# Enum

Uma `Enum` é um conjunto de nomes simbólicos vinculados a valores únicos. São similares a variáveis globais, mas eles oferecem uma `repr()` mais útil, agrupamento, segurança de tipo e alguns outros recursos.

Eles são mais úteis quando você tem uma variável que pode ter uma seleção limitada de valores. Por exemplo, os dias da semana:

    >>> from enum import Enum
    >>> class DiaDaSemana(Enum):
    ...     SEGUNDA = 1
    ...     TERÇA = 2
    ...     QUARTA = 3
    ...     QUINTA = 4
    ...     SEXTA = 5
    ...     SÁBADO = 6
    ...     DOMINGO = 7

Ou talvez as cores primárias RGB:

    >>> from enum import Enum
    >>> class Cor(Enum):
    ...     RED = 1
    ...     GREEN = 2
    ...     BLUE = 3

Como você pode ver, criar um `Enum` é tão simples quanto escrever uma classe que herda do próprio `Enum`.

Nota

Maiúsculas em membros de Enums

Como os Enums são usados para representar constantes, e para ajudar a evitar problemas com nomes conflitando entre métodos/atributos de classes mixin e nomes enum, nós fortemente recomendamos o uso de nomes em UPPER_CASE (em caixa alta) para membros, e usaremos esse estilo em nossos exemplos.

Dependendo da natureza do enum, o valor de um membro pode ou não ser importante. Mas, de qualquer forma, esse valor pode ser usado para obter o membro correspondente:

    >>> DiaDaSemana(3)
    <DiaDaSemana.QUARTA: 3>

Como você pode ver, o `repr()` de um membro mostra o nome do enum, o nome do membro e o valor. O `str()` de um membro mostra apenas o nome do enum e o nome do membro:

    >>> print(DiaDaSemana.QUINTA)
    DiaDaSemana.QUINTA

O tipo de um membro de enumeração é o enum ao qual ele pertence:

    >>> type(DiaDaSemana.SEGUNDA)
    <enum 'DiaDaSemana'>
    >>> isinstance(DiaDaSemana.SEXTA, DiaDaSemana)
    True

Os membros do Enum têm um atributo que contém apenas seu `name`:

    >>> print(DiaDaSemana.TERÇA.name)
    TERÇA

Da mesma forma, eles têm um atributo para seu `value`:

    >>> DiaDaSemana.QUARTA.value
    3

Ao contrário de muitas linguagens que tratam enumerações apenas como pares de nome/valor, Enums do Python podem ter comportamento adicionado. Por exemplo, `datetime.date` tem dois métodos para retornar o dia da semana: `weekday()` e `isoweekday()`. A diferença é que um deles conta de 0 a 6 e o outro de 1 a 7. Em vez de tomar conta disso nós mesmos, podemos adicionar um método ao enum de `DiaDaSemana` para extrair o dia da instância de `date` e retornar o membro enum correspondente:

    @classmethod
    def from_date(cls, date):
        return cls(date.isoweekday())

A enum `DiaDaSemana` completa fica então assim:

    >>> class DiaDaSemana(Enum):
    ...     SEGUNDA = 1
    ...     TERÇA = 2
    ...     QUARTA = 3
    ...     QUINTA = 4
    ...     SEXTA = 5
    ...     SÁBADO = 6
    ...     DOMINGO = 7
    ...     #
    ...     @classmethod
    ...     def from_date(cls, date):
    ...         return cls(date.isoweekday())

Agora podemos descobrir que dia é hoje! Observe:

    >>> from datetime import date
    >>> Weekday.from_date(date.today())
    <Weekday.TUESDAY: 2>

Claro, se você estiver lendo isso em outro dia da semana, você verá esse respectivo dia.

Essa enum `DiaDaSemana` é ótima se a nossa variável precisar somente de um único dia, mas e se precisarmos de vários? Talvez estejamos escrevendo uma função para organizar tarefas ao longo da semana, e não queremos usar uma `list` – poderíamos ao invés disso usar um tipo diferente de `Enum`:

    >>> from enum import Flag
    >>> class DiaDaSemana(Flag):
    ...     SEGUNDA = 1
    ...     TERÇA = 2
    ...     QUARTA = 4
    ...     QUINTA = 8
    ...     SEXTA = 16
    ...     SÁBADO = 32
    ...     DOMINGO = 64

Nós mudamos duas coisas: estamos herdando de `Flag` (sinalizador), e os valores são todos potências de 2.

Assim como a enum `DiaDaSemana` original acima, podemos selecionar um item de cada vez:

    >>> primeiro_dia_útil = DiaDaSemana.SEGUNDA
    >>> primeiro_dia_útil
    <DiaDaSemana.SEGUNDA: 1>

Porém, a `Flag` também nos permite combinar vários membros em uma única variável:

    >>> fim_de_semana = DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO | DiaDaSemana.DOMINGO
    >>> fim_de_semana
    <DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO|DOMINGO: 96>

Você pode até mesmo iterar sobre uma variável `Flag`:

    >>> for dia in fim_de_semana:
    ...     print(dia)
    DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO
    DiaDaSemana.DOMINGO

Certo, vamos configurar algumas tarefas domésticas:

    >>> tarefas_do_joão = {
    ...     'alimentar o gato': DiaDaSemana.SEGUNDA | DiaDaSemana.QUARTA | DiaDaSemana.SEXTA,
    ...     'lavar a louça': DiaDaSemana.TERÇA | DiaDaSemana.QUINTA,
    ...     'responder perguntas no SO': DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO,
    ...     }

