Objetos tipo
************

type PyTypeObject
    * Parte da API Limitada (como uma estrutura opaca).*

   A estrutura C dos objetos usados para descrever tipos embutidos.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Este é o objeto de tipo para objetos tipo; é o mesmo objeto que
   "type" na camada Python.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

   Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto *o* for um objeto tipo,
   incluindo instâncias de tipos derivados do objeto tipo padrão.
   Retorna 0 em todos os outros casos. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

   Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto *o* for um objeto tipo,
   mas não um subtipo do objeto tipo padrão. Retorna 0 em todos os
   outros casos. Esta função sempre tem sucesso.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Limpa o cache de pesquisa interno. Retorna a marcação de versão
   atual.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Return the "tp_flags" member of *type*. This function is primarily
   meant for use with "Py_LIMITED_API"; the individual flag bits are
   guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to
   "tp_flags" itself is not part of the limited API.

   Adicionado na versão 3.2.

   Alterado na versão 3.4: O tipo de retorno é agora um "unsigned
   long" em vez de um "long".

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

   Return the type object's internal namespace, which is otherwise
   only exposed via a read-only proxy ("cls.__dict__"). This is a
   replacement for accessing "tp_dict" directly. The returned
   dictionary must be treated as read-only.

   This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding
   cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect
   access (e.g. via the proxy or "PyObject_GetAttr()") isn't adequate.

   Extension modules should continue to use "tp_dict", directly or
   indirectly, when setting up their own types.

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Invalida o cache de pesquisa interna para o tipo e todos os seus
   subtipos. Esta função deve ser chamada após qualquer modificação
   manual dos atributos ou classes bases do tipo.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

   Register *callback* as a type watcher. Return a non-negative
   integer ID which must be passed to future calls to
   "PyType_Watch()". In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs
   available), return "-1" and set an exception.

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

   Clear watcher identified by *watcher_id* (previously returned from
   "PyType_AddWatcher()"). Return "0" on success, "-1" on error (e.g.
   if *watcher_id* was never registered.)

   An extension should never call "PyType_ClearWatcher" with a
   *watcher_id* that was not returned to it by a previous call to
   "PyType_AddWatcher()".

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

   Mark *type* as watched. The callback granted *watcher_id* by
   "PyType_AddWatcher()" will be called whenever "PyType_Modified()"
   reports a change to *type*. (The callback may be called only once
   for a series of consecutive modifications to *type*, if
   "_PyType_Lookup()" is not called on *type* between the
   modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to
   change.)

   An extension should never call "PyType_Watch" with a *watcher_id*
   that was not returned to it by a previous call to
   "PyType_AddWatcher()".

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

   Type of a type-watcher callback function.

   The callback must not modify *type* or cause "PyType_Modified()" to
   be called on *type* or any type in its MRO; violating this rule
   could cause infinite recursion.

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

   Retorna valor diferente de zero se o objeto tipo *o* define o
   recurso *feature*. Os recursos de tipo são denotados por
   sinalizadores de bit único.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

   Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle
   detector; this tests the type flag "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC".

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Retorna verdadeiro se *a* for um subtipo de *b*.

   This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that
   "__subclasscheck__()" is not called on *b*.  Call
   "PyObject_IsSubclass()" to do the same check that "issubclass()"
   would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Manipulador genérico para o slot "tp_alloc" de um objeto tipo. Use
   o mecanismo de alocação de memória padrão do Python para alocar uma
   nova instância e inicializar todo o seu conteúdo para "NULL".

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Manipulador genérico para o slot "tp_new" de um objeto tipo. Cria
   uma nova instância usando o slot "tp_alloc" do tipo.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Finaliza um objeto tipo. Isso deve ser chamado em todos os objetos
   tipo para finalizar sua inicialização. Esta função é responsável
   por adicionar slots herdados da classe base de um tipo. Retorna "0"
   em caso de sucesso, ou retorna "-1" e define uma exceção em caso de
   erro.

   Nota:

     If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the
     provided type does not include the "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" in its
     flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented
     from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does
     include "Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" in its flags then it **must**
     implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the
     "tp_traverse" handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável desde a
   versão 3.11.*

   Return the type's name. Equivalent to getting the type's "__name__"
   attribute.

