O que há de novo no Python 3.13¶
- Editor:
Thomas Wouters
Esse artigo explica os novos recursos no Python 3.13, comparado ao 3.12.
Para detalhes completos, veja o changelog.
Ver também
PEP 719 – Agendamento de lançamento do Python 3.13
Nota
Os usuários de pré-lançamento devem estar cientes de que este documento está atualmente em forma de rascunho. Ele será atualizado substancialmente à medida que o Python 3.13 caminha para seu lançamento estável, portanto vale a pena conferir mesmo depois de ler as versões anteriores.
Resumo – Destaques da versão¶
Python 3.13 beta é o pré-lançamento da próxima versão da linguagem de programação Python, com uma mistura de mudanças na linguagem, na implementação e na biblioteca padrão. As maiores mudanças na implementação incluem um novo interpretador interativo e suporte experimental para eliminar a trava global do interpretador (PEP 703) e um compilador Just-In-Time (PEP 744). As alterações da biblioteca contêm a remoção de APIs e módulos descontinuados, bem como as melhorias usuais na facilidade de uso e correção.
Melhorias no interpretador:
Um interpretador interativo bastante aprimorado e mensagens de erro aprimoradas.
Suporte de cores no novo interpretador interativo, bem como na saída de tracebacks e de doctest. Isso pode ser desabilitado através das variáveis de ambiente
PYTHON_COLORS
eNO_COLOR
.PEP 744: Um compilador JIT básico foi adicionado. Atualmente está desativado por padrão (embora possamos ativá-lo mais tarde). As melhorias de desempenho são modestas – esperamos melhorar isso nas próximas versões.
PEP 667: A função embutida
locals()
agora tem semântica definida ao fazer a mutação do mapeamento retornado. Os depuradores do Python e ferramentas semelhantes agora podem atualizar variáveis locais de maneira mais confiável em escopos otimizados, mesmo durante a execução simultânea de código.
Novos recursos de tipagem:
PEP 696: Parâmetros de tipo (
typing.TypeVar
,typing.ParamSpec
etyping.TypeVarTuple
) agora oferecem suporte a padrões.PEP 702: Suporte para marcação de descontinuações no sistema de tipos usando o novo decorador
warnings.deprecated()
.PEP 742:
typing.TypeIs
foi adicionado, fornecendo um comportamento de restrição de tipo mais intuitivo.PEP 705:
typing.ReadOnly
foi adicionado, para marcar um item detyping.TypedDict
como somente leitura para verificadores de tipo.
Threads livres:
PEP 703: CPython 3.13 tem suporte experimental para ser executado com a trava global do interpretador, ou GIL, desabilitada quando compilado com
--disable-gil
. Veja CPython com threads livres para mais detalhes.
Suporte a plataforma:
PEP 730: O iOS da Apple agora é uma plataforma com suporte oficial. O suporte oficial do Android (PEP 738) também está em andamento.
Módulos removidos:
PEP 594: As 19 “baterias descarregadas” restantes foram removidas da biblioteca padrão:
aifc
,audioop
,cgi
,cgitb
,chunk
,crypt
,imghdr
,mailcap
,msilib
,nis
,nntplib
,ossaudiodev
,pipes
,sndhdr
,spwd
,sunau
,telnetlib
,uu
exdrlib
.Também foram removidos os módulos
tkinter.tix
elib2to3
, e o programa2to3
.
Mudanças no cronograma de lançamento:
PEP 602 (“Ciclo de lançamento anual para Python”) foi atualizado:
Python 3.9 até 3.12 tem um ano e meio de suporte total, seguido de três anos e meio de correções de segurança.
Python 3.13 e posteriores têm dois anos de suporte total, seguidos de três anos de correções de segurança.
Novas funcionalidades¶
Um interpretador interativo melhor¶
Em sistemas do tipo Unix, como Linux ou macOS, vem como Windows, Python agora usa um novo console interativo. Quando o usuário inicia o REPL, a partir de um terminal interativo, o console interativo agora oferece suporte aos seguintes novos recursos:
Prompts coloridos.
Edição multilinha com preservação do histórico.
Ajuda interativa para navegar usando F1 com um histórico de comandos separado.
Navegação no histórico usando F2 que ignora a saída, bem como os prompts >>> e ….
“Modo de colagem” com F3 que facilita colar blocos maiores de código (pressione F3 novamente para retornar ao prompt normal).
A capacidade de emitir comandos específicos do REPL como help, exit e quit sem a necessidade de usar parênteses de chamada após o nome do comando.
Se o novo console interativo não for desejado, ele pode ser desabilitado através da variável de ambiente PYTHON_BASIC_REPL
.
O novo console requer curses
em sistemas do tipo Unix.
Para mais informações sobre o modo interativo, veja Modo interativo.
(Contribuição de Pablo Galindo Salgado, Łukasz Langa e Lysandros Nikolaou em gh-111201 baseado no código do projeto PyPy. Suporte ao Windows foi uma contribuição de Dino Viehland e Anthony Shaw.)
Mensagens de erro melhoradas¶
O interpretador agora colore mensagens de erro ao exibir rastreamentos por padrão. Este recurso pode ser controlado através da nova variável de ambiente
PYTHON_COLORS
, bem como das variáveis de ambiente canônicasNO_COLOR
eFORCE_COLOR
. Veja também Controlando cores. (Contribuição de Pablo Galindo Salgado em gh-112730.)
Um erro comum é escrever um script com o mesmo nome de um módulo de biblioteca padrão. Quando isso resulta em erros, agora exibimos uma mensagem de erro mais útil:
$ python random.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/random.py", line 1, in <module> import random; print(random.randint(5)) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/random.py", line 1, in <module> import random; print(random.randint(5)) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ AttributeError: module 'random' has no attribute 'randint' (consider renaming '/home/random.py' since it has the same name as the standard library module named 'random' and the import system gives it precedence)
Da mesma forma, se um script tiver o mesmo nome de um módulo de terceiros que ele tentar importar e isso resultar em erros, também exibiremos uma mensagem de erro mais útil:
$ python numpy.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/numpy.py", line 1, in <module> import numpy as np; np.array([1,2,3]) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/numpy.py", line 1, in <module> import numpy as np; np.array([1,2,3]) ^^^^^^^^ AttributeError: module 'numpy' has no attribute 'array' (consider renaming '/home/numpy.py' if it has the same name as a third-party module you intended to import)
(Contribuição de Shantanu Jain em gh-95754.)
Quando um argumento nomeado incorreto é passado para uma função, a mensagem de erro agora sugere potencialmente o argumento nomeado correto. (Contribuição de Pablo Galindo Salgado e Shantanu Jain em gh-107944.)
>>> "better error messages!".split(max_split=1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> "better error messages!".split(max_split=1) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^ TypeError: split() got an unexpected keyword argument 'max_split'. Did you mean 'maxsplit'?
As classes possuem um novo atributo
__static_attributes__
, preenchido pelo compilador, com uma tupla de nomes de atributos desta classe que são acessados através deself.X
a partir de qualquer função em seu corpo. (Contribuição de Irit Katriel em gh-115775.)
Semântica de mutação definida para locals()
¶
Historicamente, o resultado esperado da mutação do valor de retorno de locals()
foi deixado para implementação individual do Python definir.
Através de PEP 667, Python 3.13 padroniza o comportamento histórico do CPython para a maioria dos escopos de execução de código, mas altera escopos otimizados (funções, geradores, corrotinas, compreensões e expressões geradoras) para retornar explicitamente instantâneos independentes das variáveis locais atualmente atribuídas, incluindo variáveis não locais referenciadas localmente capturadas em encerramentos.
This change to the semantics of locals()
in optimized scopes also affects the default
behaviour of code execution functions that implicitly target locals()
if no explicit
namespace is provided (such as exec()
and eval()
). In previous versions, whether
or not changes could be accessed by calling locals()
after calling the code execution
function was implementation dependent. In CPython specifically, such code would typically
appear to work as desired, but could sometimes fail in optimized scopes based on other code
(including debuggers and code execution tracing tools) potentially resetting the shared
snapshot in that scope. Now, the code will always run against an independent snapshot of the
local variables in optimized scopes, and hence the changes will never be visible in
subsequent calls to locals()
. To access the changes made in these cases, an explicit
namespace reference must now be passed to the relevant function. Alternatively, it may make
sense to update affected code to use a higher level code execution API that returns the
resulting code execution namespace (e.g. runpy.run_path()
when executing Python
files from disk).
To ensure debuggers and similar tools can reliably update local variables in
scopes affected by this change, FrameType.f_locals
now
returns a write-through proxy to the frame’s local and locally referenced
nonlocal variables in these scopes, rather than returning an inconsistently
updated shared dict
instance with undefined runtime semantics.
See PEP 667 for more details, including related C API changes and deprecations. Porting notes are also provided below for the affected Python APIs and C APIs.
(PEP and implementation contributed by Mark Shannon and Tian Gao in gh-74929. Documentation updates provided by Guido van Rossum and Alyssa Coghlan.)
Coleta de lixo incremental¶
O coletor de lixo do ciclo agora é incremental. Isso significa que os tempos máximos de pausa são reduzidos em uma ordem de magnitude ou mais para heaps maiores.
Suporte para plataformas móveis¶
iOS agora é uma plataforma suportada por PEP 11.
arm64-apple-ios
(dispositivos iPhone e iPad lançados após 2013) earm64-apple-ios-simulator
(simulador Xcode iOS rodando em hardware Apple Silicon) são agora plataformas de nível 3.x86_64-apple-ios-simulator
(simulador Xcode iOS rodando em hardware x86_64 mais antigo) não é uma plataforma suportada de nível 3, mas será suportada na base do melhor esforço.Veja PEP 730: para mais detalhes.
(Escrita e implementação da PEP foi uma contribuição de Russell Keith-Magee em gh-114099.)
Compilador JIT experimental¶
Quando o CPython é configurado usando a opção --enable-experimental-jit
, um compilador just-in-time é adicionado o que pode acelerar alguns programas Python.
A arquitetura interna é aproximadamente a seguinte.
Começamos com especializado bytecode de Tier 1. Veja O que há de novo no 3.11 para detalhes.