E a função para mostrar as tarefas domésticas para um determinado dia:

    >>> def mostrar_tarefas(tarefas, dia):
    ...     for tarefa, dias in tarefas.items():
    ...         if dia in dias:
    ...             print(tarefa)
    ...
    >>> mostrar_tarefas(tarefas_do_joão, DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO)
    responder perguntas no SO

Quando os valores em si dos membros não forem importantes, você pode economizar trabalho e usar `auto()` para eles:

    >>> from enum import auto
    >>> class DiaDaSemana(Flag):
    ...     SEGUNDA = auto()
    ...     TERÇA = auto()
    ...     QUARTA = auto()
    ...     QUINTA = auto()
    ...     SEXTA = auto()
    ...     SÁBADO = auto()
    ...     DOMINGO = auto()
    ...     FIM_DE_SEMANA = SÁBADO | DOMINGO

## Acesso programático aos membros da enumeração e seus atributos.

Em alguns momentos, é util ter acesso aos membros na enumeração de forma programática (ou seja, em situações em que `Cor.RED` não é adequado porque a cor exata não é conhecida no momento da escrita do programa). Classes `Enum` permitem esse tipo de acesso:

    >>> Cor(1)
    <Cor.RED: 1>
    >>> Cor(3)
    <Cor.BLUE: 3>

Se você deseja ter acesso aos membros do enum pelo nome, use o acesso por itens:

    >>> Cor['VERMELHO']
    <Cor.VERMELHO: 1>
    >>> Color['VERDE']
    <Cor.VERDE: 2>

Dado um membro de um enum, se você precisar do seu `name` ou `value`:

    >>> membro = Cor.VERMELHO
    >>> membro.name
    'VERMELHO'
    >>> membro.value
    1

## Membros e valores duplicados em enums

Ter dois membros de um enum com o mesmo nome é inválido:

    >>> class Forma(Enum):
    ...     QUADRADO = 2
    ...     QUADRADO = 3
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    TypeError: 'QUADRADO' already defined as 2

Porém, um membro do enum pode ter outros nomes associados a ele. Dados dois membros `A` e `B` com o mesmo valor (e `A` definido primeiro), `B` é um apelido para o membro `A`. A busca pelo membro associado ao valor de `A` retorna o membro `A`. A busca pelo membro com o nome de `A` retorna o membro `A`. A busca pelo membro com o nome de `B` também retorna o membro `A`:

    >>> class Forma(Enum):
    ...     QUADRADO = 2
    ...     DIAMANTE = 1
    ...     CÍRCULO = 3
    ...     APELIDO_PARA_O_QUADRADO = 2
    ...
    >>> Forma.QUADRADO
    <Forma.QUADRADO: 2>
    >>> Forma.APELIDO_PARA_O_QUADRADO
    <Forma.QUADRADO: 2>
    >>> Forma(2)
    <Forma.QUADRADO: 2>

Nota

Tentar criar um membro com o mesmo nome de um atributo já definido (outro membro, um método, etc.) ou tentar criar um atributo com o mesmo nome de um membro não é permitido.

## Garantindo valores únicos na enumeração

Por padrão, enumerações permitem múltiplos nomes como apelidos para o mesmo valor. Quando esse comportamento não é desejado, você pode usar o decorador `unique()`:

    >>> from enum import Enum, unique
    >>> @unique
    ... class Errado(Enum):
    ...     UM = 1
    ...     DOIS = 2
    ...     TRES = 3
    ...     QUATRO = 3
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'Errado'>: QUATRO -> TRES

## Usando valores automáticos

Se o valor em si não é importante, você pode usar `auto`:

    >>> from enum import Enum, auto
    >>> class Cor(Enum):
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...
    >>> [membro.value for membro in Cor]
    [1, 2, 3]

Os valores são escolhidos pelo `_generate_next_value_()`, que pode ser substituído:

    >>> class AutoName(Enum):
    ...     @staticmethod
    ...     def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
    ...         return name
    ...
    >>> class Ordinal(AutoName):
    ...     NORTE = auto()
    ...     SUL = auto()
    ...     LESTE = auto()
    ...     OESTE = auto()
    ...
    >>> [membro.value for membro in Ordinal]
    ['NORTE', 'SUL', 'LESTE', 'OESTE']

Nota

O método `_generate_next_value_()` deve ser definido antes de qualquer membro.

## Iteração

Iterar sobre os membros de um enum não fornece os apelidos:

    >>> list(Forma)
    [<Forma.QUADRADO: 2>, <Forma.DIAMANTE: 1>, <Forma.CÍRCULO: 3>]
    >>> list(DiaDaSemana)
    [<DiaDaSemana.SEGUNDA: 1>, <DiaDaSemana.TERÇA: 2>, <DiaDaSemana.QUARTA: 4>, <DiaDaSemana.QUINTA: 8>, <DiaDaSemana.SEXTA: 16>, <DiaDaSemana.SÁBADO: 32>, <DiaDaSemana.DOMINGO: 64>]

Note que os apelidos `Forma.APELIDO_PARA_O_QUADRADO` e `DiaDaSemana.FIM_DE_SEMANA` não são mostrados.

