logging — Recurso de utilização do Logging para Python

Código-fonte: Lib/logging/__init__.py

Important

Esta página contêm informação de referência da API. Para informação tutorial e discussão de tópicos mais avançados, consulte

• Tutorial básico

• Tutorial avançado

• Livro de receitas de logging

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Este módulo define funções e classes que implementam um registro flexível de eventos de sistema para aplicações e bibliotecas.

O principal benefício de ter a API de registro de eventos a partir de um módulo da biblioteca padrão é que todos os módulos Python podem participar no registro de eventos, de forma que sua aplicação pode incluir suas próprias mensagens, integradas com mensagens de módulos de terceiros.

Aqui está um exemplo simples de uso idiomático:

# myapp.py
import logging
import mylib
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def main():
    logging.basicConfig(filename='myapp.log', level=logging.INFO)
    logger.info('Started')
    mylib.do_something()
    logger.info('Finished')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

# mylib.py
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def do_something():
    logger.info('Doing something')

Se você executar myapp.py, deverá ver isso em myapp.log:

INFO:__main__:Started
INFO:mylib:Doing something
INFO:__main__:Finished

The key features of this idiomatic usage is that the majority of code is simply creating a module level logger with getLogger(__name__), and using that logger to do any needed logging. This is concise while allowing downstream code fine grained control if needed. Logged messages to the module-level logger get forwarded up to handlers of loggers in higher-level modules, all the way up to the root logger; for this reason this approach is known as hierarchical logging.

For logging to be useful, it needs to be configured: setting the levels and destinations for each logger, potentially changing how specific modules log, often based on command-line arguments or application configuration. In most cases, like the one above, only the root logger needs to be so configured, since all the lower level loggers at module level eventually forward their messages to its handlers. basicConfig() provides a quick way to configure the root logger that handles many use cases.

O módulo provê várias funcionalidades e flexibilidade. Se você não está familiarizado com logging, a melhor maneira para se ter uma noção sobre é ver os tutoriais (veja os links acima e à direita).

As classes básicas definidas no módulo, juntamente com suas funções, são listadas abaixo.

• Loggers expõem a interface que o código da aplicação usa diretamente.

• Handlers enviam os registros do evento (criados por loggers) aos destinos apropriados.

• Filters fornecem uma facilidade granular para determinar quais registros de eventos enviar à saída.

• Formatters especificam o layout dos registros de eventos na saída final.

Objetos Logger

Loggers tem os atributos e métodos a seguir. Observem que Loggers NUNCA devem ser instanciados diretamente, mas sempre através da função logging.getLogger(name). Múltiplas chamadas à função getLogger() com o mesmo nome sempre retornará uma referência para o mesmo objeto Logger.

O name é, potencialmente, um valor hierárquico separado por ponto, como foo.bar.baz (embora também possa ser simplesmente foo, por exemplo). Loggers que estão mais abaixo na lista hierárquica são filhos de loggers que estão acima na lista. Por exemplo, dado um logger com nome foo, loggers com nomes de foo.bar, foo.bar.baz, e foo.bam são todos descendentes de foo. A hierarquia do nome do logger é análoga à dos pacotes Python, e idêntica a esses, se você organizar seus loggers baseado nos módulos, usando a construção recomendada logging.getLogger(__name__). Isso porque num módulo, __name__ é o nome do módulo no espaço de nomes do pacote Python.

class logging.Logger

name

This is the logger’s name, and is the value that was passed to getLogger() to obtain the logger.

Nota

Este atributo deve ser tratado como somente leitura.

level

The threshold of this logger, as set by the setLevel() method.

Nota

Do not set this attribute directly - always use setLevel(), which has checks for the level passed to it.

parent

The parent logger of this logger. It may change based on later instantiation of loggers which are higher up in the namespace hierarchy.

Nota

Este valor deve ser tratado como somente leitura.

propagate

Se este atributo for avaliado como verdadeiro, os registros de eventos para esse logger serão repassados para loggers de níveis superiores (ancestrais), em adição a qualquer destino configurado para esse logger.

Se o valor for falso, as mensagens de registro de eventos não são passadas para loggers ancestrais.

Explicando com um exemplo: se o atributo propagate do logger chamado A.B.C for avaliado como true, qualquer evento registrado em A.B.C pela chamada de métodos como logging.getLogger('A.B.C').error(...) será [sujeito à passagem das configurações de filtro e nível do logger] passada por sua vez para qualquer tratador ligado aos loggers nomeados A.B, A e ao logger raiz, após ser passado para qualquer tratador ligado ao A.B.C. Se qualquer logger na cadeia A.B.C, A.B, A tem o atributo propagate definido como false, então esse será o último logger cujos tratadores terão os eventos oferecidos para serem tratados e a propagação terminará naquele ponto.

O construtor atribui este valor como True.

Nota

Se você configurar um destino para o logger e um ou mais dos ancestrais, pode acontecer que a mesma mensagem seja registrada várias vezes. Em geral, você não precisa configurar saídas para mais que um logger - se você configurar apenas para o logger principal da hierarquia, então todos os eventos dos loggers descendentes serão visualizados ali, fornecido pela configuração de propagação, cujo padrão é True. Um cenário comum é configurar as saídas somente no logger raiz, e deixar a propagação tomar conta do resto.

handlers

The list of handlers directly attached to this logger instance.