Quando o bytecode Tier 1 fica quente o suficiente, ele é traduzido para um novo Tier 2 IR puramente interno, também conhecido como micro-ops (“uops”).
O IR Tier 2 usa a mesma VM baseada em pilha que o Tier 1, mas o formato de instrução é mais adequado para tradução em código de máquina.
Temos vários passes de otimização para IR Tier 2, que são aplicados antes de serem interpretados ou traduzidos em código de máquina.
Existe um interpretador de Tier 2, mas ele se destina principalmente à depuração dos estágios iniciais do pipeline de otimização. O interpretador Tier 2 pode ser habilitado configurando o Python com
--enable-experimental-jit=interpreter
.Quando o JIT está habilitado, o IR Tier 2 otimizado é traduzido em código de máquina, que é então executado.
O processo de tradução de código de máquina usa uma técnica chamada copiar e corrigir. Não possui dependências de tempo de execução, mas há uma nova dependência de tempo de construção no LLVM.
O sinalizador --enable-experimental-jit
tem os seguintes valores opcionais:
no
(padrão) – Desativa todo o pipeline de Tier 2 e JIT.yes
(padrão se o sinalizador estiver presente sem valor opcional) – Habilita o JIT. Para desabilitar o JIT em tempo de execução, passe a variável de ambientePYTHON_JIT=0
.yes-off
– Constrói o JIT, mas desabilita-o por padrão. Para habilitar o JIT em tempo de execução, passe a variável de ambientePYTHON_JIT=1
.interpreter
– Habilita o interpretador Tier 2, mas desabilita o JIT. O interpretador pode ser desabilitado executando comPYTHON_JIT=0
.
(No Windows, use PCbuild/build.bat --experimental-jit
para habilitar o JIT ou --experimental-jit-interpreter
para habilitar o interpretador Tier 2.)
Veja PEP 744 para mais detalhes.
(JIT de Brandt Bucher, inspirado em um artigo de Haoran Xu e Fredrik Kjolstad. Tier 2 IR de Mark Shannon e Guido van Rossum. Otimizador Tier 2 de Ken Jin.)
CPython com threads livres¶
O CPython será executado com a trava global do interpretador (GIL) desabilitada quando configurado usando a opção --disable-gil
no momento da construção. Este é um recurso experimental e, portanto, não é usado por padrão. Os usuários precisam construir seu próprio interpretador ou instalar uma das construções experimentais marcadas como free-threaded (threads livres). Veja PEP 703 “Tornando a trava global do interpretador opcional no CPython” para mais detalhes.
A execução com threads livres permite a utilização total do poder de processamento disponível, executando threads em paralelo nos núcleos de CPU disponíveis. Embora nem todos os softwares se beneficiem disso automaticamente, os programas projetados com uso de threads em mente serão executados mais rapidamente em hardware com vários núcleos.
Work is still ongoing: expect some bugs and a substantial single-threaded performance hit.
A construção com threads livres ainda opcionalmente oferece suporte à execução com a GIL habilitada em tempo de execução usando a variável de ambiente PYTHON_GIL
ou a opção de linha de comando -X gil
.
To check if the current interpreter is configured with --disable-gil
,
use sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED")
. To check if the GIL
is actually disabled in the running process, the sys._is_gil_enabled()
function can be used.
Os módulos de extensão da API C precisam ser construídos especificamente para a construção com threads livres. Extensões que oferecem suporte à execução com GIL desabilitada devem usar o slot Py_mod_gil
. Extensões que usam inicialização monofásica devem usar PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL()
para indicar se oferecem suporte à execução com a GIL desabilitada. A importação de extensões C que não usam esses mecanismos fará com que a GIL seja habilitada, a menos que a GIL tenha sido explicitamente desabilitada com a variável de ambiente PYTHON_GIL
ou a opção -X gil=0
.
pip 24.1b1 ou mais recente é necessário para instalar pacotes com extensões C na construção com threads livres.
Outras mudanças na linguagem¶
Permite que o argumento count de
str.replace()
seja um argumento nomeado. (Contribuição de Hugo van Kemenade em gh-106487.)O compilador agora remove os recuos das docstrings. Isso reduzirá o tamanho do cache de bytecode (por exemplo, arquivo
.pyc
). Por exemplo, o tamanho do arquivo de cache parasqlalchemy.orm.session
no SQLAlchemy 2.0 é reduzido em cerca de 5%. Esta mudança afetará ferramentas que usam docstrings, comodoctest
. (Contribuição de Inada Naoki em gh-81283.)A função embutida
compile()
agora pode aceitar um novo sinalizador,ast.PyCF_OPTIMIZED_AST
, que é semelhante aast.PyCF_ONLY_AST
exceto que oAST
retornado é otimizado de acordo com o valor do argumentooptimize
. (Contribuição de Irit Katriel em gh-108113).multiprocessing
,concurrent.futures
,compileall
: Substituios.cpu_count()
poros.process_cpu_count()
para selecionar o número padrão de threads de trabalho e processos. Obtém a afinidade da CPU, se houver suporte. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-109649.)os.path.realpath()
agora resolve nomes de arquivos no estilo MS-DOS, mesmo que o arquivo não esteja acessível. (Contribuição de Moonsik Park em gh-82367.)Corrigido um bug onde uma declaração
global
em um blocoexcept
é rejeitada quando o global é usado no blocoelse
. (Contribuição de Irit Katriel em gh-111123.)Muitas funções agora emitem um aviso se um valor booleano for passado como argumento do descritor de arquivo. Isso pode ajudar a detectar alguns erros mais cedo. (Contribuição de Serhiy Storchaka em gh-82626.)
Adicionada uma nova variável de ambiente
PYTHON_FROZEN_MODULES
. Ela determina se os módulos congelados são ou não ignorados pelo mecanismo de importação, equivalente à opção de linha de comando-X frozen_modules
. (Contribuição de Yilei Yang em gh-111374.)Adicionado suporte ao perfilador perf funcionando sem ponteiros de quadro através da nova variável de ambiente
PYTHON_PERF_JIT_SUPPORT
e opção de linha de comando-X perf_jit
(Contribuição de Pablo Galindo em gh-118518.)A nova variável de ambiente
PYTHON_HISTORY
pode ser usada para alterar a localização de um arquivo.python_history
. (Contribuição de Levi Sabah, Zackery Spytz e Hugo van Kemenade em gh-73965.)Adiciona a exceção
PythonFinalizationError
. Esta exceção derivada deRuntimeError
é levantada quando uma operação é bloqueada durante a finalização do Python.As seguintes funções agora levantam PythonFinalizationError, em vez de
RuntimeError
:(Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-114570.)
Adicionados atributos
name
emode
para objetos arquivo ou similar compactados e arquivados nos módulosbz2
,lzma
,tarfile
ezipfile
. (Contribuição de Serhiy Storchaka em gh-115961.)Permite controlar o adiamento da nova análise do Expat >=2.6.0 (CVE-2023-52425) adicionando cinco novos métodos:
xml.sax.expatreader.ExpatParser.flush()
(Contribuição de Sebastian Pipping em gh-115623.)
A API
ssl.create_default_context()
agora incluissl.VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
essl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
em seus sinalizadores padrão.Nota
ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
pode rejeitar certificados pré-RFC 5280 ou malformados que a implementação OpenSSL subjacente aceitaria de outra forma. Embora não seja recomendado desativar isso, você pode fazer isso usando:ctx = ssl.create_default_context() ctx.verify_flags &= ~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
(Contribuição de William Woodruff em gh-112389.)
configparser.ConfigParser
agora aceita seções sem nome antes das nomeadas se configurado para isso. (Contribuição de Pedro Sousa Lacerda em gh-66449.)Escopo de anotação dentro dos escopos de classe agora pode conter lambdas e compreensões. As compreensões localizadas nos escopos de classe não são incorporadas ao escopo pai. (Contribuição de Jelle Zijlstra em gh-109118 e gh-118160.)
As classes possuem um novo atributo
__firstlineno__
, preenchido pelo compilador, com o número da primeira linha da definição de classe. (Contribuição de Serhiy Storchaka em gh-118465.)As instruções
from __future__ import ...
agora são apenas importações relativas normais se houver pontos antes do nome do módulo. (Contribuição de Jeremiah Gabriel Pascual em gh-118216.)
Novos módulos¶
Nenhum.
Módulos melhorados¶
argparse¶
Adiciona o parâmetro deprecated nos métodos
add_argument()
eadd_parser()
que permite descontinuar opções de linha de comando, argumentos posicionais e subcomandos. (Contribuição de Serhiy Storchaka em gh-83648.)
array¶
Adiciona o código do tipo
'w'
(Py_UCS4
) que pode ser usado para strings Unicode. Ele pode ser usado no lugar do código do tipo'u'
, que foi descontinuado. (Contribuição de Inada Naoki em gh-80480.)Adiciona o método
clear()
para implementarMutableSequence
. (Contribuição de Mike Zimin em gh-114894.)
ast¶
Os construtores dos tipos de nós no módulo
ast
agora são mais rígidos nos argumentos que aceitam e têm um comportamento mais intuitivo quando os argumentos são omitidos.Se um campo opcional em um nó AST não for incluído como argumento ao construir uma instância, o campo agora será definido como
None
. Da mesma forma, se um campo de lista for omitido, esse campo será agora definido como uma lista vazia, e se um campoast.expr_context
for omitido, o padrão seráLoad()
. (Anteriormente, em todos os casos, o atributo estaria ausente na instância do nó de AST recém-construída.)Se outros argumentos forem omitidos, um
DeprecationWarning
será emitido. Isso causará uma exceção no Python 3.15. Da mesma forma, passar um argumento nomeado que não mapeia para um campo no nó AST agora está descontinuado e vai levantar uma exceção no Python 3.15.Estas mudanças não se aplicam às subclasses definidas pelo usuário de
ast.AST
, a menos que a classe opte pelo novo comportamento definindo o atributoast.AST._field_types
.(Contribuição de Jelle Zijlstra em gh-105858, gh-117486 e gh-118851.)