O atributo especial `__members__` é um mapeamento ordenado de somente leitura dos nomes para os membros. Isso inclui todos os nomes definidos na enumeração, incluindo os apelidos:

    >>> for nome, membroin Forma.__members__.items():
    ...     nome, membro
    ...
    ('QUADRADO', <Forma.QUADRADO: 2>)
    ('DIAMANTE', <Forma.DIAMANTE: 1>)
    ('CÍRCULO', <Forma.CÍRCULO: 3>)
    ('APELIDO_PARA_O_QUADRADO', <Forma.QUADRADO: 2>)

O atributo `__members__` pode ser usado para um acesso programático detalhado aos membros da enumeração. Por exemplo, achar todos os apelidos:

    >>> [nome for nome, membro in Forma.__members__.items() if membro.name != nome]
    ['APELIDO_PARA_O_QUADRADO']

Nota

Apelidos em sinalizadores incluem valores com múltiplos itens ao mesmo tempo, como `3`, e nenhum item definido, isto é, `0`.

## Comparações

Membros de uma enumeração são comparados por identidade:

    >>> Color.VERMELHO is Color.VERMELHO
    True
    >>> Color.VERMELHO is Color.AZUL
    False
    >>> Color.VERMELHO is not Color.AZUL
    True

Ordered comparisons between enumeration values are not supported. Enum members are not integers (but see IntEnum below):

    >>> Color.RED < Color.BLUE
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Color' and 'Color'

Equality comparisons are defined though:

    >>> Color.BLUE == Color.RED
    False
    >>> Color.BLUE != Color.RED
    True
    >>> Color.BLUE == Color.BLUE
    True

Comparisons against non-enumeration values will always compare not equal (again, `IntEnum` was explicitly designed to behave differently, see below):

    >>> Color.BLUE == 2
    False

Aviso

É possivel recarregar módulos – se um módulo recarregado contém enums, eles serão recriados, e os novos membros não podem ser comparados de forma identifica/igual a membros originais.

## Membros e atributos permitidos em enumerações

A maioria dos exemplos acima usa inteiros como valores para os enums. Usar inteiros é simples e prático (isso é disponibilizado como padrão pela API funcional), mas não é a única aplicação. Na grande maioria dos caso de uso, não importa o valor de fato que um enum possui. Mas se o valor é importante, enums podem ser valores arbitrários.

Enumerações são classes Python, e podem ter métodos e até mesmo métodos especiais como de usual. Se temos essa enumeração:

    >>> class Mood(Enum):
    ...     FUNKY = 1
    ...     HAPPY = 3
    ...
    ...     def describe(self):
    ...         # self is the member here
    ...         return self.name, self.value
    ...
    ...     def __str__(self):
    ...         return 'my custom str! {0}'.format(self.value)
    ...
    ...     @classmethod
    ...     def favorite_mood(cls):
    ...         # cls here is the enumeration
    ...         return cls.HAPPY
    ...

Então:

    >>> Mood.favorite_mood()
    <Mood.HAPPY: 3>
    >>> Mood.HAPPY.describe()
    ('HAPPY', 3)
    >>> str(Mood.FUNKY)
    'my custom str! 1'

The rules for what is allowed are as follows: names that start and end with a single underscore are reserved by enum and cannot be used; all other attributes defined within an enumeration will become members of this enumeration, with the exception of special methods (`__str__()`, `__add__()`, etc.), descriptors (methods are also descriptors), and variable names listed in `_ignore_`.

Note: if your enumeration defines `__new__()` and/or `__init__()`, any value(s) given to the enum member will be passed into those methods. See Planet for an example.

Nota

The `__new__()` method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum members; it is then replaced by Enum’s `__new__()` which is used after class creation for lookup of existing members. See When to use __new__() vs. __init__() for more details.

## Restricted Enum subclassing

A new `Enum` class must have one base enum class, up to one concrete data type, and as many `object`-based mixin classes as needed. The order of these base classes is:

    class EnumName([mix-in, ...,] [data-type,] base-enum):
        pass

Além disso, criar uma subclasse de uma enumeração é permitido apenas se a enumeração não define nenhum membro. Portanto is,so é proibido:

    >>> class MoreColor(Color):
    ...     PINK = 17
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    TypeError: <enum 'MoreColor'> cannot extend <enum 'Color'>

Mas isso é permitido:

    >>> class Foo(Enum):
    ...     def some_behavior(self):
    ...         pass
    ...
    >>> class Bar(Foo):
    ...     HAPPY = 1
    ...     SAD = 2
    ...

Allowing subclassing of enums that define members would lead to a violation of some important invariants of types and instances. On the other hand, it makes sense to allow sharing some common behavior between a group of enumerations. (See OrderedEnum for an example.)

## Suporte a dataclass

When inheriting from a `dataclass`, the `__repr__()` omits the inherited class’ name. For example:

    >>> from dataclasses import dataclass, field
    >>> @dataclass
    ... class CreatureDataMixin:
    ...     size: str
    ...     legs: int
    ...     tail: bool = field(repr=False, default=True)
    ...
    >>> class Creature(CreatureDataMixin, Enum):
    ...     BEETLE = 'small', 6
    ...     DOG = 'medium', 4
    ...
    >>> Creature.DOG
    <Creature.DOG: size='medium', legs=4>

Use the `dataclass()` argument `repr=False` to use the standard `repr()`.

Alterado na versão 3.12: Only the dataclass fields are shown in the value area, not the dataclass’ name.