   Adicionado na versão 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável desde a
   versão 3.11.*

   Return the type's qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type's
   "__qualname__" attribute.

   Adicionado na versão 3.11.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.4.*

   Retorna o ponteiro de função armazenado no slot fornecido. Se o
   resultado for "NULL", isso indica que o slot é "NULL" ou que a
   função foi chamada com parâmetros inválidos. Os chamadores
   normalmente lançarão o ponteiro do resultado no tipo de função
   apropriado.

   Veja "PyType_Slot.slot" por possíveis valores do argumento *slot*.

   Adicionado na versão 3.4.

   Alterado na versão 3.10: "PyType_GetSlot()" can now accept all
   types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.*

   Retorna o objeto de módulo associado ao tipo fornecido quando o
   tipo foi criado usando "PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()".

   Se nenhum módulo estiver associado com o tipo fornecido, define
   "TypeError" e retorna "NULL".

   This function is usually used to get the module in which a method
   is defined. Note that in such a method,
   "PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))" may not return the intended
   result. "Py_TYPE(self)" may be a *subclass* of the intended class,
   and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as
   their superclass. See "PyCMethod" to get the class that defines the
   method. See "PyType_GetModuleByDef()" for cases when "PyCMethod"
   cannot be used.

   Adicionado na versão 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.*

   Return the state of the module object associated with the given
   type. This is a shortcut for calling "PyModule_GetState()" on the
   result of "PyType_GetModule()".

   Se nenhum módulo estiver associado com o tipo fornecido, define
   "TypeError" e retorna "NULL".

   If the *type* has an associated module but its state is "NULL",
   returns "NULL" without setting an exception.

   Adicionado na versão 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)

   Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given
   "PyModuleDef" *def*, and return that module.

   If no module is found, raises a "TypeError" and returns "NULL".

   This function is intended to be used together with
   "PyModule_GetState()" to get module state from slot methods (such
   as "tp_init" or "nb_add") and other places where a method's
   defining class cannot be passed using the "PyCMethod" calling
   convention.

   Adicionado na versão 3.11.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)

   *Esta é uma API Instável. Isso pode se alterado sem aviso em
   lançamentos menores.*

   Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

   Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one
   was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.


Creating Heap-Allocated Types
=============================

The following functions and structs are used to create heap types.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.12.*

   Create and return a heap type from the *spec* (see
   "Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE").

   The metaclass *metaclass* is used to construct the resulting type
   object. When *metaclass* is "NULL", the metaclass is derived from
   *bases* (or *Py_tp_base[s]* slots if *bases* is "NULL", see below).

   Metaclasses that override "tp_new" are not supported, except if
   "tp_new" is "NULL". (For backwards compatibility, other
   "PyType_From*" functions allow such metaclasses. They ignore
   "tp_new", which may result in incomplete initialization. This is
   deprecated and in Python 3.14+ such metaclasses will not be
   supported.)

   The *bases* argument can be used to specify base classes; it can
   either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If *bases* is
   "NULL", the *Py_tp_bases* slot is used instead. If that also is
   "NULL", the *Py_tp_base* slot is used instead. If that also is
   "NULL", the new type derives from "object".

   The *module* argument can be used to record the module in which the
   new class is defined. It must be a module object or "NULL". If not
   "NULL", the module is associated with the new type and can later be
   retrieved with "PyType_GetModule()". The associated module is not
   inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class
   individually.

   This function calls "PyType_Ready()" on the new type.

   Note that this function does *not* fully match the behavior of
   calling "type()" or using the "class" statement. With user-provided
   base types or metaclasses, prefer calling "type" (or the metaclass)
   over "PyType_From*" functions. Specifically:

   * "__new__()" is not called on the new class (and it must be set to
     "type.__new__").

   * "__init__()" is not called on the new class.

   * "__init_subclass__()" is not called on any bases.

   * "__set_name__()" is not called on new descriptors.

   Adicionado na versão 3.12.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável desde a
   versão 3.10.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)".

   Adicionado na versão 3.9.

   Alterado na versão 3.10: The function now accepts a single class as
   the *bases* argument and "NULL" as the "tp_doc" slot.

   Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a
   metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes.  Previously,
   only "type" instances were returned.The "tp_new" of the metaclass
   is *ignored*. which may result in incomplete initialization.
   Creating classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated
   and in Python 3.14+ it will be no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável desde a
   versão 3.3.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)".