ast.parse()
now accepts an optional argument optimize which is passed on to thecompile()
built-in. This makes it possible to obtain an optimized AST. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-108113.)
asyncio¶
asyncio.loop.create_unix_server()
will now automatically remove the Unix socket when the server is closed. (Contributed by Pierre Ossman in gh-111246.)asyncio.DatagramTransport.sendto()
will now send zero-length datagrams if called with an empty bytes object. The transport flow control also now accounts for the datagram header when calculating the buffer size. (Contributed by Jamie Phan in gh-115199.)Add
asyncio.Server.close_clients()
andasyncio.Server.abort_clients()
methods which allow to more forcefully close an asyncio server. (Contributed by Pierre Ossman in gh-113538.)asyncio.as_completed()
now returns an object that is both an asynchronous iterator and a plain iterator of awaitables. The awaitables yielded by asynchronous iteration include original task or future objects that were passed in, making it easier to associate results with the tasks being completed. (Contributed by Justin Arthur in gh-77714.)When
asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task()
is called on an inactiveasyncio.TaskGroup
, the given coroutine will be closed (which prevents aRuntimeWarning
about the given coroutine being never awaited). (Contributed by Arthur Tacca and Jason Zhang in gh-115957.)Improved behavior of
asyncio.TaskGroup
when an external cancellation collides with an internal cancellation. For example, when two task groups are nested and both experience an exception in a child task simultaneously, it was possible that the outer task group would hang, because its internal cancellation was swallowed by the inner task group.In the case where a task group is cancelled externally and also must raise an
ExceptionGroup
, it will now call the parent task’scancel()
method. This ensures that aasyncio.CancelledError
will be raised at the nextawait
, so the cancellation is not lost.An added benefit of these changes is that task groups now preserve the cancellation count (
asyncio.Task.cancelling()
).In order to handle some corner cases,
asyncio.Task.uncancel()
may now reset the undocumented_must_cancel
flag when the cancellation count reaches zero.(Inspired by an issue reported by Arthur Tacca in gh-116720.)
Add
asyncio.Queue.shutdown()
(along withasyncio.QueueShutDown
) for queue termination. (Contributed by Laurie Opperman and Yves Duprat in gh-104228.)Accept a tuple of separators in
asyncio.StreamReader.readuntil()
, stopping when one of them is encountered. (Contributed by Bruce Merry in gh-81322.)
base64¶
Add
base64.z85encode()
andbase64.z85decode()
functions which allow encoding and decoding Z85 data. See Z85 specification for more information. (Contributed by Matan Perelman in gh-75299.)
copy¶
Add
copy.replace()
function which allows to create a modified copy of an object, which is especially useful for immutable objects. It supports named tuples created with the factory functioncollections.namedtuple()
,dataclass
instances, variousdatetime
objects,Signature
objects,Parameter
objects, code object, and any user classes which define the__replace__()
method. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-108751.)
dbm¶
Add
dbm.gnu.gdbm.clear()
anddbm.ndbm.ndbm.clear()
methods that remove all items from the database. (Contributed by Donghee Na in gh-107122.)Add new
dbm.sqlite3
backend, and make it the defaultdbm
backend. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and Erlend E. Aasland in gh-100414.)
dis¶
Change the output of
dis
module functions to show logical labels for jump targets and exception handlers, rather than offsets. The offsets can be added with the new-O
command line option or theshow_offsets
parameter. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-112137.)get_instructions()
no longer represents cache entries as separate instructions. Instead, it returns them as part of theInstruction
, in the new cache_info field. The show_caches argument toget_instructions()
is deprecated and no longer has any effect. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-112962.)
doctest¶
Color is added to the output by default. This can be controlled via the new
PYTHON_COLORS
environment variable as well as the canonicalNO_COLOR
andFORCE_COLOR
environment variables. See also Controlando cores. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-117225.)The
doctest.DocTestRunner.run()
method now counts the number of skipped tests. Adddoctest.DocTestRunner.skips
anddoctest.TestResults.skipped
attributes. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108794.)
email¶
email.utils.getaddresses()
andemail.utils.parseaddr()
now return('', '')
2-tuples in more situations where invalid email addresses are encountered instead of potentially inaccurate values. Add optional strict parameter to these two functions: usestrict=False
to get the old behavior, accept malformed inputs.getattr(email.utils, 'supports_strict_parsing', False)
can be used to check if the strict parameter is available. (Contributed by Thomas Dwyer and Victor Stinner for gh-102988 to improve the CVE-2023-27043 fix.)
fractions¶
Formatting for objects of type
fractions.Fraction
now supports the standard format specification mini-language rules for fill, alignment, sign handling, minimum width and grouping. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in gh-111320.)
gc¶
The cyclic garbage collector is now incremental, which changes the meanings of the results of
gc.get_threshold()
andgc.set_threshold()
as well asgc.get_count()
andgc.get_stats()
.gc.get_threshold()
returns a three-item tuple for backwards compatibility. The first value is the threshold for young collections, as before; the second value determines the rate at which the old collection is scanned (the default is 10, and higher values mean that the old collection is scanned more slowly). The third value is meaningless and is always zero.gc.set_threshold()
ignores any items after the second.gc.get_count()
andgc.get_stats()
return the same format of results as before. The only difference is that instead of the results referring to the young, aging and old generations, the results refer to the young generation and the aging and collecting spaces of the old generation.
In summary, code that attempted to manipulate the behavior of the cycle GC may not work exactly as intended, but it is very unlikely to be harmful. All other code will work just fine.
glob¶
Add
glob.translate()
function that converts a path specification with shell-style wildcards to a regular expression. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-72904.)
importlib¶
Previously deprecated
importlib.resources
functions are un-deprecated:All now allow for a directory (or tree) of resources, using multiple positional arguments.
For text-reading functions, the encoding and errors must now be given as keyword arguments.
The
contents()
remains deprecated in favor of the full-featuredTraversable
API. However, there is now no plan to remove it.(Contribuição de Petr Viktorin em gh-106532.)
io¶
The
io.IOBase
finalizer now logs theclose()
method errors withsys.unraisablehook
. Previously, errors were ignored silently by default, and only logged in Python Development Mode or on Python built on debug mode. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-62948.)
ipaddress¶
Add the
ipaddress.IPv4Address.ipv6_mapped
property, which returns the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in gh-109466.)Fix
is_global
andis_private
behavior inIPv4Address
,IPv6Address
,IPv4Network
andIPv6Network
.
itertools¶
Added a
strict
option toitertools.batched()
. This raises aValueError
if the final batch is shorter than the specified batch size. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-113202.)
marshal¶
Add the allow_code parameter in module functions. Passing
allow_code=False
prevents serialization and de-serialization of code objects which are incompatible between Python versions. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-113626.)
math¶
A new function
fma()
for fused multiply-add operations has been added. This function computesx * y + z
with only a single round, and so avoids any intermediate loss of precision. It wraps thefma()
function provided by C99, and follows the specification of the IEEE 754 “fusedMultiplyAdd” operation for special cases. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Victor Stinner in gh-73468.)
mimetypes¶
Add the
guess_file_type()
function which works with file path. Passing file path instead of URL inguess_type()
is soft deprecated. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-66543.)
mmap¶
The
mmap.mmap
class now has anseekable()
method that can be used when a seekable file-like object is required. Theseek()
method now returns the new absolute position. (Contributed by Donghee Na and Sylvie Liberman in gh-111835.)mmap.mmap
now has a trackfd parameter on Unix; if it isFalse
, the file descriptor specified by fileno will not be duplicated. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz and Petr Viktorin in gh-78502.)mmap.mmap
is now protected from crashing on Windows when the mapped memory is inaccessible due to file system errors or access violations. (Contributed by Jannis Weigend in gh-118209.)
opcode¶
Move
opcode.ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION
to_opcode.ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION
. This field was added in 3.12, it was never documented and is not intended for external usage. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-105481.)Removed
opcode.is_pseudo
,opcode.MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE
andopcode.MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE
, which were added in 3.12, were never documented or exposed throughdis
, and were not intended to be used externally.
os¶
Add
os.process_cpu_count()
function to get the number of logical CPUs usable by the calling thread of the current process. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-109649.)Add a low level interface for Linux’s timer notification file descriptors via
os.timerfd_create()
,os.timerfd_settime()
,os.timerfd_settime_ns()
,os.timerfd_gettime()
, andos.timerfd_gettime_ns()
,os.TFD_NONBLOCK
,os.TFD_CLOEXEC
,os.TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME
, andos.TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET
(Contributed by Masaru Tsuchiyama in gh-108277.)os.cpu_count()
andos.process_cpu_count()
can be overridden through the new environment variablePYTHON_CPU_COUNT
or the new command-line option-X cpu_count
. This option is useful for users who need to limit CPU resources of a container system without having to modify the container (application code). (Contributed by Donghee Na in gh-109595.)Add support of
os.lchmod()
and the follow_symlinks argument inos.chmod()
on Windows. Note that the default value of follow_symlinks inos.lchmod()
isFalse
on Windows. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-59616.)Add support of
os.fchmod()
and a file descriptor inos.chmod()
on Windows. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-113191.)os.posix_spawn()
now acceptsenv=None
, which makes the newly spawned process use the current process environment. (Contributed by Jakub Kulik in gh-113119.)os.posix_spawn()
gains anos.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM
attribute for use infile_actions=
on platforms that supportposix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np()
. (Contributed by Jakub Kulik in gh-113117.)os.mkdir()
andos.makedirs()
on Windows now support passing a mode value of0o700
to apply access control to the new directory. This implicitly affectstempfile.mkdtemp()
and is a mitigation for CVE-2024-4030. Other values for mode continue to be ignored. (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-118486.)