## Pickling

Enumerations can be pickled and unpickled:

    >>> from test.test_enum import Fruit
    >>> from pickle import dumps, loads
    >>> Fruit.TOMATO is loads(dumps(Fruit.TOMATO))
    True

The usual restrictions for pickling apply: picklable enums must be defined in the top level of a module, since unpickling requires them to be importable from that module.

Nota

With pickle protocol version 4 it is possible to easily pickle enums nested in other classes.

It is possible to modify how enum members are pickled/unpickled by defining `__reduce_ex__()` in the enumeration class. The default method is by-value, but enums with complicated values may want to use by-name:

    >>> import enum
    >>> class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
    ...     __reduce_ex__ = enum.pickle_by_enum_name

Nota

Using by-name for flags is not recommended, as unnamed aliases will not unpickle.

## API funcional

A classe `Enum` é chamável, fornecendo a API funcional a seguir:

    >>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG')
    >>> Animal
    <enum 'Animal'>
    >>> Animal.ANT
    <Animal.ANT: 1>
    >>> list(Animal)
    [<Animal.ANT: 1>, <Animal.BEE: 2>, <Animal.CAT: 3>, <Animal.DOG: 4>]

The semantics of this API resemble `namedtuple`. The first argument of the call to `Enum` is the name of the enumeration.

The second argument is the source of enumeration member names. It can be a whitespace-separated string of names, a sequence of names, a sequence of 2-tuples with key/value pairs, or a mapping (e.g. dictionary) of names to values. The last two options enable assigning arbitrary values to enumerations; the others auto-assign increasing integers starting with 1 (use the `start` parameter to specify a different starting value). A new class derived from `Enum` is returned. In other words, the above assignment to `Animal` is equivalent to:

    >>> class Animal(Enum):
    ...     ANT = 1
    ...     BEE = 2
    ...     CAT = 3
    ...     DOG = 4
    ...

The reason for defaulting to `1` as the starting number and not `0` is that `0` is `False` in a boolean sense, but by default enum members all evaluate to `True`.

Pickling enums created with the functional API can be tricky as frame stack implementation details are used to try and figure out which module the enumeration is being created in (e.g. it will fail if you use a utility function in a separate module, and also may not work on IronPython or Jython). The solution is to specify the module name explicitly as follows:

    >>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG', module=__name__)

Aviso

If `module` is not supplied, and Enum cannot determine what it is, the new Enum members will not be unpicklable; to keep errors closer to the source, pickling will be disabled.

The new pickle protocol 4 also, in some circumstances, relies on `__qualname__` being set to the location where pickle will be able to find the class. For example, if the class was made available in class SomeData in the global scope:

    >>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ANT BEE CAT DOG', qualname='SomeData.Animal')

A assinatura completa é:

    Enum(
        value='NewEnumName',
        names=<...>,
        *,
        module='...',
        qualname='...',
        type=<mixed-in class>,
        start=1,
        )

- value: What the new enum class will record as its name.

- names: The enum members. This can be a whitespace- or comma-separated string (values will start at 1 unless otherwise specified):

      'RED GREEN BLUE' | 'RED,GREEN,BLUE' | 'RED, GREEN, BLUE'

  or an iterator of names:

      ['VERMELHO', 'VERDE', 'AZUL']

  or an iterator of (name, value) pairs:

      [('CYAN', 4), ('MAGENTA', 5), ('YELLOW', 6)]

  or a mapping:

      {'CHARTREUSE': 7, 'SEA_GREEN': 11, 'ROSEMARY': 42}

- module: name of module where new enum class can be found.

- qualname: where in module new enum class can be found.

- type: type to mix in to new enum class.

- start: number to start counting at if only names are passed in.

Alterado na versão 3.5: The start parameter was added.

## Derived Enumerations

### IntEnum

The first variation of `Enum` that is provided is also a subclass of `int`. Members of an `IntEnum` can be compared to integers; by extension, integer enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other:

    >>> from enum import IntEnum
    >>> class Shape(IntEnum):
    ...     CIRCLE = 1
    ...     SQUARE = 2
    ...
    >>> class Request(IntEnum):
    ...     POST = 1
    ...     GET = 2
    ...
    >>> Shape == 1
    False
    >>> Shape.CIRCLE == 1
    True
    >>> Shape.CIRCLE == Request.POST
    True

However, they still can’t be compared to standard `Enum` enumerations:

    >>> class Shape(IntEnum):
    ...     CIRCLE = 1
    ...     SQUARE = 2
    ...
    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = 1
    ...     GREEN = 2
    ...
    >>> Shape.CIRCLE == Color.RED
    False

`IntEnum` values behave like integers in other ways you’d expect:

    >>> int(Shape.CIRCLE)
    1
    >>> ['a', 'b', 'c'][Shape.CIRCLE]
    'b'
    >>> [i for i in range(Shape.SQUARE)]
    [0, 1]

### StrEnum

The second variation of `Enum` that is provided is also a subclass of `str`. Members of a `StrEnum` can be compared to strings; by extension, string enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other.

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

### IntFlag

The next variation of `Enum` provided, `IntFlag`, is also based on `int`. The difference being `IntFlag` members can be combined using the bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~) and the result is still an `IntFlag` member, if possible. Like `IntEnum`, `IntFlag` members are also integers and can be used wherever an `int` is used.