   Adicionado na versão 3.3.

   Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a
   metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes.  Previously,
   only "type" instances were returned.The "tp_new" of the metaclass
   is *ignored*. which may result in incomplete initialization.
   Creating classes whose metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated
   and in Python 3.14+ it will be no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
    *Retorna valor: Nova referência.** Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Equivalent to "PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)".

   Alterado na versão 3.12: The function now finds and uses a
   metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in
   *Py_tp_base[s]* slots. Previously, only "type" instances were
   returned.The "tp_new" of the metaclass is *ignored*. which may
   result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose
   metaclass overrides "tp_new" is deprecated and in Python 3.14+ it
   will be no longer allowed.

type PyType_Spec
    * Parte da ABI Estável (incluindo todos os membros).*

   Structure defining a type's behavior.

   const char *name

      Name of the type, used to set "PyTypeObject.tp_name".

   int basicsize

      If positive, specifies the size of the instance in bytes. It is
      used to set "PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize".

      If zero, specifies that "tp_basicsize" should be inherited.

      If negative, the absolute value specifies how much space
      instances of the class need *in addition* to the superclass. Use
      "PyObject_GetTypeData()" to get a pointer to subclass-specific
      memory reserved this way. For negative "basicsize", Python will
      insert padding when needed to meet "tp_basicsize"'s alignment
      requirements.

      Alterado na versão 3.12: Previously, this field could not be
      negative.

   int itemsize

      Size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to
      set "PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize". See "tp_itemsize" documentation
      for caveats.

      If zero, "tp_itemsize" is inherited. Extending arbitrary
      variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a
      fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap
      fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes,
      inheriting "itemsize" is only possible in the following
      situations:

      * The base is not variable-sized (its "tp_itemsize").

      * The requested "PyType_Spec.basicsize" is positive, suggesting
        that the memory layout of the base class is known.

      * The requested "PyType_Spec.basicsize" is zero, suggesting that
        the subclass does not access the instance's memory directly.

      * With the "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END" flag.

   unsigned int flags

      Type flags, used to set "PyTypeObject.tp_flags".

      If the "Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE" flag is not set,
      "PyType_FromSpecWithBases()" sets it automatically.

   PyType_Slot *slots

      Array of "PyType_Slot" structures. Terminated by the special
      slot value "{0, NULL}".

      Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

type PyType_Slot
    * Parte da ABI Estável (incluindo todos os membros).*

   Structure defining optional functionality of a type, containing a
   slot ID and a value pointer.

   int slot

      A slot ID.

      Slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures
      "PyTypeObject", "PyNumberMethods", "PySequenceMethods",
      "PyMappingMethods" and "PyAsyncMethods" with an added "Py_"
      prefix. For example, use:

      * "Py_tp_dealloc" to set "PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"

      * "Py_nb_add" to set "PyNumberMethods.nb_add"

      * "Py_sq_length" to set "PySequenceMethods.sq_length"

      The following “offset” fields cannot be set using "PyType_Slot":

      * "tp_weaklistoffset" (use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF" instead
        if possible)

      * "tp_dictoffset" (use "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" instead if
        possible)

      * "tp_vectorcall_offset" (use ""__vectorcalloffset__"" in
        PyMemberDef)

      If it is not possible to switch to a "MANAGED" flag (for
      example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12),
      specify the offset in "Py_tp_members". See PyMemberDef
      documentation for details.

      The following fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap
      type:

      * "tp_vectorcall" (use "tp_new" and/or "tp_init")

      * Internal fields: "tp_dict", "tp_mro", "tp_cache",
        "tp_subclasses", and "tp_weaklist".

      Setting "Py_tp_bases" or "Py_tp_base" may be problematic on some
      platforms. To avoid issues, use the *bases* argument of
      "PyType_FromSpecWithBases()" instead.

      Alterado na versão 3.9: Slots in "PyBufferProcs" may be set in
      the unlimited API.

      Alterado na versão 3.11: "bf_getbuffer" and "bf_releasebuffer"
      are now available under the limited API.

   void *pfunc

      The desired value of the slot. In most cases, this is a pointer
      to a function.

      Slots other than "Py_tp_doc" may not be "NULL".