os.path¶
Add
os.path.isreserved()
to check if a path is reserved on the current system. This function is only available on Windows. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-88569.)On Windows,
os.path.isabs()
no longer considers paths starting with exactly one (back)slash to be absolute. (Contributed by Barney Gale and Jon Foster in gh-44626.)Add support of dir_fd and follow_symlinks keyword arguments in
shutil.chown()
. (Contributed by Berker Peksag and Tahia K in gh-62308)
pathlib¶
Add
pathlib.UnsupportedOperation
, which is raised instead ofNotImplementedError
when a path operation isn’t supported. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-89812.)Add
pathlib.Path.from_uri()
, a new constructor to create apathlib.Path
object from a ‘file’ URI (file://
). (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-107465.)Add
pathlib.PurePath.full_match()
for matching paths with shell-style wildcards, including the recursive wildcard “**
”. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-73435.)Add
pathlib.PurePath.parser
class attribute that stores the implementation ofos.path
used for low-level path parsing and joining: eitherposixpath
orntpath
.Add recurse_symlinks keyword-only argument to
pathlib.Path.glob()
andrglob()
. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-77609.)Add follow_symlinks keyword-only argument to
is_file()
,is_dir()
,owner()
,group()
. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-105793, and Kamil Turek in gh-107962.)Return files and directories from
pathlib.Path.glob()
andrglob()
when given a pattern that ends with “**
”. In earlier versions, only directories were returned. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-70303.)
pdb¶
Add ability to move between chained exceptions during post mortem debugging in
pm()
using the newexceptions [exc_number]
command for Pdb. (Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier in gh-106676.)Expressions/statements whose prefix is a pdb command are now correctly identified and executed. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-108464.)
sys.path[0]
will no longer be replaced by the directory of the script being debugged whensys.flags.safe_path
is set (via the-P
command line option orPYTHONSAFEPATH
environment variable). (Contributed by Tian Gao and Christian Walther in gh-111762.)zipapp
is supported as a debugging target. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-118501.)breakpoint()
andpdb.set_trace()
now enter the debugger immediately rather than on the next line of code to be executed. This change prevents the debugger from breaking outside of the context whenbreakpoint()
is positioned at the end of the context. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-118579.)
queue¶
Add
queue.Queue.shutdown()
(along withqueue.ShutDown
) for queue termination. (Contributed by Laurie Opperman and Yves Duprat in gh-104750.)
random¶
Add a command-line interface. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-118131.)
re¶
Rename
re.error
tore.PatternError
for improved clarity.re.error
is kept for backward compatibility.
site¶
.pth
files are now decoded by UTF-8 first, and then by the locale encoding if the UTF-8 decoding fails. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-117802.)
sqlite3¶
A
ResourceWarning
is now emitted if asqlite3.Connection
object is notclosed
explicitly. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in gh-105539.)Add filter keyword-only parameter to
sqlite3.Connection.iterdump()
for filtering database objects to dump. (Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak in gh-91602.)
statistics¶
Add
statistics.kde()
for kernel density estimation. This makes it possible to estimate a continuous probability density function from a fixed number of discrete samples. Also addedstatistics.kde_random()
for sampling from the estimated probability density function. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-115863.)
subprocess¶
The
subprocess
module now uses theos.posix_spawn()
function in more situations. Notably in the default case ofclose_fds=True
on more recent versions of platforms including Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris where the C library providesposix_spawn_file_actions_addclosefrom_np()
. On Linux this should perform similar to our existing Linuxvfork()
based code. A private control knobsubprocess._USE_POSIX_SPAWN
can be set toFalse
if you need to forcesubprocess
not to ever useos.posix_spawn()
. Please report your reason and platform details in the CPython issue tracker if you set this so that we can improve our API selection logic for everyone. (Contributed by Jakub Kulik in gh-113117.)
sys¶
Add the
sys._is_interned()
function to test if the string was interned. This function is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-78573.)
tempfile¶
On Windows, the default mode
0o700
used bytempfile.mkdtemp()
now limits access to the new directory due to changes toos.mkdir()
. This is a mitigation for CVE-2024-4030. (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-118486.)
time¶
On Windows,
time.monotonic()
now uses theQueryPerformanceCounter()
clock to have a resolution better than 1 us, instead of theGetTickCount64()
clock which has a resolution of 15.6 ms. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-88494.)On Windows,
time.time()
now uses theGetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime()
clock to have a resolution better than 1 μs, instead of theGetSystemTimeAsFileTime()
clock which has a resolution of 15.6 ms. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-63207.)
tkinter¶
Add
tkinter
widget methods:tk_busy_hold()
,tk_busy_configure()
,tk_busy_cget()
,tk_busy_forget()
,tk_busy_current()
, andtk_busy_status()
. (Contributed by Miguel, klappnase and Serhiy Storchaka in gh-72684.)The
tkinter
widget methodwm_attributes()
now accepts the attribute name without the minus prefix to get window attributes, e.g.w.wm_attributes('alpha')
and allows to specify attributes and values to set as keyword arguments, e.g.w.wm_attributes(alpha=0.5)
. Add new optional keyword-only parameter return_python_dict: callingw.wm_attributes(return_python_dict=True)
returns the attributes as a dict instead of a tuple. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-43457.)Add new optional keyword-only parameter return_ints in the
Text.count()
method. Passingreturn_ints=True
makes it always returning the single count as an integer instead of a 1-tuple orNone
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-97928.)Add support of the “vsapi” element type in the
element_create()
method oftkinter.ttk.Style
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-68166.)Add the
after_info()
method for Tkinter widgets. (Contributed by Cheryl Sabella in gh-77020.)Add the
PhotoImage
methodcopy_replace()
to copy a region from one image to other image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling. Add from_coords parameter toPhotoImage
methodscopy()
,zoom()
andsubsample()
. Add zoom and subsample parameters toPhotoImage
methodcopy()
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-118225.)Add the
PhotoImage
methodsread()
to read an image from a file anddata()
to get the image data. Add background and grayscale parameters toPhotoImage
methodwrite()
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-118271.)
traceback¶
Add show_group parameter to
traceback.TracebackException.format_exception_only()
to format the nested exceptions of aBaseExceptionGroup
instance, recursively. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-105292.)Add the field exc_type_str to
TracebackException
, which holds a string display of the exc_type. Deprecate the field exc_type which holds the type object itself. Add parameter save_exc_type (defaultTrue
) to indicate whetherexc_type
should be saved. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-112332.)
types¶
SimpleNamespace
constructor now allows specifying initial values of attributes as a positional argument which must be a mapping or an iterable of key-value pairs. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-108191.)
typing¶
Add
typing.get_protocol_members()
to return the set of members defining atyping.Protocol
. Addtyping.is_protocol()
to check whether a class is atyping.Protocol
. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-104873.)Add
typing.ReadOnly
, a special typing construct to mark an item of atyping.TypedDict
as read-only for type checkers. See PEP 705 for more details.Add
typing.NoDefault
, a sentinel object used to represent the defaults of some parameters in thetyping
module. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-116126.)
unicodedata¶
The Unicode database has been updated to version 15.1.0. (Contributed by James Gerity in gh-109559.)
venv¶
Add support for adding source control management (SCM) ignore files to a virtual environment’s directory. By default, Git is supported. This is implemented as opt-in via the API which can be extended to support other SCMs (
venv.EnvBuilder
andvenv.create()
), and opt-out via the CLI (using--without-scm-ignore-files
). (Contributed by Brett Cannon in gh-108125.)
warnings¶
The new
warnings.deprecated()
decorator provides a way to communicate deprecations to static type checkers and to warn on usage of deprecated classes and functions. A runtime deprecation warning may also be emitted when a decorated function or class is used at runtime. See PEP 702. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-104003.)
xml.etree.ElementTree¶
Add the
close()
method for the iterator returned byiterparse()
for explicit cleaning up. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-69893.)
zipimport¶
Gains support for ZIP64 format files. Everybody loves huge code right? (Contributed by Tim Hatch in gh-94146.)
Otimizações¶
textwrap.indent()
is now ~30% faster than before for large input. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-107369.)The
subprocess
module usesos.posix_spawn()
in more situations including the default whereclose_fds=True
on many modern platforms. This should provide a noteworthy performance increase launching processes on FreeBSD and Solaris. See the subprocess section above for details. (Contributed by Jakub Kulik in gh-113117.)Several standard library modules have had their import times significantly improved. For example, the import time of the
typing
module has been reduced by around a third by removing dependencies onre
andcontextlib
. Other modules to enjoy import-time speedups includeimportlib.metadata
,threading
,enum
,functools
andemail.utils
. (Contributed by Alex Waygood, Shantanu Jain, Adam Turner, Daniel Hollas and others in gh-109653.)
Módulos e APIs removidas¶
PEP 594: dead batteries (and other module removals)¶
PEP 594 removed 19 modules from the standard library, deprecated in Python 3.11:
aifc
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)audioop
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)chunk
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)cgi
ecgitb
.cgi.FieldStorage
can typically be replaced withurllib.parse.parse_qsl()
forGET
andHEAD
requests, and theemail.message
module or multipart PyPI project forPOST
andPUT
.cgi.parse()
can be replaced by callingurllib.parse.parse_qs()
directly on the desired query string, except formultipart/form-data
input, which can be handled as described forcgi.parse_multipart()
.cgi.parse_header()
can be replaced with the functionality in theemail
package, which implements the same MIME RFCs. For example, withemail.message.EmailMessage
:from email.message import EmailMessage msg = EmailMessage() msg['content-type'] = 'application/json; charset="utf8"' main, params = msg.get_content_type(), msg['content-type'].params
cgi.parse_multipart()
can be replaced with the functionality in theemail
package (e.g.email.message.EmailMessage
andemail.message.Message
) which implements the same MIME RFCs, or with the multipart PyPI project.
(Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)
crypt
module and its private_crypt
extension. Thehashlib
module is a potential replacement for certain use cases. Otherwise, the following PyPI projects can be used:bcrypt: Modern password hashing for your software and your servers.
passlib: Comprehensive password hashing framework supporting over 30 schemes.
argon2-cffi: The secure Argon2 password hashing algorithm.
legacycrypt:
ctypes
wrapper to the POSIX crypt library call and associated functionality.crypt_r: Fork of the
crypt
module, wrapper to the crypt_r(3) library call and associated functionality.
(Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)
imghdr
: use the projects filetype, puremagic, or python-magic instead. Thepuremagic.what()
function can be used to replace theimghdr.what()
function for all file formats that were supported byimghdr
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)mailcap
. Themimetypes
module provides an alternative. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)msilib
. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in gh-104773.)nis
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)nntplib
: the nntplib PyPI project can be used instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)ossaudiodev
: use the pygame project for audio playback. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104780.)pipes
: use thesubprocess
module instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)sndhdr
: use the projects filetype, puremagic, or python-magic instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)spwd
: the python-pam project can be used instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)sunau
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)telnetlib
, use the projects telnetlib3 or Exscript instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)uu
: thebase64
module is a modern alternative. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104773.)xdrlib
. (Contribuição de Victor Stinner em gh-104773.)
Remove the
2to3
program and thelib2to3
module, deprecated in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104780.)Remove the
tkinter.tix
module, deprecated in Python 3.6. The third-party Tix library which the module wrapped is unmaintained. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in gh-75552.)
configparser¶
Remove the undocumented
configparser.LegacyInterpolation
class, deprecated in the docstring since Python 3.2, and with a deprecation warning since Python 3.11. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-104886.)
importlib¶
Remove deprecated
__getitem__()
access forimportlib.metadata.EntryPoint
objects. (Contributed by Jason R. Coombs in gh-113175.)
locale¶
Remove
locale.resetlocale()
function deprecated in Python 3.11: uselocale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-104783.)
logging¶
logging
: Remove undocumented and untestedLogger.warn()
andLoggerAdapter.warn()
methods andlogging.warn()
function. Deprecated since Python 3.3, they were aliases to thelogging.Logger.warning()
method,logging.LoggerAdapter.warning()
method andlogging.warning()
function. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105376.)
pathlib¶
Remove support for using
pathlib.Path
objects as context managers. This functionality was deprecated and made a no-op in Python 3.9.
re¶
Remove undocumented, never working, and deprecated
re.template
function andre.TEMPLATE
flag (andre.T
alias). (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Nikita Sobolev in gh-105687.)
turtle¶
Remove the
turtle.RawTurtle.settiltangle()
method, deprecated in docs since Python 3.1 and with a deprecation warning since Python 3.11. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-104876.)
typing¶
Namespaces
typing.io
andtyping.re
, deprecated in Python 3.8, are now removed. The items in those namespaces can be imported directly fromtyping
. (Contributed by Sebastian Rittau in gh-92871.)Remove support for the keyword-argument method of creating
typing.TypedDict
types, deprecated in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Tomas Roun in gh-104786.)
unittest¶
Remove the following
unittest
functions, deprecated in Python 3.11:unittest.findTestCases()
unittest.makeSuite()
unittest.getTestCaseNames()
Em vez delas, use os métodos de
TestLoader
:(Contribuição de Hugo van Kemenade em gh-104835.)
Remove the untested and undocumented
unittest.TestProgram.usageExit()
method, deprecated in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-104992.)
urllib¶
Remove cafile, capath and cadefault parameters of the
urllib.request.urlopen()
function, deprecated in Python 3.6: pass the context parameter instead. Usessl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()
to load specific certificates, or letssl.create_default_context()
select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105382.)
webbrowser¶
Remove the untested and undocumented
webbrowser
MacOSX
class, deprecated in Python 3.11. Use theMacOSXOSAScript
class (introduced in Python 3.2) instead. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-104804.)Remove deprecated
webbrowser.MacOSXOSAScript._name
attribute. Usewebbrowser.MacOSXOSAScript.name
attribute instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-105546.)
Novas descontinuações¶
Removed chained
classmethod
descriptors (introduced in gh-63272). This can no longer be used to wrap other descriptors such asproperty
. The core design of this feature was flawed and caused a number of downstream problems. To “pass-through” aclassmethod
, consider using the__wrapped__
attribute that was added in Python 3.10. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-89519.)array
:array
’s'u'
format code, deprecated in docs since Python 3.3, emitsDeprecationWarning
since 3.13 and will be removed in Python 3.16. Use the'w'
format code instead. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-80480.)ctypes
: Deprecate undocumentedctypes.SetPointerType()
andctypes.ARRAY()
functions. Replacectypes.ARRAY(item_type, size)
withitem_type * size
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105733.)decimal
: Deprecate non-standard format specifier “N” fordecimal.Decimal
. It was not documented and only supported in the C implementation. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-89902.)dis
: Thedis.HAVE_ARGUMENT
separator is deprecated. Check membership inhasarg
instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-109319.)Objetos quadro: Calling
frame.clear()
on a suspended frame raisesRuntimeError
(as has always been the case for an executing frame). (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-79932.)getopt
andoptparse
modules: They are now soft deprecated: theargparse
module should be used for new projects. Previously, theoptparse
module was already deprecated, its removal was not scheduled, and no warnings was emitted: so there is no change in practice. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106535.)gettext
: Emit deprecation warning for non-integer numbers ingettext
functions and methods that consider plural forms even if the translation was not found. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-88434.)glob
: The undocumentedglob.glob0()
andglob.glob1()
functions are deprecated. Useglob.glob()
and pass a directory to its root_dir argument instead. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-117337.)http.server
:http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler
now emits aDeprecationWarning
as it will be removed in 3.15. Process-based CGI HTTP servers have been out of favor for a very long time. This code was outdated, unmaintained, and rarely used. It has a high potential for both security and functionality bugs. This includes removal of the--cgi
flag to thepython -m http.server
command line in 3.15.mimetypes
: Passing file path instead of URL inguess_type()
is soft deprecated. Useguess_file_type()
instead. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-66543.)re
: Passing optional arguments maxsplit, count and flags in module-level functionsre.split()
,re.sub()
andre.subn()
as positional arguments is now deprecated. In future Python versions these parameters will be keyword-only. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-56166.)pathlib
:pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved()
is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python 3.15. Useos.path.isreserved()
to detect reserved paths on Windows.platform
:java_ver()
is deprecated and will be removed in 3.15. It was largely untested, had a confusing API, and was only useful for Jython support. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-116349.)pydoc
: Deprecate undocumentedpydoc.ispackage()
function. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz in gh-64020.)sqlite3
: Passing more than one positional argument tosqlite3.connect()
and thesqlite3.Connection
constructor is deprecated. The remaining parameters will become keyword-only in Python 3.15.Deprecate passing name, number of arguments, and the callable as keyword arguments for the following
sqlite3.Connection
APIs:Deprecate passing the callback callable by keyword for the following
sqlite3.Connection
APIs:The affected parameters will become positional-only in Python 3.15.
(Contribuição de Erlend E. Aasland em gh-107948 e gh-108278.)
sys
:sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()
function. Replace it with thePYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING
environment variable. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-73427.)tarfile
: The undocumented and unusedtarfile
attribute oftarfile.TarFile
is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python 3.16.traceback
: The field exc_type oftraceback.TracebackException
is deprecated. Use exc_type_str instead.-
Creating a
typing.NamedTuple
class using keyword arguments to denote the fields (NT = NamedTuple("NT", x=int, y=int)
) is deprecated, and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. Use the class-based syntax or the functional syntax instead. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-105566.)When using the functional syntax to create a
typing.NamedTuple
class or atyping.TypedDict
class, failing to pass a value to the ‘fields’ parameter (NT = NamedTuple("NT")
orTD = TypedDict("TD")
) is deprecated. PassingNone
to the ‘fields’ parameter (NT = NamedTuple("NT", None)
orTD = TypedDict("TD", None)
) is also deprecated. Both will be disallowed in Python 3.15. To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields, useclass NT(NamedTuple): pass
orNT = NamedTuple("NT", [])
. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields, useclass TD(TypedDict): pass
orTD = TypedDict("TD", {})
. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-105566 and gh-105570.)typing.no_type_check_decorator()
is deprecated, and scheduled for removal in Python 3.15. After eight years in thetyping
module, it has yet to be supported by any major type checkers. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-106309.)typing.AnyStr
is deprecated. In Python 3.16, it will be removed fromtyping.__all__
, and aDeprecationWarning
will be emitted when it is imported or accessed. It will be removed entirely in Python 3.18. Use the new type parameter syntax instead. (Contributed by Michael The in gh-107116.)
Funções definidas pelo usuário: Assignment to a function’s
__code__
attribute where the new code object’s type does not match the function’s type, is deprecated. The different types are: plain function, generator, async generator and coroutine. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-81137.)wave
: Deprecate thegetmark()
,setmark()
andgetmarkers()
methods of thewave.Wave_read
andwave.Wave_write
classes. They will be removed in Python 3.15. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105096.)
Remoção pendente em Python 3.14¶
argparse
: Os parâmetros type, choices e metavar deargparse.BooleanOptionalAction
foram descontinuados e serão removidos na versão 3.14. (Contribuição de Nikita Sobolev em gh-92248.)ast
: The following features have been deprecated in documentation since Python 3.8, now cause aDeprecationWarning
to be emitted at runtime when they are accessed or used, and will be removed in Python 3.14:ast.Num
ast.Str
ast.Bytes
ast.NameConstant
ast.Ellipsis
Usa
ast.Constant
em vez disso. (Contribuição de Serhiy Storchaka em gh-90953.)collections.abc
: DeprecatedByteString
. PreferSequence
orBuffer
. For use in typing, prefer a union, likebytes | bytearray
, orcollections.abc.Buffer
. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in gh-91896.)email
: Deprecated the isdst parameter inemail.utils.localtime()
. (Contributed by Alan Williams in gh-72346.)importlib
:__package__
and__cached__
will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the import system (gh-97879).importlib.abc
deprecated classes:importlib.abc.ResourceReader
importlib.abc.Traversable
importlib.abc.TraversableResources
Em vez disso, use classes
importlib.resources.abc
:(Contribuição de Jason R. Coombs e Hugo van Kemenade em gh-93963.)
itertools
had undocumented, inefficient, historically buggy, and inconsistent support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle operations. This will be removed in 3.14 for a significant reduction in code volume and maintenance burden. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-101588.)multiprocessing
: The default start method will change to a safer one on Linux, BSDs, and other non-macOS POSIX platforms where'fork'
is currently the default (gh-84559). Adding a runtime warning about this was deemed too disruptive as the majority of code is not expected to care. Use theget_context()
orset_start_method()
APIs to explicitly specify when your code requires'fork'
. See Contextos e métodos de inicialização.pathlib
:is_relative_to()
andrelative_to()
: passing additional arguments is deprecated.pkgutil
:find_loader()
andget_loader()
now raiseDeprecationWarning
; useimportlib.util.find_spec()
instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-97850.)pty
:master_open()
: usepty.openpty()
.slave_open()
: usepty.openpty()
.