Nota

Any operation on an `IntFlag` member besides the bit-wise operations will lose the `IntFlag` membership.

Bit-wise operations that result in invalid `IntFlag` values will lose the `IntFlag` membership. See `FlagBoundary` for details.

Adicionado na versão 3.6.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

Sample `IntFlag` class:

    >>> from enum import IntFlag
    >>> class Perm(IntFlag):
    ...     R = 4
    ...     W = 2
    ...     X = 1
    ...
    >>> Perm.R | Perm.W
    <Perm.R|W: 6>
    >>> Perm.R + Perm.W
    6
    >>> RW = Perm.R | Perm.W
    >>> Perm.R in RW
    True

It is also possible to name the combinations:

    >>> class Perm(IntFlag):
    ...     R = 4
    ...     W = 2
    ...     X = 1
    ...     RWX = 7
    ...
    >>> Perm.RWX
    <Perm.RWX: 7>
    >>> ~Perm.RWX
    <Perm: 0>
    >>> Perm(7)
    <Perm.RWX: 7>

Nota

Combinações nomeadas são consideradas apelidos. Apelidos não aparecem durante uma iteração, mas podem ser retornados por pesquisas por valor.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

Another important difference between `IntFlag` and `Enum` is that if no flags are set (the value is 0), its boolean evaluation is `False`:

    >>> Perm.R & Perm.X
    <Perm: 0>
    >>> bool(Perm.R & Perm.X)
    False

Because `IntFlag` members are also subclasses of `int` they can be combined with them (but may lose `IntFlag` membership:

    >>> Perm.X | 4
    <Perm.R|X: 5>

    >>> Perm.X + 8
    9

Nota

The negation operator, `~`, always returns an `IntFlag` member with a positive value:

    >>> (~Perm.X).value == (Perm.R|Perm.W).value == 6
    True

`IntFlag` members can also be iterated over:

    >>> list(RW)
    [<Perm.R: 4>, <Perm.W: 2>]

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

### Sinalizador

The last variation is `Flag`. Like `IntFlag`, `Flag` members can be combined using the bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~). Unlike `IntFlag`, they cannot be combined with, nor compared against, any other `Flag` enumeration, nor `int`. While it is possible to specify the values directly it is recommended to use `auto` as the value and let `Flag` select an appropriate value.

Adicionado na versão 3.6.

Like `IntFlag`, if a combination of `Flag` members results in no flags being set, the boolean evaluation is `False`:

    >>> from enum import Flag, auto
    >>> class Color(Flag):
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...
    >>> Color.RED & Color.GREEN
    <Color: 0>
    >>> bool(Color.RED & Color.GREEN)
    False

Individual flags should have values that are powers of two (1, 2, 4, 8, …), while combinations of flags will not:

    >>> class Color(Flag):
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...     WHITE = RED | BLUE | GREEN
    ...
    >>> Color.WHITE
    <Color.WHITE: 7>

Giving a name to the “no flags set” condition does not change its boolean value:

    >>> class Color(Flag):
    ...     BLACK = 0
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...
    >>> Color.BLACK
    <Color.BLACK: 0>
    >>> bool(Color.BLACK)
    False

`Flag` members can also be iterated over:

    >>> purple = Color.RED | Color.BLUE
    >>> list(purple)
    [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.BLUE: 2>]

Adicionado na versão 3.11.

Nota

For the majority of new code, `Enum` and `Flag` are strongly recommended, since `IntEnum` and `IntFlag` break some semantic promises of an enumeration (by being comparable to integers, and thus by transitivity to other unrelated enumerations). `IntEnum` and `IntFlag` should be used only in cases where `Enum` and `Flag` will not do; for example, when integer constants are replaced with enumerations, or for interoperability with other systems.

### Outros

While `IntEnum` is part of the `enum` module, it would be very simple to implement independently:

    class IntEnum(int, Enum):
        pass

This demonstrates how similar derived enumerations can be defined; for example a `FloatEnum` that mixes in `float` instead of `int`.

Algumas regras:

1. When subclassing `Enum`, mix-in types must appear before `Enum` itself in the sequence of bases, as in the `IntEnum` example above.

2. Mix-in types must be subclassable. For example, `bool` and `range` are not subclassable and will throw an error during Enum creation if used as the mix-in type.

3. While `Enum` can have members of any type, once you mix in an additional type, all the members must have values of that type, e.g. `int` above. This restriction does not apply to mix-ins which only add methods and don’t specify another type.

4. When another data type is mixed in, the `value` attribute is not the same as the enum member itself, although it is equivalent and will compare equal.

5. A `data type` is a mixin that defines `__new__()`, or a `dataclass`

6. %-style formatting: `%s` and `%r` call the `Enum` class’s `__str__()` and `__repr__()` respectively; other codes (such as `%i` or `%h` for IntEnum) treat the enum member as its mixed-in type.

7. Formatted string literals, `str.format()`, and `format()` will use the enum’s `__str__()` method.

Nota

Because `IntEnum`, `IntFlag`, and `StrEnum` are designed to be drop-in replacements for existing constants, their `__str__()` method has been reset to their data types’ `__str__()` method.

## When to use `__new__()` vs. `__init__()`

`__new__()` must be used whenever you want to customize the actual value of the `Enum` member. Any other modifications may go in either `__new__()` or `__init__()`, with `__init__()` being preferred.

