# `tarfile` — Read and write tar archive files

Código-fonte: Lib/tarfile.py

O módulo `tarfile` possibilita a leitura e gravação de arquivos tar, incluindo aqueles que utilizam compactação gzip, bz2 e lzma. Use o módulo `zipfile` para ler ou gravar arquivos `.zip` ou as funções de nível mais alto em shutil.

Alguns fatos e números:

- reads and writes `gzip`, `bz2` and `lzma` compressed archives if the respective modules are available.

- suporte de leitura/gravação para o formato POSIX.1-1988 (ustar).

- suporte de leitura/gravação para o formato GNU tar, incluindo extensões longname e longlink, suporte somente leitura para todas as variantes da extensão sparse, incluindo restauração de arquivos esparsos.

- suporte de leitura/gravação para o formato POSIX.1-2001 (pax).

- manipula diretórios, arquivos regulares, links físicos, links simbólicos, fifos, dispositivos de caracteres e dispositivos de bloco e é capaz de adquirir e restaurar informações de arquivo, como registro de data e hora, permissões de acesso e proprietário.

Alterado na versão 3.3: Adicionado suporte para compactação `lzma`.

tarfile.open(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, bufsize=10240, **kwargs)

  Retorna um objeto `TarFile` para o caminho name. Para obter informações detalhadas sobre objetos `TarFile` e os argumentos nomeados permitidos, consulte TarFile Objects.

  mode deve ser uma string no formato `'filemode[:compression]'`, o padrão é `'r'`. Aqui está uma lista completa de combinações de modos:

  mode | ação
  --- | ---
  `'r' or 'r:*'` | Abre para leitura com compactação transparente (recomendado).
  `'r:'` | Abre para leitura exclusivamente sem compactação.
  `'r:gz'` | Abre para leitura com compactação gzip.
  `'r:bz2'` | Abre para leitura com compactação bzip2.
  `'r:xz'` | Abre para leitura com compactação lzma.
  `'x'` ou `'x:'` | Cria um arquivo tar exclusivamente sem compactação. Levanta uma exceção `FileExistsError` se ele já existir.
  `'x:gz'` | Cria um arquivo tar com compactação gzip. Levanta uma exceção `FileExistsError` se ele já existir.
  `'x:bz2'` | Cria um arquivo tar com compactação bzip2. Levanta uma exceção `FileExistsError` se ele já existir.
  `'x:xz'` | Cria um arquivo tar com compactação lzma. Levanta uma exceção `FileExistsError` se ele já existir.
  `'a' or 'a:'` | Aberto para acrescentar conteúdo sem compactação. O arquivo é criado se não existir.
  `'w' or 'w:'` | Abre para gravação descompactada.
  `'w:gz'` | Abre para gravação compactada com gzip.
  `'w:bz2'` | Abre para gravação compactada com bzip2.
  `'w:xz'` | Abre para gravação compactada com lzma.

  Observe que `'a:gz'`, `'a:bz2'` ou `'a:xz'` não são possíveis. Se o mode não for adequado para abrir um determinado arquivo (compactado) para leitura, `ReadError` será levantada. Use o mode `'r'` para evitar isso. Se um método de compactação não for suportado, `CompressionError` será levantada.

  Se fileobj for especificado, ele será usado como alternativa a um objeto arquivo aberto em modo binário para name. Ele deve estar na posição 0.

  For modes `'w:gz'`, `'r:gz'`, `'w:bz2'`, `'r:bz2'`, `'x:gz'`, `'x:bz2'`, `tarfile.open()` accepts the keyword argument compresslevel (default `9`) to specify the compression level of the file.

  For modes `'w:xz'` and `'x:xz'`, `tarfile.open()` accepts the keyword argument preset to specify the compression level of the file.