-
execute()
andexecutemany()
if named placeholders are used and parameters is a sequence instead of adict
.date and datetime adapter, date and timestamp converter: see the
sqlite3
documentation for suggested replacement recipes.
types.CodeType
: Accessingco_lnotab
was deprecated in PEP 626 since 3.10 and was planned to be removed in 3.12, but it only got a properDeprecationWarning
in 3.12. May be removed in 3.14. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-101866.)typing
:ByteString
, deprecated since Python 3.9, now causes aDeprecationWarning
to be emitted when it is used.urllib
:urllib.parse.Quoter
is deprecated: it was not intended to be a public API. (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in gh-88168.)
Remoção pendente em Python 3.15¶
http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler
will be removed along with its related--cgi
flag topython -m http.server
. It was obsolete and rarely used. No direct replacement exists. Anything is better than CGI to interface a web server with a request handler.locale
:locale.getdefaultlocale()
was deprecated in Python 3.11 and originally planned for removal in Python 3.13 (gh-90817), but removal has been postponed to Python 3.15. Uselocale.setlocale()
,locale.getencoding()
andlocale.getlocale()
instead. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-111187.)pathlib
:pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved()
is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python 3.15. Useos.path.isreserved()
to detect reserved paths on Windows.platform
:java_ver()
is deprecated and will be removed in 3.15. It was largely untested, had a confusing API, and was only useful for Jython support. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-116349.)threading
: Passing any arguments tothreading.RLock()
is now deprecated. C version allows any numbers of args and kwargs, but they are just ignored. Python version does not allow any arguments. All arguments will be removed fromthreading.RLock()
in Python 3.15. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-102029.)-
The undocumented keyword argument syntax for creating
NamedTuple
classes (NT = NamedTuple("NT", x=int)
) is deprecated, and will be disallowed in 3.15. Use the class-based syntax or the functional syntax instead.When using the functional syntax to create a
NamedTuple
class, failing to pass a value to the fields parameter (NT = NamedTuple("NT")
) is deprecated. PassingNone
to the fields parameter (NT = NamedTuple("NT", None)
) is also deprecated. Both will be disallowed in Python 3.15. To create aNamedTuple
class with 0 fields, useclass NT(NamedTuple): pass
orNT = NamedTuple("NT", [])
.
typing.TypedDict
: When using the functional syntax to create aTypedDict
class, failing to pass a value to the fields parameter (TD = TypedDict("TD")
) is deprecated. PassingNone
to the fields parameter (TD = TypedDict("TD", None)
) is also deprecated. Both will be disallowed in Python 3.15. To create aTypedDict
class with 0 fields, useclass TD(TypedDict): pass
orTD = TypedDict("TD", {})
.wave
: Deprecate thegetmark()
,setmark()
andgetmarkers()
methods of thewave.Wave_read
andwave.Wave_write
classes. They will be removed in Python 3.15. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105096.)
Remoção pendente em Python 3.16¶
array.array
'u'
type (wchar_t
): use the'w'
type instead (Py_UCS4
).
Remoção pendente em versões futuras¶
As APIs a seguir foram descontinuadas em versões anteriores do Python e serão removidas, embora atualmente não haja uma data agendada para sua remoção.
argparse
: Nesting argument groups and nesting mutually exclusive groups are deprecated.-
~bool
, bitwise inversion on bool.bool(NotImplemented)
.Generators:
throw(type, exc, tb)
andathrow(type, exc, tb)
signature is deprecated: usethrow(exc)
andathrow(exc)
instead, the single argument signature.Currently Python accepts numeric literals immediately followed by keywords, for example
0in x
,1or x
,0if 1else 2
. It allows confusing and ambiguous expressions like[0x1for x in y]
(which can be interpreted as[0x1 for x in y]
or[0x1f or x in y]
). A syntax warning is raised if the numeric literal is immediately followed by one of keywordsand
,else
,for
,if
,in
,is
andor
. In a future release it will be changed to a syntax error. (gh-87999)Support for
__index__()
and__int__()
method returning non-int type: these methods will be required to return an instance of a strict subclass ofint
.Support for
__float__()
method returning a strict subclass offloat
: these methods will be required to return an instance offloat
.Support for
__complex__()
method returning a strict subclass ofcomplex
: these methods will be required to return an instance ofcomplex
.Delegation of
int()
to__trunc__()
method.
calendar
: As constantescalendar.January
ecalendar.February
foram descontinuadas e substituídas porcalendar.JANUARY
ecalendar.FEBRUARY
. (Contribuição de Prince Roshan em gh-103636.)codeobject.co_lnotab
: use thecodeobject.co_lines()
method instead.-
utcnow()
: usedatetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.UTC)
.utcfromtimestamp()
: usedatetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=datetime.UTC)
.
gettext
: Plural value must be an integer.-
load_module()
method: useexec_module()
instead.cache_from_source()
debug_override parameter is deprecated: use the optimization parameter instead.
-
EntryPoints
tuple interface.Implicit
None
on return values.
mailbox
: Use of StringIO input and text mode is deprecated, use BytesIO and binary mode instead.os
: Callingos.register_at_fork()
in multi-threaded process.pydoc.ErrorDuringImport
: A tuple value for exc_info parameter is deprecated, use an exception instance.re
: More strict rules are now applied for numerical group references and group names in regular expressions. Only sequence of ASCII digits is now accepted as a numerical reference. The group name in bytes patterns and replacement strings can now only contain ASCII letters and digits and underscore. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-91760.)sre_compile
,sre_constants
andsre_parse
modules.shutil
:rmtree()
’s onerror parameter is deprecated in Python 3.12; use the onexc parameter instead.ssl
options and protocols:ssl.SSLContext
without protocol argument is deprecated.ssl.SSLContext
:set_npn_protocols()
andselected_npn_protocol()
are deprecated: use ALPN instead.ssl.OP_NO_SSL*
optionsssl.OP_NO_TLS*
optionsssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
ssl.TLSVersion.SSLv3
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1
sysconfig.is_python_build()
check_home parameter is deprecated and ignored.threading
methods:threading.Condition.notifyAll()
: usenotify_all()
.threading.Event.isSet()
: useis_set()
.threading.Thread.isDaemon()
,threading.Thread.setDaemon()
: usethreading.Thread.daemon
attribute.threading.Thread.getName()
,threading.Thread.setName()
: usethreading.Thread.name
attribute.threading.currentThread()
: usethreading.current_thread()
.threading.activeCount()
: usethreading.active_count()
.
unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase
: it is deprecated to return a value that is notNone
from a test case.urllib.parse
deprecated functions:urlparse()
insteadsplitattr()
splithost()
splitnport()
splitpasswd()
splitport()
splitquery()
splittag()
splittype()
splituser()
splitvalue()
to_bytes()
urllib.request
:URLopener
andFancyURLopener
style of invoking requests is deprecated. Use newerurlopen()
functions and methods.wsgiref
:SimpleHandler.stdout.write()
should not do partial writes.xml.etree.ElementTree
: Testing the truth value of anElement
is deprecated. In a future release it it will always returnTrue
. Prefer explicitlen(elem)
orelem is not None
tests instead.zipimport.zipimporter.load_module()
is deprecated: useexec_module()
instead.
CPython Bytecode Changes¶
The oparg of
YIELD_VALUE
is now1
if the yield is part of a yield-from or await, and0
otherwise. The oparg ofRESUME
was changed to add a bit indicating whether the except-depth is 1, which is needed to optimize closing of generators. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-111354.)
Alterações na API C¶
Novas funcionalidades¶
You no longer have to define the
PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
macro before includingPython.h
when using#
formats in format codes. APIs accepting the format codes always usePy_ssize_t
for#
formats. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-104922.)The keywords parameter of
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()
andPyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords()
now has type char *const* in C and const char *const* in C++, instead of char**. It makes these functions compatible with arguments of type const char *const*, const char** or char *const* in C++ and char *const* in C without an explicit type cast. This can be overridden with thePY_CXX_CONST
macro. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-65210.)Add
PyImport_AddModuleRef()
: similar toPyImport_AddModule()
, but return a strong reference instead of a borrowed reference. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105922.)Add
PyWeakref_GetRef()
function: similar toPyWeakref_GetObject()
but returns a strong reference, orNULL
if the referent is no longer live. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105927.)Add
PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()
andPyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()
, variants ofPyObject_GetAttr()
andPyObject_GetAttrString()
which don’t raiseAttributeError
if the attribute is not found. These variants are more convenient and faster if the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-106521.)Add
PyMapping_GetOptionalItem()
andPyMapping_GetOptionalItemString()
: variants ofPyObject_GetItem()
andPyMapping_GetItemString()
which don’t raiseKeyError
if the key is not found. These variants are more convenient and faster if the missing key should not be treated as a failure. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-106307.)Add fixed variants of functions which silently ignore errors:
PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError()
replacesPyObject_HasAttrString()
.PyMapping_HasKeyStringWithError()
replacesPyMapping_HasKeyString()
.
New functions return not only
1
for true and0
for false, but also-1
for error.(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-108511.)