Nota

This attribute should be treated as read-only; it is normally changed via the addHandler() and removeHandler() methods, which use locks to ensure thread-safe operation.

disabled

This attribute disables handling of any events. It is set to False in the initializer, and only changed by logging configuration code.

Nota

Este atributo deve ser tratado como somente leitura.

setLevel(level)

Ajuste o limite para este logger para level. Mensagens de registro de eventos que forem menos severas que este level serão ignoradas; mensagens que tenham nível de severidade igual ou maior que level serão emitidas para os destinos de saída configurados para o logger, a menos que o nível da saída tenha sido configurado para uma severidade ainda maior.

Quando um logger é criado, o nível é definido como NOTSET (que faz com que todas as mensagens sejam processadas quando o logger for o logger raiz, ou delegação para o pai quando o logger não for um logger raiz). Observe que o logger raiz é criado com nível WARNING.

O termo “delegação ao pai” significa que o logger possui um nível de NOTSET, e a sua cadeia de loggers ancestrais será percorrida até que um ancestral com o nível diferente de NOTSET seja encontrado ou até a raiz ser alcançada.

Se um ancestral for achado com um nível diferente de NOTSET, então o nível daquele ancestral será tratado como o nível efetivo do logger que começou a busca por ancestrais, e é usado para determinar como um registro de evento será manipulado.

Se a raiz é alcançada e o seu nível é NOTSET, então todas as mensagens serão processadas. Caso contrário, o nível da raiz será usada como o nível efetivo.

Veja Logging Levels para uma lista de níveis.

Alterado na versão 3.2: O parâmetro level agora é aceito como uma string representando o nível tal qual ‘INFO’, como uma alternativa as constantes inteiras tal qual INFO. Note, entretanto, que os níveis são guardados internamente como inteiros e os métodos como, por exemplo, getEffectiveLevel() e isEnabledFor() retornarão/esperarão que sejam passados inteiros.

isEnabledFor(level)

Indica se a mensagem com gravidade level seria processada por esse logger. Esse método checa primeiro o nível à nível de módulo definido por logging.disable(level) e então o nível efetivo do logger como determinado por getEffectiveLevel().

getEffectiveLevel()

Indica o nível efeito para esse logger. Se um valor diferente de NOTSET foi definido usando setLevel(), ele é retornado. Caso contrário, a hierarquia é percorrida em direção a raiz até um valor diferente de NOTSET ser encontrado e então esse valor é retornado. O valor retornado é um inteiro, tipicamento um entre logging.DEBUG, logging.INFO etc

getChild(suffix)

Retorna um logger que é descendente deste logger, como determinado pelo sufixo. Portanto, logging.getLogger('abc').getChild('def.ghi') retornaria o mesmo logger que seria retornado por logging.getLogger('abc.def.ghi'). Esse é um método de conveniência, útil quando o logger pai é nomeado usando, por exemplo __name__ ao invés de uma string literal.

Novo na versão 3.2.

debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level DEBUG on this logger. The msg is the message format string, and the args are the arguments which are merged into msg using the string formatting operator. (Note that this means that you can use keywords in the format string, together with a single dictionary argument.) No % formatting operation is performed on msg when no args are supplied.

Existem quatro argumentos nomeados em kwargs que serão inspecionados: exc_info, stack_info, stacklevel e extra.

If exc_info does not evaluate as false, it causes exception information to be added to the logging message. If an exception tuple (in the format returned by sys.exc_info()) or an exception instance is provided, it is used; otherwise, sys.exc_info() is called to get the exception information.

The second optional keyword argument is stack_info, which defaults to False. If true, stack information is added to the logging message, including the actual logging call. Note that this is not the same stack information as that displayed through specifying exc_info: The former is stack frames from the bottom of the stack up to the logging call in the current thread, whereas the latter is information about stack frames which have been unwound, following an exception, while searching for exception handlers.

You can specify stack_info independently of exc_info, e.g. to just show how you got to a certain point in your code, even when no exceptions were raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says:

Stack (most recent call last):

Isso imita o Traceback (most recent call last): que é usado ao exibir quadros de exceção.

The third optional keyword argument is stacklevel, which defaults to 1. If greater than 1, the corresponding number of stack frames are skipped when computing the line number and function name set in the LogRecord created for the logging event. This can be used in logging helpers so that the function name, filename and line number recorded are not the information for the helper function/method, but rather its caller. The name of this parameter mirrors the equivalent one in the warnings module.

The fourth keyword argument is extra which can be used to pass a dictionary which is used to populate the __dict__ of the LogRecord created for the logging event with user-defined attributes. These custom attributes can then be used as you like. For example, they could be incorporated into logged messages. For example:

FORMAT = '%(asctime)s %(clientip)-15s %(user)-8s %(message)s'
logging.basicConfig(format=FORMAT)
d = {'clientip': '192.168.0.1', 'user': 'fbloggs'}
logger = logging.getLogger('tcpserver')
logger.warning('Protocol problem: %s', 'connection reset', extra=d)

imprimiria algo como

2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs  Protocol problem: connection reset

The keys in the dictionary passed in extra should not clash with the keys used by the logging system. (See the section on Atributos LogRecord for more information on which keys are used by the logging system.)