  Para fins especiais, existe um segundo formato para mode: `'filemode|[compression]'`. `tarfile.open()` retornará um objeto `TarFile` que processa seus dados como um fluxo de blocos. Nenhuma busca aleatória será realizada no arquivo. Se fornecido, fileobj pode ser qualquer objeto que tenha um método `read()` ou `write()` (dependendo do mode) que funcione com bytes. bufsize especifica o tamanho do bloco e o padrão é `20 * 512` bytes. Use esta variante em combinação com, por exemplo, `sys.stdin.buffer`, um objeto arquivo de soquete ou um dispositivo de fita. No entanto, tal objeto `TarFile` é limitado, pois não permite acesso aleatório; consulte Exemplos. Os modos atualmente possíveis:

  Modo | Ação
  --- | ---
  `'r|*'` | Abre um stream de blocos tar para leitura com compactação transparente.
  `'r|'` | Abre um stream de blocos tar não compactados para leitura.
  `'r|gz'` | Abre um stream compactado com gzip para leitura.
  `'r|bz2'` | Abre um stream compactado com bzip2 para leitura.
  `'r|xz'` | Abre um stream compactado com lzma para leitura.
  `'w|'` | Abre um stream descompactado para gravação.
  `'w|gz'` | Abre um stream compactado com gzip para gravação.
  `'w|bz2'` | Abre um stream compactado com bzip2 para gravação.
  `'w|xz'` | Abre um stream compactado com lzma para gravação.

  Alterado na versão 3.5: O modo `'x'` (criação exclusiva) foi adicionado.

  Alterado na versão 3.6: O parâmetro name aceita um objeto caminho ou similar.

class tarfile.TarFile

  Classe para ler e escrever arquivos tar. Não use esta classe diretamente: use `tarfile.open()` em vez disso. Veja TarFile Objects.

tarfile.is_tarfile(name)

  Retorna `True` se name for um arquivo tar que o módulo `tarfile` possa ler. name pode ser uma `str`, objeto arquivo ou similar.

  Alterado na versão 3.9: Suporte para arquivo e objetos arquivo ou similares.

O módulo `tarfile` define as seguintes exceções:

exception tarfile.TarError

  Classe base para todas as exceções de `tarfile`.

exception tarfile.ReadError

  É levantada quando um arquivo tar é aberto e não pode ser manipulado pelo módulo `tarfile` ou é inválido de alguma forma.

exception tarfile.CompressionError

  É levantada quando um método de compactação não é suportado ou quando os dados não podem ser decodificados corretamente.

exception tarfile.StreamError

  É levantada para as limitações típicas de objetos `TarFile` do tipo fluxo.

exception tarfile.ExtractError

  É levantada para erros não fatais ao usar `TarFile.extract()`, mas somente se `TarFile.errorlevel``== 2`.

exception tarfile.HeaderError

  É levantada por `TarInfo.frombuf()` se o buffer obtido for inválido.

exception tarfile.FilterError

  Classe base para membros recusados por filtros.

  tarinfo

    Informações sobre o membro que o filtro se recusou a extrair, como TarInfo.

exception tarfile.AbsolutePathError

  Levantada para recusar a extração de um membro com um caminho absoluto.

exception tarfile.OutsideDestinationError

  Levantada para recusar a extração de um membro fora do diretório de destino.

exception tarfile.SpecialFileError

  Levantada para recusar a extração de um arquivo especial (por exemplo, um dispositivo ou encadeamento).

exception tarfile.AbsoluteLinkError

  Levantada para recusar a extração de um link simbólico com um caminho absoluto.

exception tarfile.LinkOutsideDestinationError

  Levantada para recusar a extração de um link simbólico apontando para fora do diretório de destino.

exception tarfile.LinkFallbackError

  Levantada para recusar a emulação de um link (físico ou simbólico) extraindo outro membro do arquivo, quando esse membro seria rejeitado pelo local do filtro. A exceção levantada para rejeitar o membro substituto está disponível como `BaseException.__context__`.

  Novo na versão 3.11.13.

