObject_CallMethod()`.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência.

  Converte uma sequência de dígitos Unicode na string u para um valor inteiro Python.

  Adicionado na versão 3.3.

PyObject *PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
  Retorna valor: Nova referência. Parte da ABI Estável.

  Cria um inteiro Python a partir do ponteiro p. O valor do ponteiro pode ser recuperado do valor resultante usando `PyLong_AsVoidPtr()`.

PyObject *PyLong_FromNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

  Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first n_bytes of buffer, interpreted as a two’s-complement signed number.

  flags are as for `PyLong_AsNativeBytes()`. Passing `-1` will select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the most-significant bit is a sign bit. Passing `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER` will produce the same result as calling `PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes()`. Other flags are ignored.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

  Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first n_bytes of buffer, interpreted as an unsigned number.

  flags are as for `PyLong_AsNativeBytes()`. Passing `-1` will select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the most-significant bit is not a sign bit. Flags other than endian are ignored.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  Raise `OverflowError` if the value of obj is out of range for a long.

  Retorna `-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

int PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)
  Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.13.

  Similar to `PyLong_AsLong()`, but store the result in a C int instead of a C long.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  If the value of obj is greater than `LONG_MAX` or less than `LONG_MIN`, set *overflow to `1` or `-1`, respectively, and return `-1`; otherwise, set *overflow to `0`. If any other exception occurs set *overflow to `0` and return `-1` as usual.

  Retorna `-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  Raise `OverflowError` if the value of obj is out of range for a long long.

  Retorna `-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  If the value of obj is greater than `LLONG_MAX` or less than `LLONG_MIN`, set *overflow to `1` or `-1`, respectively, and return `-1`; otherwise, set *overflow to `0`. If any other exception occurs set *overflow to `0` and return `-1` as usual.

  Retorna `-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Adicionado na versão 3.2.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna uma representação de `Py_ssize_t` C de pylong. pylong deve ser uma instância de `PyLongObject`.

  Levanta `OverflowError` se o valor de pylong estiver fora do intervalo de um `Py_ssize_t`.

  Retorna `-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C unsigned long representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of `PyLongObject`.

  Raise `OverflowError` if the value of pylong is out of range for a unsigned long.

  Retorna `(unsigned long)-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Retorna uma representação de `size_t` C de pylong. pylong deve ser uma instância de `PyLongObject`.

  Levanta `OverflowError` se o valor de pylong estiver fora do intervalo de um `size_t`.

  Retorna `(size)-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C unsigned long long representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of `PyLongObject`.

  Raise `OverflowError` if the value of pylong is out of range for an unsigned long long.

  Retorna `(unsigned long long)-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.1: Um pylong negativo agora levanta `OverflowError`, não `TypeError`.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C unsigned long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  If the value of obj is out of range for an unsigned long, return the reduction of that value modulo `ULONG_MAX + 1`.

  Retorna `(unsigned long)-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C unsigned long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of `PyLongObject`, first call its `__index__()` method (if present) to convert it to a `PyLongObject`.

  If the value of obj is out of range for an unsigned long long, return the reduction of that value modulo `ULLONG_MAX + 1`.

  Retorna `(unsigned long long)-1` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: Usa `__index__()`, se disponível.

  Alterado na versão 3.10: This function will no longer use `__int__()`.

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Return a C double representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of `PyLongObject`.

  Raise `OverflowError` if the value of pylong is out of range for a double.

  Retorna `-1.0` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

void *PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
  Parte da ABI Estável.

  Convert a Python integer pylong to a C void pointer. If pylong cannot be converted, an `OverflowError` will be raised. This is only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created with `PyLong_FromVoidPtr()`.

  Retorna `NULL` no caso de erro. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` para desambiguar.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsNativeBytes(PyObject *pylong, void *buffer, Py_ssize_t n_bytes, int flags)

  Copy the Python integer value pylong to a native buffer of size n_bytes. The flags can be set to `-1` to behave similarly to a C cast, or to values documented below to control the behavior.

  Returns `-1` with an exception raised on error. This may happen if pylong cannot be interpreted as an integer, or if pylong was negative and the `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE` flag was set.

  Otherwise, returns the number of bytes required to store the value. If this is equal to or less than n_bytes, the entire value was copied. All n_bytes of the buffer are written: large buffers are padded with zeroes.