If you choose to use these attributes in logged messages, you need to exercise some care. In the above example, for instance, the Formatter has been set up with a format string which expects ‘clientip’ and ‘user’ in the attribute dictionary of the LogRecord. If these are missing, the message will not be logged because a string formatting exception will occur. So in this case, you always need to pass the extra dictionary with these keys.

While this might be annoying, this feature is intended for use in specialized circumstances, such as multi-threaded servers where the same code executes in many contexts, and interesting conditions which arise are dependent on this context (such as remote client IP address and authenticated user name, in the above example). In such circumstances, it is likely that specialized Formatters would be used with particular Handlers.

Se nenhum tratador esta ligado à este logger (ou nenhum de seus ancestrais, levando em consideração os atributos Logger.propagate relevantes), a mensagem será enviada para o tratador definido em lastResort.

Alterado na versão 3.2: O parâmetro stack_info foi adicionado.

Alterado na versão 3.5: The exc_info parameter can now accept exception instances.

Alterado na versão 3.8: O parâmetro stacklevel foi adicionado.

info(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level INFO on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level WARNING on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

Nota

There is an obsolete method warn which is functionally identical to warning. As warn is deprecated, please do not use it - use warning instead.

error(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

critical(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level CRITICAL on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

log(level, msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with integer level level on this logger. The other arguments are interpreted as for debug().

exception(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug(). Exception info is added to the logging message. This method should only be called from an exception handler.

addFilter(filter)

Adds the specified filter filter to this logger.

removeFilter(filter)

Removes the specified filter filter from this logger.

filter(record)

Apply this logger’s filters to the record and return True if the record is to be processed. The filters are consulted in turn, until one of them returns a false value. If none of them return a false value, the record will be processed (passed to handlers). If one returns a false value, no further processing of the record occurs.

addHandler(hdlr)

Adiciona o tratador especificado por hdlr deste logger.

removeHandler(hdlr)

Remove o tratador especificado por hdlr deste logger.

findCaller(stack_info=False, stacklevel=1)

Finds the caller’s source filename and line number. Returns the filename, line number, function name and stack information as a 4-element tuple. The stack information is returned as None unless stack_info is True.

The stacklevel parameter is passed from code calling the debug() and other APIs. If greater than 1, the excess is used to skip stack frames before determining the values to be returned. This will generally be useful when calling logging APIs from helper/wrapper code, so that the information in the event log refers not to the helper/wrapper code, but to the code that calls it.

handle(record)

Handles a record by passing it to all handlers associated with this logger and its ancestors (until a false value of propagate is found). This method is used for unpickled records received from a socket, as well as those created locally. Logger-level filtering is applied using filter().

makeRecord(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, extra=None, sinfo=None)

This is a factory method which can be overridden in subclasses to create specialized LogRecord instances.

hasHandlers()

Checks to see if this logger has any handlers configured. This is done by looking for handlers in this logger and its parents in the logger hierarchy. Returns True if a handler was found, else False. The method stops searching up the hierarchy whenever a logger with the ‘propagate’ attribute set to false is found - that will be the last logger which is checked for the existence of handlers.

Novo na versão 3.2.

Alterado na versão 3.7: Loggers can now be pickled and unpickled.

Logging Levels

The numeric values of logging levels are given in the following table. These are primarily of interest if you want to define your own levels, and need them to have specific values relative to the predefined levels. If you define a level with the same numeric value, it overwrites the predefined value; the predefined name is lost.

Nível	Valor numérico	What it means / When to use it
logging.NOTSET	0	When set on a logger, indicates that ancestor loggers are to be consulted to determine the effective level. If that still resolves to NOTSET, then all events are logged. When set on a handler, all events are handled.
logging.DEBUG	10	Detailed information, typically only of interest to a developer trying to diagnose a problem.
logging.INFO	20	Confirmação de que as coisas estão funcionando como esperado.
logging.WARNING	30	An indication that something unexpected happened, or that a problem might occur in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected.
logging.ERROR	40	Por conta de um problema mais grave, o software não conseguiu executar alguma função.
logging.CRITICAL	50	Um erro grave, indicando que o programa pode não conseguir continuar rodando.

Manipulação de Objetos

Handlers have the following attributes and methods. Note that Handler is never instantiated directly; this class acts as a base for more useful subclasses. However, the __init__() method in subclasses needs to call Handler.__init__().

class logging.Handler

__init__(level=NOTSET)

Initializes the Handler instance by setting its level, setting the list of filters to the empty list and creating a lock (using createLock()) for serializing access to an I/O mechanism.

createLock()

Initializes a thread lock which can be used to serialize access to underlying I/O functionality which may not be threadsafe.

acquire()

Acquires the thread lock created with createLock().

release()

Releases the thread lock acquired with acquire().

setLevel(level)

Sets the threshold for this handler to level. Logging messages which are less severe than level will be ignored. When a handler is created, the level is set to NOTSET (which causes all messages to be processed).

Veja Logging Levels para uma lista de níveis.