As seguintes constantes estão disponíveis a nível de módulo:

tarfile.ENCODING

  The default character encoding: `'utf-8'` on Windows, the value returned by `sys.getfilesystemencoding()` otherwise.

tarfile.REGTYPE
tarfile.AREGTYPE

  Um arquivo normal `type`.

tarfile.LNKTYPE

  A link (inside tarfile) `type`.

tarfile.SYMTYPE

  A symbolic link `type`.

tarfile.CHRTYPE

  A character special device `type`.

tarfile.BLKTYPE

  A block special device `type`.

tarfile.DIRTYPE

  A directory `type`.

tarfile.FIFOTYPE

  A FIFO special device `type`.

tarfile.CONTTYPE

  A contiguous file `type`.

tarfile.GNUTYPE_LONGNAME

  A GNU tar longname `type`.

tarfile.GNUTYPE_LONGLINK

  A GNU tar longlink `type`.

tarfile.GNUTYPE_SPARSE

  A GNU tar sparse file `type`.

Each of the following constants defines a tar archive format that the `tarfile` module is able to create. See section Formatos tar suportados for details.

tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT

  formato POSIX.1-1988 (ustar).

tarfile.GNU_FORMAT

  Formato tar GNU

tarfile.PAX_FORMAT

  formato POSIX.1-2001 (pax).

tarfile.DEFAULT_FORMAT

  The default format for creating archives. This is currently `PAX_FORMAT`.

  Alterado na versão 3.8: The default format for new archives was changed to `PAX_FORMAT` from `GNU_FORMAT`.

Ver também

Módulo `zipfile`

  Documentation of the `zipfile` standard module.

Operações de arquivamento

  Documentation of the higher-level archiving facilities provided by the standard `shutil` module.

GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format

  Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.

## TarFile Objects

The `TarFile` object provides an interface to a tar archive. A tar archive is a sequence of blocks. An archive member (a stored file) is made up of a header block followed by data blocks. It is possible to store a file in a tar archive several times. Each archive member is represented by a `TarInfo` object, see Objetos TarInfo for details.

A `TarFile` object can be used as a context manager in a `with` statement. It will automatically be closed when the block is completed. Please note that in the event of an exception an archive opened for writing will not be finalized; only the internally used file object will be closed. See the Exemplos section for a use case.

Novo na versão 3.2: Added support for the context management protocol.

class tarfile.TarFile(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, tarinfo=TarInfo, dereference=False, ignore_zeros=False, encoding=ENCODING, errors='surrogateescape', pax_headers=None, debug=0, errorlevel=1)

  All following arguments are optional and can be accessed as instance attributes as well.

  name is the pathname of the archive. name may be a path-like object. It can be omitted if fileobj is given. In this case, the file object’s `name` attribute is used if it exists.

  mode is either `'r'` to read from an existing archive, `'a'` to append data to an existing file, `'w'` to create a new file overwriting an existing one, or `'x'` to create a new file only if it does not already exist.

  If fileobj is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, mode is overridden by fileobj’s mode. fileobj will be used from position 0.

  Nota

  fileobj is not closed, when `TarFile` is closed.

  format controls the archive format for writing. It must be one of the constants `USTAR_FORMAT`, `GNU_FORMAT` or `PAX_FORMAT` that are defined at module level. When reading, format will be automatically detected, even if different formats are present in a single archive.

  The tarinfo argument can be used to replace the default `TarInfo` class with a different one.

  If dereference is `False`, add symbolic and hard links to the archive. If it is `True`, add the content of the target files to the archive. This has no effect on systems that do not support symbolic links.

  If ignore_zeros is `False`, treat an empty block as the end of the archive. If it is `True`, skip empty (and invalid) blocks and try to get as many members as possible. This is only useful for reading concatenated or damaged archives.

  debug can be set from `0` (no debug messages) up to `3` (all debug messages). The messages are written to `sys.stderr`.

  errorlevel controls how extraction errors are handled, see `the corresponding attribute`.

  The encoding and errors arguments define the character encoding to be used for reading or writing the archive and how conversion errors are going to be handled. The default settings will work for most users. See section Problemas de Unicode for in-depth information.

  The pax_headers argument is an optional dictionary of strings which will be added as a pax global header if format is `PAX_FORMAT`.