For example, if you want to pass several items to the constructor, but only want one of them to be the value:

    >>> class Coordinate(bytes, Enum):
    ...     """
    ...     Coordinate with binary codes that can be indexed by the int code.
    ...     """
    ...     def __new__(cls, value, label, unit):
    ...         obj = bytes.__new__(cls, [value])
    ...         obj._value_ = value
    ...         obj.label = label
    ...         obj.unit = unit
    ...         return obj
    ...     PX = (0, 'P.X', 'km')
    ...     PY = (1, 'P.Y', 'km')
    ...     VX = (2, 'V.X', 'km/s')
    ...     VY = (3, 'V.Y', 'km/s')
    ...

    >>> print(Coordinate['PY'])
    Coordinate.PY

    >>> print(Coordinate(3))
    Coordinate.VY

Aviso

Do not call `super().__new__()`, as the lookup-only `__new__` is the one that is found; instead, use the data type directly.

### Finer Points

#### Nomes `__dunder__` suportados

`__members__` is a read-only ordered mapping of `member_name`:`member` items. It is only available on the class.

`__new__()`, if specified, must create and return the enum members; it is also a very good idea to set the member’s `_value_` appropriately. Once all the members are created it is no longer used.

#### Nomes `_sunder_` suportados

- `_name_` – name of the member

- `_value_` – value of the member; can be set / modified in `__new__`

- `_missing_()` – a lookup function used when a value is not found; may be overridden

- `_ignore_` – a list of names, either as a `list` or a `str`, that will not be transformed into members, and will be removed from the final class

- `_order_` – used in Python 2/3 code to ensure member order is consistent (class attribute, removed during class creation)

- `_generate_next_value_()` – used by the Functional API and by `auto` to get an appropriate value for an enum member; may be overridden

Nota

Para classes `Enum` padrão, o próximo valor escolhido é o último valor visto incrementado em um.

Para as classes `Flag` o próximo valor escolhido será a próxima potência de dois mais alta, independentemente do último valor visto.

Adicionado na versão 3.6: `_missing_`, `_order_`, `_generate_next_value_`

Adicionado na versão 3.7: `_ignore_`

To help keep Python 2 / Python 3 code in sync an `_order_` attribute can be provided. It will be checked against the actual order of the enumeration and raise an error if the two do not match:

    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     _order_ = 'VERMELHO VERDE AZUL'
    ...     VERMELHO = 1
    ...     AZUL = 3
    ...     VERDE = 2
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    TypeError: member order does not match _order_:
      ['VERMELHO', 'AZUL', 'VERDE']
      ['VERMELHO', 'VERDE', 'AZUL']

Nota

In Python 2 code the `_order_` attribute is necessary as definition order is lost before it can be recorded.

#### _Private__names

Private names are not converted to enum members, but remain normal attributes.

Alterado na versão 3.11.

#### `Enum` member type

Enum members are instances of their enum class, and are normally accessed as `EnumClass.member`. In certain situations, such as writing custom enum behavior, being able to access one member directly from another is useful, and is supported; however, in order to avoid name clashes between member names and attributes/methods from mixed-in classes, upper-case names are strongly recommended.

Alterado na versão 3.5.

#### Creating members that are mixed with other data types

When subclassing other data types, such as `int` or `str`, with an `Enum`, all values after the `=` are passed to that data type’s constructor. For example:

    >>> class MyEnum(IntEnum):      # help(int) -> int(x, base=10) -> integer
    ...     example = '11', 16      # so x='11' and base=16
    ...
    >>> MyEnum.example.value        # and hex(11) is...
    17

#### Boolean value of `Enum` classes and members

Enum classes that are mixed with non-`Enum` types (such as `int`, `str`, etc.) are evaluated according to the mixed-in type’s rules; otherwise, all members evaluate as `True`. To make your own enum’s boolean evaluation depend on the member’s value add the following to your class:

    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self.value)

Plain `Enum` classes always evaluate as `True`.

#### `Enum` classes with methods

If you give your enum subclass extra methods, like the Planet class below, those methods will show up in a `dir()` of the member, but not of the class:

    >>> dir(Planet)
    ['EARTH', 'JUPITER', 'MARS', 'MERCURY', 'NEPTUNE', 'SATURN', 'URANUS', 'VENUS', '__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']
    >>> dir(Planet.EARTH)
    ['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__', 'mass', 'name', 'radius', 'surface_gravity', 'value']

#### Combining members of `Flag`

Iterating over a combination of `Flag` members will only return the members that are comprised of a single bit:

    >>> class Color(Flag):
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     MAGENTA = RED | BLUE
    ...     YELLOW = RED | GREEN
    ...     CYAN = GREEN | BLUE
    ...
    >>> Color(3)  # named combination
    <Color.YELLOW: 3>
    >>> Color(7)      # not named combination
    <Color.RED|GREEN|BLUE: 7>

#### `Flag` and `IntFlag` minutia

Using the following snippet for our examples:

    >>> class Color(IntFlag):
    ...     BLACK = 0
    ...     RED = 1
    ...     GREEN = 2
    ...     BLUE = 4
    ...     PURPLE = RED | BLUE
    ...     WHITE = RED | GREEN | BLUE
    ...

the following are true:

- single-bit flags are canonical

- multi-bit and zero-bit flags are aliases

- only canonical flags are returned during iteration:

      >>> list(Color.WHITE)
      [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.BLUE: 4>]