Alterado na versão 3.2: The level parameter now accepts a string representation of the level such as ‘INFO’ as an alternative to the integer constants such as INFO.

setFormatter(fmt)

Sets the Formatter for this handler to fmt.

addFilter(filter)

Adds the specified filter filter to this handler.

removeFilter(filter)

Removes the specified filter filter from this handler.

filter(record)

Apply this handler’s filters to the record and return True if the record is to be processed. The filters are consulted in turn, until one of them returns a false value. If none of them return a false value, the record will be emitted. If one returns a false value, the handler will not emit the record.

flush()

Ensure all logging output has been flushed. This version does nothing and is intended to be implemented by subclasses.

close()

Tidy up any resources used by the handler. This version does no output but removes the handler from an internal list of handlers which is closed when shutdown() is called. Subclasses should ensure that this gets called from overridden close() methods.

handle(record)

Conditionally emits the specified logging record, depending on filters which may have been added to the handler. Wraps the actual emission of the record with acquisition/release of the I/O thread lock.

handleError(record)

This method should be called from handlers when an exception is encountered during an emit() call. If the module-level attribute raiseExceptions is False, exceptions get silently ignored. This is what is mostly wanted for a logging system - most users will not care about errors in the logging system, they are more interested in application errors. You could, however, replace this with a custom handler if you wish. The specified record is the one which was being processed when the exception occurred. (The default value of raiseExceptions is True, as that is more useful during development).

format(record)

Do formatting for a record - if a formatter is set, use it. Otherwise, use the default formatter for the module.

emit(record)

Do whatever it takes to actually log the specified logging record. This version is intended to be implemented by subclasses and so raises a NotImplementedError.

Aviso

This method is called after a handler-level lock is acquired, which is released after this method returns. When you override this method, note that you should be careful when calling anything that invokes other parts of the logging API which might do locking, because that might result in a deadlock. Specifically:

• Logging configuration APIs acquire the module-level lock, and then individual handler-level locks as those handlers are configured.

• Many logging APIs lock the module-level lock. If such an API is called from this method, it could cause a deadlock if a configuration call is made on another thread, because that thread will try to acquire the module-level lock before the handler-level lock, whereas this thread tries to acquire the module-level lock after the handler-level lock (because in this method, the handler-level lock has already been acquired).

For a list of handlers included as standard, see logging.handlers.

Formatter Objects

Formatter objects have the following attributes and methods. They are responsible for converting a LogRecord to (usually) a string which can be interpreted by either a human or an external system. The base Formatter allows a formatting string to be specified. If none is supplied, the default value of '%(message)s' is used, which just includes the message in the logging call. To have additional items of information in the formatted output (such as a timestamp), keep reading.

A Formatter can be initialized with a format string which makes use of knowledge of the LogRecord attributes - such as the default value mentioned above making use of the fact that the user’s message and arguments are pre-formatted into a LogRecord’s message attribute. This format string contains standard Python %-style mapping keys. See section Formatação de String no Formato no estilo printf for more information on string formatting.

The useful mapping keys in a LogRecord are given in the section on Atributos LogRecord.

class logging.Formatter(fmt=None, datefmt=None, style='%', validate=True, *, defaults=None)

Returns a new instance of the Formatter class. The instance is initialized with a format string for the message as a whole, as well as a format string for the date/time portion of a message. If no fmt is specified, '%(message)s' is used. If no datefmt is specified, a format is used which is described in the formatTime() documentation.

The style parameter can be one of ‘%’, ‘{’ or ‘$’ and determines how the format string will be merged with its data: using one of %-formatting, str.format() or string.Template. This only applies to the format string fmt (e.g. '%(message)s' or {message}), not to the actual log messages passed to Logger.debug etc; see Using particular formatting styles throughout your application for more information on using {- and $-formatting for log messages.

The defaults parameter can be a dictionary with default values to use in custom fields. For example: logging.Formatter('%(ip)s %(message)s', defaults={"ip": None})

Alterado na versão 3.2: The style parameter was added.

Alterado na versão 3.8: The validate parameter was added. Incorrect or mismatched style and fmt will raise a ValueError. For example: logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(message)s', style='{').

Alterado na versão 3.10: The defaults parameter was added.

format(record)

The record’s attribute dictionary is used as the operand to a string formatting operation. Returns the resulting string. Before formatting the dictionary, a couple of preparatory steps are carried out. The message attribute of the record is computed using msg % args. If the formatting string contains '(asctime)', formatTime() is called to format the event time. If there is exception information, it is formatted using formatException() and appended to the message. Note that the formatted exception information is cached in attribute exc_text. This is useful because the exception information can be pickled and sent across the wire, but you should be careful if you have more than one Formatter subclass which customizes the formatting of exception information. In this case, you will have to clear the cached value (by setting the exc_text attribute to None) after a formatter has done its formatting, so that the next formatter to handle the event doesn’t use the cached value, but recalculates it afresh.

If stack information is available, it’s appended after the exception information, using formatStack() to transform it if necessary.

formatTime(record, datefmt=None)

This method should be called from format() by a formatter which wants to make use of a formatted time. This method can be overridden in formatters to provide for any specific requirement, but the basic behavior is as follows: if datefmt (a string) is specified, it is used with time.strftime() to format the creation time of the record. Otherwise, the format ‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,uuu’ is used, where the uuu part is a millisecond value and the other letters are as per the time.strftime() documentation. An example time in this format is 2003-01-23 00:29:50,411. The resulting string is returned.