  Alterado na versão 3.2: Use `'surrogateescape'` as the default for the errors argument.

  Alterado na versão 3.5: O modo `'x'` (criação exclusiva) foi adicionado.

  Alterado na versão 3.6: O parâmetro name aceita um objeto caminho ou similar.

classmethod TarFile.open(...)

  Alternative constructor. The `tarfile.open()` function is actually a shortcut to this classmethod.

TarFile.getmember(name)

  Return a `TarInfo` object for member name. If name can not be found in the archive, `KeyError` is raised.

  Nota

  If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version.

TarFile.getmembers()

  Retorna os membros do arquivo como uma lista de objetos `TarInfo`. A lista tem a mesma ordem que os membros no arquivo.

TarFile.getnames()

  Return the members as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by `getmembers()`.

TarFile.list(verbose=True, *, members=None)

  Print a table of contents to `sys.stdout`. If verbose is `False`, only the names of the members are printed. If it is `True`, output similar to that of ls -l is produced. If optional members is given, it must be a subset of the list returned by `getmembers()`.

  Alterado na versão 3.5: Added the members parameter.

TarFile.next()

  Return the next member of the archive as a `TarInfo` object, when `TarFile` is opened for reading. Return `None` if there is no more available.

TarFile.extractall(path='.', members=None, *, numeric_owner=False, filter=None)

  Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory or directory path. If optional members is given, it must be a subset of the list returned by `getmembers()`. Directory information like owner, modification time and permissions are set after all members have been extracted. This is done to work around two problems: A directory’s modification time is reset each time a file is created in it. And, if a directory’s permissions do not allow writing, extracting files to it will fail.

  If numeric_owner is `True`, the uid and gid numbers from the tarfile are used to set the owner/group for the extracted files. Otherwise, the named values from the tarfile are used.

  The filter argument, which was added in Python 3.11.4, specifies how `members` are modified or rejected before extraction. See Filtros de extração for details. It is recommended to set this explicitly depending on which tar features you need to support.

  Aviso

  Never extract archives from untrusted sources without prior inspection. It is possible that files are created outside of path, e.g. members that have absolute filenames starting with `"/"` or filenames with two dots `".."`.

  Set `filter='data'` to prevent the most dangerous security issues, and read the Filtros de extração section for details.

  Alterado na versão 3.5: Adicionado o parâmetro numeric_owner.

  Alterado na versão 3.6: O parâmetro path aceita um objeto caminho ou similar.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Adicionado o parâmetro filter.

TarFile.extract(member, path='', set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False, filter=None)

  Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. member may be a filename or a `TarInfo` object. You can specify a different directory using path. path may be a path-like object. File attributes (owner, mtime, mode) are set unless set_attrs is false.

  The numeric_owner and filter arguments are the same as for `extractall()`.

  Nota

  The `extract()` method does not take care of several extraction issues. In most cases you should consider using the `extractall()` method.

  Aviso

  See the warning for `extractall()`.

  Set `filter='data'` to prevent the most dangerous security issues, and read the Filtros de extração section for details.

  Alterado na versão 3.2: Added the set_attrs parameter.

  Alterado na versão 3.5: Adicionado o parâmetro numeric_owner.

  Alterado na versão 3.6: O parâmetro path aceita um objeto caminho ou similar.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Adicionado o parâmetro filter.

TarFile.extractfile(member)

  Extract a member from the archive as a file object. member may be a filename or a `TarInfo` object. If member is a regular file or a link, an `io.BufferedReader` object is returned. For all other existing members, `None` is returned. If member does not appear in the archive, `KeyError` is raised.

  Alterado na versão 3.3: Return an `io.BufferedReader` object.

TarFile.errorlevel: int

  If errorlevel is `0`, errors are ignored when using `TarFile.extract()` and `TarFile.extractall()`. Nevertheless, they appear as error messages in the debug output when debug is greater than 0. If `1` (the default), all fatal errors are raised as `OSError` or `FilterError` exceptions. If `2`, all non-fatal errors are raised as `TarError` exceptions as well.