If Python is built in debug mode or
with assertions
,PyTuple_SET_ITEM()
andPyList_SET_ITEM()
now check the index argument with an assertion. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106168.)Add
PyModule_Add()
function: similar toPyModule_AddObjectRef()
andPyModule_AddObject()
but always steals a reference to the value. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-86493.)Add
PyDict_GetItemRef()
andPyDict_GetItemStringRef()
functions: similar toPyDict_GetItemWithError()
but returning a strong reference instead of a borrowed reference. Moreover, these functions return -1 on error and so checkingPyErr_Occurred()
is not needed. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106004.)Added
PyDict_SetDefaultRef()
, which is similar toPyDict_SetDefault()
but returns a strong reference instead of a borrowed reference. This function returns-1
on error,0
on insertion, and1
if the key was already present in the dictionary. (Contributed by Sam Gross in gh-112066.)Add
PyDict_ContainsString()
function: same asPyDict_Contains()
, but key is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108314.)Added
PyList_GetItemRef()
function: similar toPyList_GetItem()
but returns a strong reference instead of a borrowed reference.Add
Py_IsFinalizing()
function: check if the main Python interpreter is shutting down. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108014.)Add
PyLong_AsInt()
function: similar toPyLong_AsLong()
, but store the result in a C int instead of a C long. Previously, it was known as the private function_PyLong_AsInt()
(with an underscore prefix). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108014.)Python built with
configure
--with-trace-refs
(tracing references) now supports the Limited API. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108634.)Add
PyObject_VisitManagedDict()
andPyObject_ClearManagedDict()
functions which must be called by the traverse and clear functions of a type usingPy_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT
flag. The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to get these functions on Python 3.11 and 3.12. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-107073.)Add
PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8AndSize()
andPyUnicode_EqualToUTF8()
functions: compare Unicode object with a const char* UTF-8 encoded string and return true (1
) if they are equal, or false (0
) otherwise. These functions do not raise exceptions. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-110289.)Add
PyThreadState_GetUnchecked()
function: similar toPyThreadState_Get()
, but don’t kill the process with a fatal error if it is NULL. The caller is responsible to check if the result is NULL. Previously, the function was private and known as_PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108867.)Add
PySys_AuditTuple()
function: similar toPySys_Audit()
, but pass event arguments as a Pythontuple
object. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-85283.)PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()
now supports non-ASCII keyword parameter names. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-110815.)Add
PyMem_RawMalloc()
,PyMem_RawCalloc()
,PyMem_RawRealloc()
andPyMem_RawFree()
to the limited C API (version 3.13). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-85283.)Add
PySys_Audit()
andPySys_AuditTuple()
functions to the limited C API. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-85283.)Add
PyErr_FormatUnraisable()
function: similar toPyErr_WriteUnraisable()
, but allow customizing the warning message. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-108082.)Add
PyList_Extend()
andPyList_Clear()
functions: similar to Pythonlist.extend()
andlist.clear()
methods. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-111138.)Add
PyDict_Pop()
andPyDict_PopString()
functions: remove a key from a dictionary and optionally return the removed value. This is similar todict.pop()
, but without the default value and not raisingKeyError
if the key is missing. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel and Victor Stinner in gh-111262.)Add
Py_HashPointer()
function to hash a pointer. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-111545.)Add
PyObject_GenericHash()
function that implements the default hashing function of a Python object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-113024.)Add PyTime C API:
PyTime_t
type.PyTime_MIN
andPyTime_MAX
constants.Add functions:
(Contributed by Victor Stinner and Petr Viktorin in gh-110850.)
Add
PyLong_AsNativeBytes()
,PyLong_FromNativeBytes()
andPyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes()
functions to simplify converting between native integer types and Pythonint
objects. (Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-111140.)Add
PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName()
function to get the type’s fully qualified name. Equivalent tof"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"
, ortype.__qualname__
iftype.__module__
is not a string or is equal to"builtins"
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-111696.)Add
PyType_GetModuleName()
function to get the type’s module name. Equivalent to getting thetype.__module__
attribute. (Contributed by Eric Snow and Victor Stinner in gh-111696.)Add support for
%T
,%#T
,%N
and%#N
formats toPyUnicode_FromFormat()
: format the fully qualified name of an object type and of a type: callPyType_GetModuleName()
. See PEP 737 for more information. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-111696.)Add
Py_GetConstant()
andPy_GetConstantBorrowed()
functions to get constants. For example,Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_ZERO)
returns a strong reference to the constant zero. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-115754.)Add
PyType_GetModuleByDef()
to the limited C API (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-116936.)Add two new functions to the C-API,
PyRefTracer_SetTracer()
andPyRefTracer_GetTracer()
, that allows to track object creation and destruction the same way thetracemalloc
module does. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-93502.)Add
PyEval_GetFrameBuiltins()
,PyEval_GetFrameGlobals()
, andPyEval_GetFrameLocals()
to the C API. These replacements forPyEval_GetBuiltins()
,PyEval_GetGlobals()
, andPyEval_GetLocals()
return strong references rather than borrowed references. (Added as part of PEP 667.)Add
PyMutex
API, a lightweight mutex that occupies a single byte. ThePyMutex_Lock()
function will release the GIL (if currently held) if the operation needs to block. (Contributed by Sam Gross in gh-108724.)
Alterações de construção¶
The
configure
option--with-system-libmpdec
now defaults toyes
. The bundled copy oflibmpdecimal
will be removed in Python 3.15.Autoconf 2.71 and aclocal 1.16.4 are now required to regenerate the
configure
script. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in gh-89886.)SQLite 3.15.2 or newer is required to build the
sqlite3
extension module. (Contributed by Erlend Aasland in gh-105875.)Python built with
configure
--with-trace-refs
(tracing references) is now ABI compatible with the Python release build and debug build. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108634.)Building CPython now requires a compiler with support for the C11 atomic library, GCC built-in atomic functions, or MSVC interlocked intrinsics.
The
errno
,fcntl
,grp
,md5
,pwd
,resource
,termios
,winsound
,_ctypes_test
,_multiprocessing.posixshmem
,_scproxy
,_stat
,_statistics
,_testconsole
,_testimportmultiple
and_uuid
C extensions are now built with the limited C API. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-85283.)wasm32-wasi
is now a PEP 11 tier 2 platform. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in gh-115192.)wasm32-emscripten
is no longer a PEP 11 supported platform. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in gh-115192.)Python now bundles the mimalloc library. It is licensed under the MIT license; see mimalloc license. The bundled mimalloc has custom changes, see gh-113141 for details. (Contributed by Dino Viehland in gh-109914.)
Em sistemas POSIX, os nomes de arquivos pkg-config (
.pc
) agora incluem os sinalizadores de ABI. Por exemplo, a construção com threads livres gerapython-3.13t.pc
e a construção de depuração gerapython-3.13d.pc
.
Portando para Python 3.13¶
Esta seção lista as alterações descritas anteriormente e outras correções que podem exigir alterações no seu código.
Alterações na API Python¶
An
OSError
is now raised bygetpass.getuser()
for any failure to retrieve a username, instead ofImportError
on non-Unix platforms orKeyError
on Unix platforms where the password database is empty.O módulo
threading
agora espera que o módulo_thread
tenha um atributo_is_main_interpreter
. É uma função sem argumentos que retornaTrue
se o interpretador atual for o interpretador principal.Any library or application that provides a custom
_thread
module must provide_is_main_interpreter()
, just like the module’s other “private” attributes. (See gh-112826.)mailbox.Maildir
now ignores files with a leading dot. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz in gh-65559.)pathlib.Path.glob()
andrglob()
now return both files and directories if a pattern that ends with “**
” is given, rather than directories only. Users may add a trailing slash to match only directories.The value of the
mode
attribute ofgzip.GzipFile
was changed from integer (1
or2
) to string ('rb'
or'wb'
). The value of themode
attribute of the readable file-like object returned byzipfile.ZipFile.open()
was changed from'r'
to'rb'
. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-115961.)functools.partial
now emits aFutureWarning
when it is used as a method. Its behavior will be changed in future Python versions. Wrap it instaticmethod()
if you want to preserve the old behavior. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-121027.)
Calling
locals()
in an optimized scope now produces an independent snapshot on each call, and hence no longer implicitly updates previously returned references. Obtaining the legacy CPython behaviour now requires explicit calls to update the initially returned dictionary with the results of subsequent calls tolocals()
. Code execution functions that implicitly targetlocals()
(such asexec
andeval
) must be passed an explicit namespace to access their results in an optimized scope. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)Calling
locals()
from a comprehension at module or class scope (including viaexec
oreval
) once more behaves as if the comprehension were running as an independent nested function (i.e. the local variables from the containing scope are not included). In Python 3.12, this had changed to include the local variables from the containing scope when implementing PEP 709. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)Accessing
FrameType.f_locals
in an optimized scope now returns a write-through proxy rather than a snapshot that gets updated at ill-specified times. If a snapshot is desired, it must be created explicitly withdict
or the proxy’s.copy()
method. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)
Alterações na API C¶
Python.h
no longer includes the<ieeefp.h>
standard header. It was included for thefinite()
function which is now provided by the<math.h>
header. It should now be included explicitly if needed. Remove also theHAVE_IEEEFP_H
macro. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108765.)Python.h
no longer includes these standard header files:<time.h>
,<sys/select.h>
and<sys/time.h>
. If needed, they should now be included explicitly. For example,<time.h>
provides theclock()
andgmtime()
functions,<sys/select.h>
provides theselect()
function, and<sys/time.h>
provides thefutimes()
,gettimeofday()
andsetitimer()
functions. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108765.)On Windows,
Python.h
no longer includes the<stddef.h>
standard header file. If needed, it should now be included explicitly. For example, it providesoffsetof()
function, andsize_t
andptrdiff_t
types. Including<stddef.h>
explicitly was already needed by all other platforms, theHAVE_STDDEF_H
macro is only defined on Windows. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-108765.)If the
Py_LIMITED_API
macro is defined,Py_BUILD_CORE
,Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN
andPy_BUILD_CORE_MODULE
macros are now undefined by<Python.h>
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-85283.)The old trashcan macros
Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN
andPy_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END
were removed. They should be replaced by the new macrosPy_TRASHCAN_BEGIN
andPy_TRASHCAN_END
.A
tp_dealloc
function that has the old macros, such as:static void mytype_dealloc(mytype *p) { PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p); Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(p); ... Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END }
deve migrar para as novas macros da seguinte forma:
static void mytype_dealloc(mytype *p) { PyObject_GC_UnTrack(p); Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(p, mytype_dealloc) ... Py_TRASHCAN_END }
Note that
Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN
has a second argument which should be the deallocation function it is in. The new macros were added in Python 3.8 and the old macros were deprecated in Python 3.11. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-105111.)Functions
PyDict_GetItem()
,PyDict_GetItemString()
,PyMapping_HasKey()
,PyMapping_HasKeyString()
,PyObject_HasAttr()
,PyObject_HasAttrString()
, andPySys_GetObject()
, which clear all errors which occurred when calling them, now report them usingsys.unraisablehook()
. You may replace them with other functions as recommended in the documentation. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-106672.)PyCode_GetFirstFree()
is an unstable API now and has been renamed toPyUnstable_Code_GetFirstFree()
. (Contributed by Bogdan Romanyuk in gh-115781.)