This function uses a user-configurable function to convert the creation time to a tuple. By default, time.localtime() is used; to change this for a particular formatter instance, set the converter attribute to a function with the same signature as time.localtime() or time.gmtime(). To change it for all formatters, for example if you want all logging times to be shown in GMT, set the converter attribute in the Formatter class.

Alterado na versão 3.3: Previously, the default format was hard-coded as in this example: 2010-09-06 22:38:15,292 where the part before the comma is handled by a strptime format string ('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), and the part after the comma is a millisecond value. Because strptime does not have a format placeholder for milliseconds, the millisecond value is appended using another format string, '%s,%03d' — and both of these format strings have been hardcoded into this method. With the change, these strings are defined as class-level attributes which can be overridden at the instance level when desired. The names of the attributes are default_time_format (for the strptime format string) and default_msec_format (for appending the millisecond value).

Alterado na versão 3.9: The default_msec_format can be None.

formatException(exc_info)

Formats the specified exception information (a standard exception tuple as returned by sys.exc_info()) as a string. This default implementation just uses traceback.print_exception(). The resulting string is returned.

formatStack(stack_info)

Formats the specified stack information (a string as returned by traceback.print_stack(), but with the last newline removed) as a string. This default implementation just returns the input value.

class logging.BufferingFormatter(linefmt=None)

A base formatter class suitable for subclassing when you want to format a number of records. You can pass a Formatter instance which you want to use to format each line (that corresponds to a single record). If not specified, the default formatter (which just outputs the event message) is used as the line formatter.

formatHeader(records)

Return a header for a list of records. The base implementation just returns the empty string. You will need to override this method if you want specific behaviour, e.g. to show the count of records, a title or a separator line.

formatFooter(records)

Return a footer for a list of records. The base implementation just returns the empty string. You will need to override this method if you want specific behaviour, e.g. to show the count of records or a separator line.

format(records)

Return formatted text for a list of records. The base implementation just returns the empty string if there are no records; otherwise, it returns the concatenation of the header, each record formatted with the line formatter, and the footer.

Filter Objects

Filters can be used by Handlers and Loggers for more sophisticated filtering than is provided by levels. The base filter class only allows events which are below a certain point in the logger hierarchy. For example, a filter initialized with ‘A.B’ will allow events logged by loggers ‘A.B’, ‘A.B.C’, ‘A.B.C.D’, ‘A.B.D’ etc. but not ‘A.BB’, ‘B.A.B’ etc. If initialized with the empty string, all events are passed.

class logging.Filter(name='')

Returns an instance of the Filter class. If name is specified, it names a logger which, together with its children, will have its events allowed through the filter. If name is the empty string, allows every event.

filter(record)

Is the specified record to be logged? Returns zero for no, nonzero for yes. If deemed appropriate, the record may be modified in-place by this method.

Note that filters attached to handlers are consulted before an event is emitted by the handler, whereas filters attached to loggers are consulted whenever an event is logged (using debug(), info(), etc.), before sending an event to handlers. This means that events which have been generated by descendant loggers will not be filtered by a logger’s filter setting, unless the filter has also been applied to those descendant loggers.

You don’t actually need to subclass Filter: you can pass any instance which has a filter method with the same semantics.

Alterado na versão 3.2: You don’t need to create specialized Filter classes, or use other classes with a filter method: you can use a function (or other callable) as a filter. The filtering logic will check to see if the filter object has a filter attribute: if it does, it’s assumed to be a Filter and its filter() method is called. Otherwise, it’s assumed to be a callable and called with the record as the single parameter. The returned value should conform to that returned by filter().

Although filters are used primarily to filter records based on more sophisticated criteria than levels, they get to see every record which is processed by the handler or logger they’re attached to: this can be useful if you want to do things like counting how many records were processed by a particular logger or handler, or adding, changing or removing attributes in the LogRecord being processed. Obviously changing the LogRecord needs to be done with some care, but it does allow the injection of contextual information into logs (see Using Filters to impart contextual information).

LogRecord Objects

LogRecord instances are created automatically by the Logger every time something is logged, and can be created manually via makeLogRecord() (for example, from a pickled event received over the wire).

class logging.LogRecord(name, level, pathname, lineno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, sinfo=None)

Contains all the information pertinent to the event being logged.

The primary information is passed in msg and args, which are combined using msg % args to create the message attribute of the record.

Parâmetros:

• name (str) – The name of the logger used to log the event represented by this LogRecord. Note that the logger name in the LogRecord will always have this value, even though it may be emitted by a handler attached to a different (ancestor) logger.

• level (int) – The numeric level of the logging event (such as 10 for DEBUG, 20 for INFO, etc). Note that this is converted to two attributes of the LogRecord: levelno for the numeric value and levelname for the corresponding level name.

• pathname (str) – The full string path of the source file where the logging call was made.

• lineno (int) – The line number in the source file where the logging call was made.

• msg (Any) – The event description message, which can be a %-format string with placeholders for variable data, or an arbitrary object (see Usando objetos arbitrários como mensagens).

• args (tuple | dict[str, Any]) – Variable data to merge into the msg argument to obtain the event description.

• exc_info (tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, types.TracebackType] | None) – An exception tuple with the current exception information, as returned by sys.exc_info(), or None if no exception information is available.