  Some exceptions, e.g. ones caused by wrong argument types or data corruption, are always raised.

  Custom extraction filters should raise `FilterError` for fatal errors and `ExtractError` for non-fatal ones.

  Note that when an exception is raised, the archive may be partially extracted. It is the user’s responsibility to clean up.

TarFile.extraction_filter

  Novo na versão 3.11.4.

  The extraction filter used as a default for the filter argument of `extract()` and `extractall()`.

  The attribute may be `None` or a callable. String names are not allowed for this attribute, unlike the filter argument to `extract()`.

  If `extraction_filter` is `None` (the default), calling an extraction method without a filter argument will use the `fully_trusted` filter for compatibility with previous Python versions.

  In Python 3.12+, leaving `extraction_filter=None` will emit a `DeprecationWarning`.

  In Python 3.14+, leaving `extraction_filter=None` will cause extraction methods to use the `data` filter by default.

  The attribute may be set on instances or overridden in subclasses. It also is possible to set it on the `TarFile` class itself to set a global default, although, since it affects all uses of tarfile, it is best practice to only do so in top-level applications or `site configuration`. To set a global default this way, a filter function needs to be wrapped in `staticmethod()` to prevent injection of a `self` argument.

TarFile.add(name, arcname=None, recursive=True, *, filter=None)

  Add the file name to the archive. name may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, arcname specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting recursive to `False`. Recursion adds entries in sorted order. If filter is given, it should be a function that takes a `TarInfo` object argument and returns the changed `TarInfo` object. If it instead returns `None` the `TarInfo` object will be excluded from the archive. See Exemplos for an example.

  Alterado na versão 3.2: Adicionado o parâmetro filter.

  Alterado na versão 3.7: Recursion adds entries in sorted order.

TarFile.addfile(tarinfo, fileobj=None)

  Add the `TarInfo` object tarinfo to the archive. If fileobj is given, it should be a binary file, and `tarinfo.size` bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can create `TarInfo` objects directly, or by using `gettarinfo()`.

TarFile.gettarinfo(name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None)

  Create a `TarInfo` object from the result of `os.stat()` or equivalent on an existing file. The file is either named by name, or specified as a file object fileobj with a file descriptor. name may be a path-like object. If given, arcname specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive, otherwise, the name is taken from fileobj’s `name` attribute, or the name argument. The name should be a text string.

  You can modify some of the `TarInfo`’s attributes before you add it using `addfile()`. If the file object is not an ordinary file object positioned at the beginning of the file, attributes such as `size` may need modifying. This is the case for objects such as `GzipFile`. The `name` may also be modified, in which case arcname could be a dummy string.

  Alterado na versão 3.6: O parâmetro name aceita um objeto caminho ou similar.

TarFile.close()

  Close the `TarFile`. In write mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive.

TarFile.pax_headers: dict

  Um dicionário contendo pares de chave-valor de cabeçalhos globais pax.

## Objetos TarInfo

A `TarInfo` object represents one member in a `TarFile`. Aside from storing all required attributes of a file (like file type, size, time, permissions, owner etc.), it provides some useful methods to determine its type. It does not contain the file’s data itself.

`TarInfo` objects are returned by `TarFile`’s methods `getmember()`, `getmembers()` and `gettarinfo()`.

Modifying the objects returned by `getmember()` or `getmembers()` will affect all subsequent operations on the archive. For cases where this is unwanted, you can use `copy.copy()` or call the `replace()` method to create a modified copy in one step.

Several attributes can be set to `None` to indicate that a piece of metadata is unused or unknown. Different `TarInfo` methods handle `None` differently:

- The `extract()` or `extractall()` methods will ignore the corresponding metadata, leaving it set to a default.

- `addfile()` falhará.

- `list()` imprimirá uma string como um espaço reservado.

Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Added `replace()` and handling of `None`.

class tarfile.TarInfo(name='')

  Cria um objeto `TarInfo`.

classmethod TarInfo.frombuf(buf, encoding, errors)

  Cria e retorna um objeto `TarInfo` a partir do buffer de string do parâmetro buf.