The effects of mutating the dictionary returned from
PyEval_GetLocals()
in an optimized scope have changed. New dict entries added this way will now only be visible to subsequentPyEval_GetLocals()
calls in that frame, asPyFrame_GetLocals()
,locals()
, andFrameType.f_locals
no longer access the same underlying cached dictionary. Changes made to entries for actual variable names and names added via the write-through proxy interfaces will be overwritten on subsequent calls toPyEval_GetLocals()
in that frame. The recommended code update depends on how the function was being used, so refer to the deprecation notice on the function for details. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)Calling
PyFrame_GetLocals()
in an optimized scope now returns a write-through proxy rather than a snapshot that gets updated at ill-specified times. If a snapshot is desired, it must be created explicitly (e.g. withPyDict_Copy()
) or by calling the newPyEval_GetFrameLocals()
API. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)PyFrame_FastToLocals()
andPyFrame_FastToLocalsWithError()
no longer have any effect. Calling these functions has been redundant since Python 3.11, whenPyFrame_GetLocals()
was first introduced. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)PyFrame_LocalsToFast()
no longer has any effect. Calling this function is redundant now thatPyFrame_GetLocals()
returns a write-through proxy for optimized scopes. (Changed as part of PEP 667.)
APIs C removidas¶
Remove many APIs (functions, macros, variables) with names prefixed by
_Py
or_PY
(considered as private API). If your project is affected by one of these removals and you consider that the removed API should remain available, please open a new issue to request a public C API and addcc @vstinner
to the issue to notify Victor Stinner. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106320.)Remove functions deprecated in Python 3.9:
PyEval_CallObject()
,PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords()
: usePyObject_CallNoArgs()
orPyObject_Call()
instead. Warning:PyObject_Call()
positional arguments must be atuple
and must not beNULL
, keyword arguments must be adict
orNULL
, whereas removed functions checked arguments type and acceptedNULL
positional and keyword arguments. To replacePyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(func, NULL, kwargs)
withPyObject_Call()
, pass an empty tuple as positional arguments usingPyTuple_New(0)
.PyEval_CallFunction()
: usePyObject_CallFunction()
instead.PyEval_CallMethod()
: usePyObject_CallMethod()
instead.PyCFunction_Call()
: usePyObject_Call()
instead.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105107.)
Remove old buffer protocols deprecated in Python 3.0. Use Protocolo de Buffer instead.
PyObject_CheckReadBuffer()
: UsePyObject_CheckBuffer()
to test if the object supports the buffer protocol. Note thatPyObject_CheckBuffer()
doesn’t guarantee thatPyObject_GetBuffer()
will succeed. To test if the object is actually readable, see the next example ofPyObject_GetBuffer()
.PyObject_AsCharBuffer()
,PyObject_AsReadBuffer()
:PyObject_GetBuffer()
andPyBuffer_Release()
instead:Py_buffer view; if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0) { return NULL; } // Use `view.buf` and `view.len` to read from the buffer. // You may need to cast buf as `(const char*)view.buf`. PyBuffer_Release(&view);
PyObject_AsWriteBuffer()
: UsePyObject_GetBuffer()
andPyBuffer_Release()
instead:Py_buffer view; if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &view, PyBUF_WRITABLE) < 0) { return NULL; } // Use `view.buf` and `view.len` to write to the buffer. PyBuffer_Release(&view);
(Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-85275.)
Remove the following old functions to configure the Python initialization, deprecated in Python 3.11:
PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode()
: usePyConfig.warnoptions
instead.PySys_AddWarnOption()
: usePyConfig.warnoptions
instead.PySys_AddXOption()
: usePyConfig.xoptions
instead.PySys_HasWarnOptions()
: usePyConfig.xoptions
instead.PySys_SetPath()
: setPyConfig.module_search_paths
instead.Py_SetPath()
: setPyConfig.module_search_paths
instead.Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding()
: setPyConfig.stdio_encoding
instead, and set also maybePyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio
(on Windows)._Py_SetProgramFullPath()
: setPyConfig.executable
instead.
Use the new
PyConfig
API of the Python Initialization Configuration instead (PEP 587), added to Python 3.8. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105145.)Remove
PyEval_ThreadsInitialized()
function, deprecated in Python 3.9. Since Python 3.7,Py_Initialize()
always creates the GIL: callingPyEval_InitThreads()
does nothing andPyEval_ThreadsInitialized()
always returned non-zero. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105182.)Remove
PyEval_AcquireLock()
andPyEval_ReleaseLock()
functions, deprecated in Python 3.2. They didn’t update the current thread state. They can be replaced with:low-level
PyEval_AcquireThread()
andPyEval_RestoreThread()
;
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105182.)
Remove private
_PyObject_FastCall()
function: usePyObject_Vectorcall()
which is available since Python 3.8 (PEP 590). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106023.)Remove
cpython/pytime.h
header file: it only contained private functions. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106316.)Remove
_PyInterpreterState_Get()
alias toPyInterpreterState_Get()
which was kept for backward compatibility with Python 3.8. The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to getPyInterpreterState_Get()
on Python 3.8 and older. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-106320.)The
PyModule_AddObject()
function is now soft deprecated:PyModule_Add()
orPyModule_AddObjectRef()
functions should be used instead. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-86493.)
APIs C descontinuadas¶
Deprecate the old
Py_UNICODE
andPY_UNICODE_TYPE
types: use directly thewchar_t
type instead. Since Python 3.3,Py_UNICODE
andPY_UNICODE_TYPE
are just aliases towchar_t
. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105156.)Deprecate old Python initialization functions:
PySys_ResetWarnOptions()
: clearsys.warnoptions
andwarnings.filters
instead.Py_GetExecPrefix()
: getsys.exec_prefix
instead.Py_GetPath()
: getsys.path
instead.Py_GetPrefix()
: getsys.prefix
instead.Py_GetProgramFullPath()
: getsys.executable
instead.Py_GetProgramName()
: getsys.executable
instead.Py_GetPythonHome()
: getPyConfig.home
orPYTHONHOME
environment variable instead.
Functions scheduled for removal in Python 3.15. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105145.)
Deprecate the
PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()
function which is just an alias toPyImport_ImportModule()
since Python 3.3. Scheduled for removal in Python 3.15. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105396.)Deprecate the
PyWeakref_GetObject()
andPyWeakref_GET_OBJECT()
functions, which return a borrowed reference: use the newPyWeakref_GetRef()
function instead, it returns a strong reference. The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to getPyWeakref_GetRef()
on Python 3.12 and older. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-105927.)Deprecate the
PyEval_GetBuiltins()
,PyEval_GetGlobals()
, andPyEval_GetLocals()
functions, which return a borrowed reference. Refer to the deprecation notices on each function for their recommended replacements. (Soft deprecated as part of PEP 667.)
Remoção pendente em Python 3.14¶
Creating immutable types (
Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE
) with mutable bases using the C API.Functions to configure the Python initialization, deprecated in Python 3.11:
PySys_SetArgvEx()
: setPyConfig.argv
instead.PySys_SetArgv()
: setPyConfig.argv
instead.Py_SetProgramName()
: setPyConfig.program_name
instead.Py_SetPythonHome()
: setPyConfig.home
instead.
A API
Py_InitializeFromConfig()
deve ser usada comPyConfig
.Variáveis de configuração globais
Py_HashRandomizationFlag
: usePyConfig.use_hash_seed
andPyConfig.hash_seed
Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag
: usePyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding
Py_LegacyWindowsStdioFlag
: usePyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding
: usePyConfig.filesystem_encoding
Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding
: usePyConfig.filesystem_encoding
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors
: usePyConfig.filesystem_errors
Py_UTF8Mode
: usePyPreConfig.utf8_mode
(seePy_PreInitialize()
)
A API
Py_InitializeFromConfig()
deve ser usada comPyConfig
.
Remoção pendente em Python 3.15¶
The bundled copy of
libmpdecimal
.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()
: usePyImport_ImportModule()
.PyWeakref_GET_OBJECT()
: usePyWeakref_GetRef()
instead.PyWeakref_GetObject()
: usePyWeakref_GetRef()
instead.Py_UNICODE_WIDE
type: usewchar_t
instead.Py_UNICODE
type: usewchar_t
instead.Funções de inicialização do Python
PySys_ResetWarnOptions()
: clearsys.warnoptions
andwarnings.filters
instead.Py_GetExecPrefix()
: getsys.exec_prefix
instead.Py_GetPath()
: getsys.path
instead.Py_GetPrefix()
: getsys.prefix
instead.Py_GetProgramFullPath()
: getsys.executable
instead.Py_GetProgramName()
: getsys.executable
instead.Py_GetPythonHome()
: getPyConfig.home
orPYTHONHOME
environment variable instead.
Remoção pendente em versões futuras¶
As APIs a seguir foram descontinuadas em versões anteriores do Python e serão removidas, embora atualmente não haja uma data agendada para sua remoção.
Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE
: no needed since Python 3.8.PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject()
.PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode()
.PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject()
.PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode()
.PyUnicode_READY()
: not needed since Python 3.12._PyErr_ChainExceptions()
.PyBytesObject.ob_shash
member: callPyObject_Hash()
instead.PyDictObject.ma_version_tag
member.API TLS:
PyThread_ReInitTLS()
: no longer needed.
Remove undocumented
PY_TIMEOUT_MAX
constant from the limited C API. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-110014.)
Alterações em teste de regressão¶
Python built with
configure
--with-pydebug
now supports a-X presite=package.module
command-line option. If used, it specifies a module that should be imported early in the lifecycle of the interpreter, beforesite.py
is executed. (Contributed by Łukasz Langa in gh-110769.)