• func (str | None) – The name of the function or method from which the logging call was invoked.

• sinfo (str | None) – A text string representing stack information from the base of the stack in the current thread, up to the logging call.

getMessage()

Returns the message for this LogRecord instance after merging any user-supplied arguments with the message. If the user-supplied message argument to the logging call is not a string, str() is called on it to convert it to a string. This allows use of user-defined classes as messages, whose __str__ method can return the actual format string to be used.

Alterado na versão 3.2: The creation of a LogRecord has been made more configurable by providing a factory which is used to create the record. The factory can be set using getLogRecordFactory() and setLogRecordFactory() (see this for the factory’s signature).

This functionality can be used to inject your own values into a LogRecord at creation time. You can use the following pattern:

old_factory = logging.getLogRecordFactory()

def record_factory(*args, **kwargs):
    record = old_factory(*args, **kwargs)
    record.custom_attribute = 0xdecafbad
    return record

logging.setLogRecordFactory(record_factory)

With this pattern, multiple factories could be chained, and as long as they don’t overwrite each other’s attributes or unintentionally overwrite the standard attributes listed above, there should be no surprises.

Atributos LogRecord

The LogRecord has a number of attributes, most of which are derived from the parameters to the constructor. (Note that the names do not always correspond exactly between the LogRecord constructor parameters and the LogRecord attributes.) These attributes can be used to merge data from the record into the format string. The following table lists (in alphabetical order) the attribute names, their meanings and the corresponding placeholder in a %-style format string.

If you are using {}-formatting (str.format()), you can use {attrname} as the placeholder in the format string. If you are using $-formatting (string.Template), use the form ${attrname}. In both cases, of course, replace attrname with the actual attribute name you want to use.

In the case of {}-formatting, you can specify formatting flags by placing them after the attribute name, separated from it with a colon. For example: a placeholder of {msecs:03.0f} would format a millisecond value of 4 as 004. Refer to the str.format() documentation for full details on the options available to you.

Attribute name	Formatação	Descrição
args	You shouldn’t need to format this yourself.	The tuple of arguments merged into msg to produce message, or a dict whose values are used for the merge (when there is only one argument, and it is a dictionary).
asctime	%(asctime)s	Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. By default this is of the form ‘2003-07-08 16:49:45,896’ (the numbers after the comma are millisecond portion of the time).
created	%(created)f	Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by time.time()).
exc_info	You shouldn’t need to format this yourself.	Exception tuple (à la sys.exc_info) or, if no exception has occurred, None.
filename	%(filename)s	Filename portion of pathname.
funcName	%(funcName)s	Name of function containing the logging call.
levelname	%(levelname)s	Text logging level for the message ('DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL').
levelno	%(levelno)s	Numeric logging level for the message (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL).
lineno	%(lineno)d	Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available).
message	%(message)s	The logged message, computed as msg % args. This is set when Formatter.format() is invoked.
módulo	%(module)s	Module (name portion of filename).
msecs	%(msecs)d	Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created.
msg	You shouldn’t need to format this yourself.	The format string passed in the original logging call. Merged with args to produce message, or an arbitrary object (see Usando objetos arbitrários como mensagens).
nome	%(name)s	Name of the logger used to log the call.
pathname	%(pathname)s	Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available).
processo	%(process)d	Process ID (if available).
processName	%(processName)s	Process name (if available).
relativeCreated	%(relativeCreated)d	Time in milliseconds when the LogRecord was created, relative to the time the logging module was loaded.
stack_info	You shouldn’t need to format this yourself.	Stack frame information (where available) from the bottom of the stack in the current thread, up to and including the stack frame of the logging call which resulted in the creation of this record.
thread	%(thread)d	Thread ID (if available).
threadName	%(threadName)s	Thread name (if available).

Alterado na versão 3.1: processName was added.

LoggerAdapter Objects

LoggerAdapter instances are used to conveniently pass contextual information into logging calls. For a usage example, see the section on adding contextual information to your logging output.

class logging.LoggerAdapter(logger, extra)

Returns an instance of LoggerAdapter initialized with an underlying Logger instance and a dict-like object.

process(msg, kwargs)

Modifies the message and/or keyword arguments passed to a logging call in order to insert contextual information. This implementation takes the object passed as extra to the constructor and adds it to kwargs using key ‘extra’. The return value is a (msg, kwargs) tuple which has the (possibly modified) versions of the arguments passed in.

manager

Delegates to the underlying manager` on logger.

_log

Delegates to the underlying _log`() method on logger.

In addition to the above, LoggerAdapter supports the following methods of Logger: debug(), info(), warning(), error(), exception(), critical(), log(), isEnabledFor(), getEffectiveLevel(), setLevel() and hasHandlers(). These methods have the same signatures as their counterparts in Logger, so you can use the two types of instances interchangeably.

Alterado na versão 3.2: The isEnabledFor(), getEffectiveLevel(), setLevel() and hasHandlers() methods were added to LoggerAdapter. These methods delegate to the underlying logger.

Alterado na versão 3.6: Attribute manager and method _log() were added, which delegate to the underlying logger and allow adapters to be nested.

Thread Safety

The logging module is intended to be thread-safe without any special work needing to be done by its clients. It achieves this though using threading locks; there is one lock to serialize access to the module’s shared data, and each handler also creates a lock to serialize access to its underlying I/O.