- negating a flag or flag set returns a new flag/flag set with the corresponding positive integer value:

      >>> Color.BLUE
      <Color.BLUE: 4>

      >>> ~Color.BLUE
      <Color.RED|GREEN: 3>

- names of pseudo-flags are constructed from their members’ names:

      >>> (Color.RED | Color.GREEN).name
      'RED|GREEN'

      >>> class Perm(IntFlag):
      ...     R = 4
      ...     W = 2
      ...     X = 1
      ...
      >>> (Perm.R & Perm.W).name is None  # effectively Perm(0)
      True

- multi-bit flags, aka aliases, can be returned from operations:

      >>> Color.RED | Color.BLUE
      <Color.PURPLE: 5>

      >>> Color(7)  # or Color(-1)
      <Color.WHITE: 7>

      >>> Color(0)
      <Color.BLACK: 0>

- membership / containment checking: zero-valued flags are always considered to be contained:

      >>> Color.BLACK in Color.WHITE
      True

  otherwise, only if all bits of one flag are in the other flag will True be returned:

      >>> Color.PURPLE in Color.WHITE
      True

      >>> Color.GREEN in Color.PURPLE
      False

There is a new boundary mechanism that controls how out-of-range / invalid bits are handled: `STRICT`, `CONFORM`, `EJECT`, and `KEEP`:

- STRICT –> raises an exception when presented with invalid values

- CONFORM –> discards any invalid bits

- EJECT –> lose Flag status and become a normal int with the given value

- KEEP –> keep the extra bits

  - keeps Flag status and extra bits

  - extra bits do not show up in iteration

  - extra bits do show up in repr() and str()

The default for Flag is `STRICT`, the default for `IntFlag` is `EJECT`, and the default for `_convert_` is `KEEP` (see `ssl.Options` for an example of when `KEEP` is needed).

## How are Enums and Flags different?

Enums have a custom metaclass that affects many aspects of both derived `Enum` classes and their instances (members).

### Enum Classes

The `EnumType` metaclass is responsible for providing the `__contains__()`, `__dir__()`, `__iter__()` and other methods that allow one to do things with an `Enum` class that fail on a typical class, such as `list(Color)` or `some_enum_var in Color`. `EnumType` is responsible for ensuring that various other methods on the final `Enum` class are correct (such as `__new__()`, `__getnewargs__()`, `__str__()` and `__repr__()`).

### Flag Classes

Flags have an expanded view of aliasing: to be canonical, the value of a flag needs to be a power-of-two value, and not a duplicate name. So, in addition to the `Enum` definition of alias, a flag with no value (a.k.a. `0`) or with more than one power-of-two value (e.g. `3`) is considered an alias.

### Enum Members (aka instances)

The most interesting thing about enum members is that they are singletons. `EnumType` creates them all while it is creating the enum class itself, and then puts a custom `__new__()` in place to ensure that no new ones are ever instantiated by returning only the existing member instances.

### Flag Members

Flag members can be iterated over just like the `Flag` class, and only the canonical members will be returned. For example:

    >>> list(Color)
    [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.GREEN: 2>, <Color.BLUE: 4>]

(Note that `BLACK`, `PURPLE`, and `WHITE` do not show up.)

Inverting a flag member returns the corresponding positive value, rather than a negative value — for example:

    >>> ~Color.RED
    <Color.GREEN|BLUE: 6>

Flag members have a length corresponding to the number of power-of-two values they contain. For example:

    >>> len(Color.PURPLE)
    2

## Enum Cookbook

While `Enum`, `IntEnum`, `StrEnum`, `Flag`, and `IntFlag` are expected to cover the majority of use-cases, they cannot cover them all. Here are recipes for some different types of enumerations that can be used directly, or as examples for creating one’s own.

### Omitting values

In many use-cases, one doesn’t care what the actual value of an enumeration is. There are several ways to define this type of simple enumeration:

- use instances of `auto` for the value

- use instances of `object` as the value

- use a descriptive string as the value

- use a tuple as the value and a custom `__new__()` to replace the tuple with an `int` value

Using any of these methods signifies to the user that these values are not important, and also enables one to add, remove, or reorder members without having to renumber the remaining members.

#### Using `auto`

Using `auto` would look like:

    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = auto()
    ...     BLUE = auto()
    ...     GREEN = auto()
    ...
    >>> Color.GREEN
    <Color.GREEN: 3>

#### Using `object`

Using `object` would look like:

    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = object()
    ...     GREEN = object()
    ...     BLUE = object()
    ...
    >>> Color.GREEN
    <Color.GREEN: <object object at 0x...>>

This is also a good example of why you might want to write your own `__repr__()`:

    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = object()
    ...     GREEN = object()
    ...     BLUE = object()
    ...     def __repr__(self):
    ...         return "<%s.%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_)
    ...
    >>> Color.GREEN
    <Color.GREEN>

#### Using a descriptive string

Using a string as the value would look like:

    >>> class Color(Enum):
    ...     RED = 'stop'
    ...     GREEN = 'go'
    ...     BLUE = 'too fast!'
    ...
    >>> Color.GREEN
    <Color.GREEN: 'go'>

#### Using a custom `__new__()`

Using an auto-numbering `__new__()` would look like:

    >>> class AutoNumber(Enum):
    ...     def __new__(cls):
    ...         value = len(cls.__members__) + 1
    ...         obj = object.__new__(cls)
    ...         obj._value_ = value
    ...         return obj
    ...
    >>> class Color(AutoNumber):
    ...     RED = ()
    ...     GREEN = ()
    ...     BLUE = ()
    ...
    >>> Color.GREEN
    <Color.GREEN: 2>

To make a more general purpose `AutoNumber`, add `*args` to the signature:

    >>> class AutoNumber(Enum):
    ...     def __new__(cls, *args):      # this is the only change from above
    ...         value = len(cls.__members__) + 1
    ...         obj = object.__new__(cls)
    ...         obj._value_ = value
    ...         return obj
    ...