  Levanta `HeaderError` se o buffer for inválido.

classmethod TarInfo.fromtarfile(tarfile)

  Read the next member from the `TarFile` object tarfile and return it as a `TarInfo` object.

TarInfo.tobuf(format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors='surrogateescape')

  Create a string buffer from a `TarInfo` object. For information on the arguments see the constructor of the `TarFile` class.

  Alterado na versão 3.2: Use `'surrogateescape'` as the default for the errors argument.

A `TarInfo` object has the following public data attributes:

TarInfo.name: str

  Nome do arquivo.

TarInfo.size: int

  Tamanho em bytes.

TarInfo.mtime: int | float

  Time of last modification in seconds since the epoch, as in `os.stat_result.st_mtime`.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.mode: int

  Permission bits, as for `os.chmod()`.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.type

  File type. type is usually one of these constants: `REGTYPE`, `AREGTYPE`, `LNKTYPE`, `SYMTYPE`, `DIRTYPE`, `FIFOTYPE`, `CONTTYPE`, `CHRTYPE`, `BLKTYPE`, `GNUTYPE_SPARSE`. To determine the type of a `TarInfo` object more conveniently, use the `is*()` methods below.

TarInfo.linkname: str

  Name of the target file name, which is only present in `TarInfo` objects of type `LNKTYPE` and `SYMTYPE`.

  For symbolic links (`SYMTYPE`), the linkname is relative to the directory that contains the link. For hard links (`LNKTYPE`), the linkname is relative to the root of the archive.

TarInfo.uid: int

  ID do usuário do usuário que originalmente armazenou este membro.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.gid: int

  ID do grupo do usuário que originalmente armazenou este membro.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.uname: str

  Nome do usuário.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.gname: str

  Nome do grupo.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.4: Can be set to `None` for `extract()` and `extractall()`, causing extraction to skip applying this attribute.

TarInfo.chksum: int

  Cabeçalho de soma de verificação.

TarInfo.devmajor: int

  Número principal do dispositivo.

TarInfo.devminor: int

  Número menor do dispositivo.

TarInfo.offset: int

  O cabeçalho do tar começa aqui.

TarInfo.offset_data: int

  Os dados do arquivo começam aqui.

TarInfo.sparse

  Sparse member information.

TarInfo.pax_headers: dict

  A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.

TarInfo.replace(name=..., mtime=..., mode=..., linkname=..., uid=..., gid=..., uname=..., gname=..., deep=True)

  Novo na versão 3.11.4.

  Return a new copy of the `TarInfo` object with the given attributes changed. For example, to return a `TarInfo` with the group name set to `'staff'`, use:

      new_tarinfo = old_tarinfo.replace(gname='staff')

  By default, a deep copy is made. If deep is false, the copy is shallow, i.e. `pax_headers` and any custom attributes are shared with the original `TarInfo` object.

A `TarInfo` object also provides some convenient query methods:

TarInfo.isfile()

  Return `True` if the `TarInfo` object is a regular file.

TarInfo.isreg()

  Igual a `isfile()`.

TarInfo.isdir()

  Retorna `True` se for um diretório.

TarInfo.issym()

  Retorna `True` se for um link simbólico.

TarInfo.islnk()

  Retorna `True` se for um link físico.

TarInfo.ischr()

  Retorna `True` se for um caractere.

TarInfo.isblk()

  Return `True` if it is a block device.

TarInfo.isfifo()

  Retorna `True` se for um FIFO.

TarInfo.isdev()

  Return `True` if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.

## Filtros de extração

Novo na versão 3.11.4.

The tar format is designed to capture all details of a UNIX-like filesystem, which makes it very powerful. Unfortunately, the features make it easy to create tar files that have unintended – and possibly malicious – effects when extracted. For example, extracting a tar file can overwrite arbitrary files in various ways (e.g. by using absolute paths, `..` path components, or symlinks that affect later members).