If you are implementing asynchronous signal handlers using the signal module, you may not be able to use logging from within such handlers. This is because lock implementations in the threading module are not always re-entrant, and so cannot be invoked from such signal handlers.

Funções de Nível de Módulo

In addition to the classes described above, there are a number of module-level functions.

logging.getLogger(name=None)

Return a logger with the specified name or, if name is None, return a logger which is the root logger of the hierarchy. If specified, the name is typically a dot-separated hierarchical name like ‘a’, ‘a.b’ or ‘a.b.c.d’. Choice of these names is entirely up to the developer who is using logging.

All calls to this function with a given name return the same logger instance. This means that logger instances never need to be passed between different parts of an application.

logging.getLoggerClass()

Return either the standard Logger class, or the last class passed to setLoggerClass(). This function may be called from within a new class definition, to ensure that installing a customized Logger class will not undo customizations already applied by other code. For example:

class MyLogger(logging.getLoggerClass()):
    # ... override behaviour here

logging.getLogRecordFactory()

Return a callable which is used to create a LogRecord.

Novo na versão 3.2: This function has been provided, along with setLogRecordFactory(), to allow developers more control over how the LogRecord representing a logging event is constructed.

See setLogRecordFactory() for more information about the how the factory is called.

logging.debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)

This is a convenience function that calls Logger.debug(), on the root logger. The handling of the arguments is in every way identical to what is described in that method.

The only difference is that if the root logger has no handlers, then basicConfig() is called, prior to calling debug on the root logger.

For very short scripts or quick demonstrations of logging facilities, debug and the other module-level functions may be convenient. However, most programs will want to carefully and explicitly control the logging configuration, and should therefore prefer creating a module-level logger and calling Logger.debug() (or other level-specific methods) on it, as described at the beginnning of this documentation.

logging.info(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level INFO on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug().

logging.warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level WARNING on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug().

Nota

There is an obsolete function warn which is functionally identical to warning. As warn is deprecated, please do not use it - use warning instead.

logging.error(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug().

logging.critical(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level CRITICAL on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug().

logging.exception(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug(). Exception info is added to the logging message. This function should only be called from an exception handler.

logging.log(level, msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level level on the root logger. The arguments and behavior are otherwise the same as for debug().

logging.disable(level=CRITICAL)

Provides an overriding level level for all loggers which takes precedence over the logger’s own level. When the need arises to temporarily throttle logging output down across the whole application, this function can be useful. Its effect is to disable all logging calls of severity level and below, so that if you call it with a value of INFO, then all INFO and DEBUG events would be discarded, whereas those of severity WARNING and above would be processed according to the logger’s effective level. If logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) is called, it effectively removes this overriding level, so that logging output again depends on the effective levels of individual loggers.

Note that if you have defined any custom logging level higher than CRITICAL (this is not recommended), you won’t be able to rely on the default value for the level parameter, but will have to explicitly supply a suitable value.

Alterado na versão 3.7: The level parameter was defaulted to level CRITICAL. See bpo-28524 for more information about this change.

logging.addLevelName(level, levelName)

Associates level level with text levelName in an internal dictionary, which is used to map numeric levels to a textual representation, for example when a Formatter formats a message. This function can also be used to define your own levels. The only constraints are that all levels used must be registered using this function, levels should be positive integers and they should increase in increasing order of severity.

Nota

If you are thinking of defining your own levels, please see the section on Custom Levels.

logging.getLevelNamesMapping()

Returns a mapping from level names to their corresponding logging levels. For example, the string “CRITICAL” maps to CRITICAL. The returned mapping is copied from an internal mapping on each call to this function.

Novo na versão 3.11.

logging.getLevelName(level)

Returns the textual or numeric representation of logging level level.

If level is one of the predefined levels CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, INFO or DEBUG then you get the corresponding string. If you have associated levels with names using addLevelName() then the name you have associated with level is returned. If a numeric value corresponding to one of the defined levels is passed in, the corresponding string representation is returned.

The level parameter also accepts a string representation of the level such as ‘INFO’. In such cases, this functions returns the corresponding numeric value of the level.

If no matching numeric or string value is passed in, the string ‘Level %s’ % level is returned.

Nota

Levels are internally integers (as they need to be compared in the logging logic). This function is used to convert between an integer level and the level name displayed in the formatted log output by means of the %(levelname)s format specifier (see Atributos LogRecord), and vice versa.

Alterado na versão 3.4: In Python versions earlier than 3.4, this function could also be passed a text level, and would return the corresponding numeric value of the level. This undocumented behaviour was considered a mistake, and was removed in Python 3.4, but reinstated in 3.4.2 due to retain backward compatibility.

logging.makeLogRecord(attrdict)

Creates and returns a new LogRecord instance whose attributes are defined by attrdict. This function is useful for taking a pickled LogRecord attribute dictionary, sent over a socket, and reconstituting it as a LogRecord instance at the receiving end.

logging.basicConfig(**kwargs)

Does basic configuration for the logging system by creating a StreamHandler with a default Formatter and adding it to the root logger. The functions debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() will call basicConfig() automatically if no handlers are defined for the root logger.