Then when you inherit from `AutoNumber` you can write your own `__init__` to handle any extra arguments:

    >>> class Swatch(AutoNumber):
    ...     def __init__(self, pantone='unknown'):
    ...         self.pantone = pantone
    ...     AUBURN = '3497'
    ...     SEA_GREEN = '1246'
    ...     BLEACHED_CORAL = () # New color, no Pantone code yet!
    ...
    >>> Swatch.SEA_GREEN
    <Swatch.SEA_GREEN: 2>
    >>> Swatch.SEA_GREEN.pantone
    '1246'
    >>> Swatch.BLEACHED_CORAL.pantone
    'unknown'

Nota

The `__new__()` method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum members; it is then replaced by Enum’s `__new__()` which is used after class creation for lookup of existing members.

Aviso

Do not call `super().__new__()`, as the lookup-only `__new__` is the one that is found; instead, use the data type directly – e.g.:

    obj = int.__new__(cls, value)

### OrderedEnum

An ordered enumeration that is not based on `IntEnum` and so maintains the normal `Enum` invariants (such as not being comparable to other enumerations):

    >>> class OrderedEnum(Enum):
    ...     def __ge__(self, other):
    ...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
    ...             return self.value >= other.value
    ...         return NotImplemented
    ...     def __gt__(self, other):
    ...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
    ...             return self.value > other.value
    ...         return NotImplemented
    ...     def __le__(self, other):
    ...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
    ...             return self.value <= other.value
    ...         return NotImplemented
    ...     def __lt__(self, other):
    ...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
    ...             return self.value < other.value
    ...         return NotImplemented
    ...
    >>> class Grade(OrderedEnum):
    ...     A = 5
    ...     B = 4
    ...     C = 3
    ...     D = 2
    ...     F = 1
    ...
    >>> Grade.C < Grade.A
    True

### DuplicateFreeEnum

Raises an error if a duplicate member value is found instead of creating an alias:

    >>> class DuplicateFreeEnum(Enum):
    ...     def __init__(self, *args):
    ...         cls = self.__class__
    ...         if any(self.value == e.value for e in cls):
    ...             a = self.name
    ...             e = cls(self.value).name
    ...             raise ValueError(
    ...                 "aliases not allowed in DuplicateFreeEnum:  %r --> %r"
    ...                 % (a, e))
    ...
    >>> class Color(DuplicateFreeEnum):
    ...     RED = 1
    ...     GREEN = 2
    ...     BLUE = 3
    ...     GRENE = 2
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: aliases not allowed in DuplicateFreeEnum:  'GRENE' --> 'GREEN'

Nota

This is a useful example for subclassing Enum to add or change other behaviors as well as disallowing aliases. If the only desired change is disallowing aliases, the `unique()` decorator can be used instead.

### Planet

If `__new__()` or `__init__()` is defined, the value of the enum member will be passed to those methods:

    >>> class Planet(Enum):
    ...     MERCURY = (3.303e+23, 2.4397e6)
    ...     VENUS   = (4.869e+24, 6.0518e6)
    ...     EARTH   = (5.976e+24, 6.37814e6)
    ...     MARS    = (6.421e+23, 3.3972e6)
    ...     JUPITER = (1.9e+27,   7.1492e7)
    ...     SATURN  = (5.688e+26, 6.0268e7)
    ...     URANUS  = (8.686e+25, 2.5559e7)
    ...     NEPTUNE = (1.024e+26, 2.4746e7)
    ...     def __init__(self, mass, radius):
    ...         self.mass = mass       # in kilograms
    ...         self.radius = radius   # in meters
    ...     @property
    ...     def surface_gravity(self):
    ...         # universal gravitational constant  (m3 kg-1 s-2)
    ...         G = 6.67300E-11
    ...         return G * self.mass / (self.radius * self.radius)
    ...
    >>> Planet.EARTH.value
    (5.976e+24, 6378140.0)
    >>> Planet.EARTH.surface_gravity
    9.802652743337129

### TimePeriod

An example to show the `_ignore_` attribute in use:

    >>> from datetime import timedelta
    >>> class Period(timedelta, Enum):
    ...     "different lengths of time"
    ...     _ignore_ = 'Period i'
    ...     Period = vars()
    ...     for i in range(367):
    ...         Period['day_%d' % i] = i
    ...
    >>> list(Period)[:2]
    [<Period.day_0: datetime.timedelta(0)>, <Period.day_1: datetime.timedelta(days=1)>]
    >>> list(Period)[-2:]
    [<Period.day_365: datetime.timedelta(days=365)>, <Period.day_366: datetime.timedelta(days=366)>]

## Subclassing EnumType

While most enum needs can be met by customizing `Enum` subclasses, either with class decorators or custom functions, `EnumType` can be subclassed to provide a different Enum experience.