Contagem de referências
***********************

As macros nesta seção são usadas para gerenciar contagens de
referências de objetos Python.

void Py_INCREF(PyObject *o)

   Indicate taking a new *strong reference* to object *o*, indicating
   it is in use and should not be destroyed.

   Esta função é geralmente usada para transformar uma *referência
   emprestada* em uma *referência forte* local. A função "Py_NewRef()"
   pode ser usada para criar uma nova *referência forte*.

   When done using the object, release it by calling "Py_DECREF()".

   The object must not be "NULL"; if you aren't sure that it isn't
   "NULL", use "Py_XINCREF()".

   Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.

void Py_XINCREF(PyObject *o)

   Semelhante a "Py_INCREF()", mas o objeto *o* pode ser "NULL", caso
   em que isso não tem efeito.

   Veja também "Py_XNewRef()".

PyObject *Py_NewRef(PyObject *o)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.*

   Create a new *strong reference* to an object: call "Py_INCREF()" on
   *o* and return the object *o*.

   When the *strong reference* is no longer needed, "Py_DECREF()"
   should be called on it to release the reference.

   The object *o* must not be "NULL"; use "Py_XNewRef()" if *o* can be
   "NULL".

   Por exemplo:

      Py_INCREF(obj);
      self->attr = obj;

   can be written as:

      self->attr = Py_NewRef(obj);

   See also "Py_INCREF()".

   Novo na versão 3.10.

PyObject *Py_XNewRef(PyObject *o)
    * Parte da ABI Estável desde a versão 3.10.*

   Semelhante a "Py_NewRef()", mas o objeto *o* pode ser NULL.

   Se o objeto *o* é "NULL", a função apenas retorna "NULL".

   Novo na versão 3.10.

void Py_DECREF(PyObject *o)

   Release a *strong reference* to object *o*, indicating the
   reference is no longer used.

   Once the last *strong reference* is released (i.e. the object's
   reference count reaches 0), the object's type's deallocation
   function (which must not be "NULL") is invoked.

   This function is usually used to delete a *strong reference* before
   exiting its scope.

   The object must not be "NULL"; if you aren't sure that it isn't
   "NULL", use "Py_XDECREF()".

   Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.

   Aviso:

     The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python code to be
     invoked (e.g. when a class instance with a "__del__()" method is
     deallocated).  While exceptions in such code are not propagated,
     the executed code has free access to all Python global variables.
     This means that any object that is reachable from a global
     variable should be in a consistent state before "Py_DECREF()" is
     invoked.  For example, code to delete an object from a list
     should copy a reference to the deleted object in a temporary
     variable, update the list data structure, and then call
     "Py_DECREF()" for the temporary variable.

void Py_XDECREF(PyObject *o)

   Similar to "Py_DECREF()", but the object *o* can be "NULL", in
   which case this has no effect. The same warning from "Py_DECREF()"
   applies here as well.

void Py_CLEAR(PyObject *o)

   Release a *strong reference* for object *o*. The object may be
   "NULL", in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect
   is the same as for "Py_DECREF()", except that the argument is also
   set to "NULL".  The warning for "Py_DECREF()" does not apply with
   respect to the object passed because the macro carefully uses a
   temporary variable and sets the argument to "NULL" before releasing
   the reference.

   It is a good idea to use this macro whenever releasing a reference
   to an object that might be traversed during garbage collection.

void Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Indicate taking a new *strong reference* to object *o*. A function
   version of "Py_XINCREF()". It can be used for runtime dynamic
   embedding of Python.

void Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)
    * Parte da ABI Estável.*

   Release a *strong reference* to object *o*. A function version of
   "Py_XDECREF()". It can be used for runtime dynamic embedding of
   Python.

As seguintes funções ou macros são apenas para uso dentro do núcleo do
interpretador: "_Py_Dealloc()", "_Py_ForgetReference()",
"_Py_NewReference()", bem como a variável global "_Py_RefTotal".