This function does nothing if the root logger already has handlers configured, unless the keyword argument force is set to True.

Nota

This function should be called from the main thread before other threads are started. In versions of Python prior to 2.7.1 and 3.2, if this function is called from multiple threads, it is possible (in rare circumstances) that a handler will be added to the root logger more than once, leading to unexpected results such as messages being duplicated in the log.

The following keyword arguments are supported.

Formatação	Descrição
filename	Specifies that a FileHandler be created, using the specified filename, rather than a StreamHandler.
filemode	If filename is specified, open the file in this mode. Defaults to 'a'.
format	Use the specified format string for the handler. Defaults to attributes levelname, name and message separated by colons.
datefmt	Use the specified date/time format, as accepted by time.strftime().
style	If format is specified, use this style for the format string. One of '%', '{' or '$' for printf-style, str.format() or string.Template respectively. Defaults to '%'.
level	Set the root logger level to the specified level.
stream	Use the specified stream to initialize the StreamHandler. Note that this argument is incompatible with filename - if both are present, a ValueError is raised.
handlers	If specified, this should be an iterable of already created handlers to add to the root logger. Any handlers which don’t already have a formatter set will be assigned the default formatter created in this function. Note that this argument is incompatible with filename or stream - if both are present, a ValueError is raised.
force	If this keyword argument is specified as true, any existing handlers attached to the root logger are removed and closed, before carrying out the configuration as specified by the other arguments.
encoding	If this keyword argument is specified along with filename, its value is used when the FileHandler is created, and thus used when opening the output file.
errors	If this keyword argument is specified along with filename, its value is used when the FileHandler is created, and thus used when opening the output file. If not specified, the value ‘backslashreplace’ is used. Note that if None is specified, it will be passed as such to open(), which means that it will be treated the same as passing ‘errors’.

Alterado na versão 3.2: O argumento style foi adicionado.

Alterado na versão 3.3: The handlers argument was added. Additional checks were added to catch situations where incompatible arguments are specified (e.g. handlers together with stream or filename, or stream together with filename).

Alterado na versão 3.8: O argumento force foi adicionado.

Alterado na versão 3.9: Os argumentos encoding e errors foram adicionados.

logging.shutdown()

Informs the logging system to perform an orderly shutdown by flushing and closing all handlers. This should be called at application exit and no further use of the logging system should be made after this call.

When the logging module is imported, it registers this function as an exit handler (see atexit), so normally there’s no need to do that manually.

logging.setLoggerClass(klass)

Tells the logging system to use the class klass when instantiating a logger. The class should define __init__() such that only a name argument is required, and the __init__() should call Logger.__init__(). This function is typically called before any loggers are instantiated by applications which need to use custom logger behavior. After this call, as at any other time, do not instantiate loggers directly using the subclass: continue to use the logging.getLogger() API to get your loggers.

logging.setLogRecordFactory(factory)

Set a callable which is used to create a LogRecord.

Parâmetros:

factory – The factory callable to be used to instantiate a log record.

Novo na versão 3.2: This function has been provided, along with getLogRecordFactory(), to allow developers more control over how the LogRecord representing a logging event is constructed.

The factory has the following signature:

factory(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, sinfo=None, **kwargs)

nome:

The logger name.

level:

The logging level (numeric).

fn:

The full pathname of the file where the logging call was made.

lno:

The line number in the file where the logging call was made.

msg:

The logging message.

args:

The arguments for the logging message.

exc_info:

An exception tuple, or None.

func:

The name of the function or method which invoked the logging call.

sinfo:

A stack traceback such as is provided by traceback.print_stack(), showing the call hierarchy.

kwargs:

Additional keyword arguments.

Module-Level Attributes

logging.lastResort

A “handler of last resort” is available through this attribute. This is a StreamHandler writing to sys.stderr with a level of WARNING, and is used to handle logging events in the absence of any logging configuration. The end result is to just print the message to sys.stderr. This replaces the earlier error message saying that “no handlers could be found for logger XYZ”. If you need the earlier behaviour for some reason, lastResort can be set to None.

Novo na versão 3.2.

logging.raiseExceptions

Used to see if exceptions during handling should be propagated.

Padrão: True.

If raiseExceptions is False, exceptions get silently ignored. This is what is mostly wanted for a logging system - most users will not care about errors in the logging system, they are more interested in application errors.

Integration with the warnings module

The captureWarnings() function can be used to integrate logging with the warnings module.

logging.captureWarnings(capture)

This function is used to turn the capture of warnings by logging on and off.

If capture is True, warnings issued by the warnings module will be redirected to the logging system. Specifically, a warning will be formatted using warnings.formatwarning() and the resulting string logged to a logger named 'py.warnings' with a severity of WARNING.

If capture is False, the redirection of warnings to the logging system will stop, and warnings will be redirected to their original destinations (i.e. those in effect before captureWarnings(True) was called).

Ver também

Módulo logging.config

API de configuração para o módulo logging.

Módulo logging.handlers

Manipuladores úteis incluídos no módulo logging.

PEP 282 - A Logging System

The proposal which described this feature for inclusion in the Python standard library.

Original Python logging package

This is the original source for the logging package. The version of the package available from this site is suitable for use with Python 1.5.2, 2.1.x and 2.2.x, which do not include the logging package in the standard library.