  If the returned value is greater than than n_bytes, the value was truncated: as many of the lowest bits of the value as could fit are written, and the higher bits are ignored. This matches the typical behavior of a C-style downcast.

  Nota

  Overflow is not considered an error. If the returned value is larger than n_bytes, most significant bits were discarded.

  `0` will never be returned.

  Values are always copied as two’s-complement.

  Usage example:

      int32_t value;
      Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, &value, sizeof(value), -1);
      if (bytes < 0) {
          // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
          return NULL;
      }
      else if (bytes <= (Py_ssize_t)sizeof(value)) {
          // Success!
      }
      else {
          // Overflow occurred, but 'value' contains the truncated
          // lowest bits of pylong.
      }

  Passing zero to n_bytes will return the size of a buffer that would be large enough to hold the value. This may be larger than technically necessary, but not unreasonably so. If n_bytes=0, buffer may be `NULL`.

  Nota

  Passing n_bytes=0 to this function is not an accurate way to determine the bit length of the value.

  To get at the entire Python value of an unknown size, the function can be called twice: first to determine the buffer size, then to fill it:

      // Ask how much space we need.
      Py_ssize_t expected = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, NULL, 0, -1);
      if (expected < 0) {
          // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
          return NULL;
      }
      assert(expected != 0);  // Impossible per the API definition.
      uint8_t *bignum = malloc(expected);
      if (!bignum) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "bignum malloc failed.");
          return NULL;
      }
      // Safely get the entire value.
      Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, bignum, expected, -1);
      if (bytes < 0) {  // Exception has been set.
          free(bignum);
          return NULL;
      }
      else if (bytes > expected) {  // This should not be possible.
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
              "Unexpected bignum truncation after a size check.");
          free(bignum);
          return NULL;
      }
      // The expected success given the above pre-check.
      // ... use bignum ...
      free(bignum);

  flags is either `-1` (`Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS`) to select defaults that behave most like a C cast, or a combintation of the other flags in the table below. Note that `-1` cannot be combined with other flags.

  Currently, `-1` corresponds to `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER`.

  Sinalizador | Valor
  --- | ---
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS | `-1`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_BIG_ENDIAN | `0`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN | `1`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | `3`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER | `4`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE | `8`
  Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX | `16`

  Specifying `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN` will override any other endian flags. Passing `2` is reserved.

  By default, sufficient buffer will be requested to include a sign bit. For example, when converting 128 with n_bytes=1, the function will return 2 (or more) in order to store a zero sign bit.

  If `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER` is specified, a zero sign bit will be omitted from size calculations. This allows, for example, 128 to fit in a single-byte buffer. If the destination buffer is later treated as signed, a positive input value may become negative. Note that the flag does not affect handling of negative values: for those, space for a sign bit is always requested.

  Specifying `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE` causes an exception to be set if pylong is negative. Without this flag, negative values will be copied provided there is enough space for at least one sign bit, regardless of whether `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER` was specified.

  If `Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX` is specified and a non-integer value is passed, its `__index__()` method will be called first. This may result in Python code executing and other threads being allowed to run, which could cause changes to other objects or values in use. When flags is `-1`, this option is not set, and non-integer values will raise `TypeError`.

  Nota

  With the default flags (`-1`, or UNSIGNED_BUFFER without REJECT_NEGATIVE), multiple Python integers can map to a single value without overflow. For example, both `255` and `-1` fit a single-byte buffer and set all its bits. This matches typical C cast behavior.

  Adicionado na versão 3.13.

int PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(const PyLongObject *op)
  Esta é uma API Instável. Isso pode se alterado sem aviso em lançamentos menores.

  Return 1 if op is compact, 0 otherwise.

  This function makes it possible for performance-critical code to implement a “fast path” for small integers. For compact values use `PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue()`; for others fall back to a `PyLong_As*` function or `PyLong_AsNativeBytes()`.

  The speedup is expected to be negligible for most users.

  Exactly what values are considered compact is an implementation detail and is subject to change.

Py_ssize_t PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(const PyLongObject *op)
  Esta é uma API Instável. Isso pode se alterado sem aviso em lançamentos menores.

  If op is compact, as determined by `PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact()`, return its value.

  Otherwise, the return value is undefined.