In most cases, the full functionality is not needed. Therefore, tarfile supports extraction filters: a mechanism to limit functionality, and thus mitigate some of the security issues.

Ver também

PEP 706

  Contém a motivação e lógica escolhida para este design.

The filter argument to `TarFile.extract()` or `extractall()` can be:

- the string `'fully_trusted'`: Honor all metadata as specified in the archive. Should be used if the user trusts the archive completely, or implements their own complex verification.

- the string `'tar'`: Honor most tar-specific features (i.e. features of UNIX-like filesystems), but block features that are very likely to be surprising or malicious. See `tar_filter()` for details.

- the string `'data'`: Ignore or block most features specific to UNIX-like filesystems. Intended for extracting cross-platform data archives. See `data_filter()` for details.

- `None` (default): Use `TarFile.extraction_filter`.

  If that is also `None` (the default), the `'fully_trusted'` filter will be used (for compatibility with earlier versions of Python).

  In Python 3.12, the default will emit a `DeprecationWarning`.

  In Python 3.14, the `'data'` filter will become the default instead. It’s possible to switch earlier; see `TarFile.extraction_filter`.

- A callable which will be called for each extracted member with a TarInfo describing the member and the destination path to where the archive is extracted (i.e. the same path is used for all members):

      filter(member: TarInfo, path: str, /) -> TarInfo | None

  The callable is called just before each member is extracted, so it can take the current state of the disk into account. It can:

  - return a `TarInfo` object which will be used instead of the metadata in the archive, or

  - return `None`, in which case the member will be skipped, or

  - raise an exception to abort the operation or skip the member, depending on `errorlevel`. Note that when extraction is aborted, `extractall()` may leave the archive partially extracted. It does not attempt to clean up.

### Default named filters

The pre-defined, named filters are available as functions, so they can be reused in custom filters:

tarfile.fully_trusted_filter(member, path)

  Retorna member inalterado.

  This implements the `'fully_trusted'` filter.

tarfile.tar_filter(member, path)

  Implements the `'tar'` filter.

  - Strip leading slashes (`/` and `os.sep`) from filenames.

  - Refuse to extract files with absolute paths (in case the name is absolute even after stripping slashes, e.g. `C:/foo` on Windows). This raises `AbsolutePathError`.

  - Refuse to extract files whose absolute path (after following symlinks) would end up outside the destination. This raises `OutsideDestinationError`.

  - Clear high mode bits (setuid, setgid, sticky) and group/other write bits (`S_IWGRP` | `S_IWOTH`).

  Return the modified `TarInfo` member.

tarfile.data_filter(member, path)

  Implements the `'data'` filter. In addition to what `tar_filter` does:

  - Normalize link targets (`TarInfo.linkname`) using `os.path.normpath()`. Note that this removes internal `..` components, which may change the meaning of the link if the path in `TarInfo.linkname` traverses symbolic links.

  - Refuse to extract links (hard or soft) that link to absolute paths, or ones that link outside the destination.

    This raises `AbsoluteLinkError` or `LinkOutsideDestinationError`.

    Note that such files are refused even on platforms that do not support symbolic links.

  - Refuse to extract device files (including pipes). This raises `SpecialFileError`.

  - Para arquivos comuns, incluindo links físicos:

    - Set the owner read and write permissions (`S_IRUSR` | `S_IWUSR`).

    - Remove the group & other executable permission (`S_IXGRP` | `S_IXOTH`) if the owner doesn’t have it (`S_IXUSR`).

  - For other files (directories), set `mode` to `None`, so that extraction methods skip applying permission bits.

  - Set user and group info (`uid`, `gid`, `uname`, `gname`) to `None`, so that extraction methods skip setting it.

  Return the modified `TarInfo` member.

  Alterado na versão 3.11.13: Link targets are now normalized.

### Filter errors

When a filter refuses to extract a file, it will raise an appropriate exception, a subclass of `FilterError`. This will abort the extraction if `TarFile.errorlevel` is 1 or more. With `errorlevel=0` the error will be logged and the member will be skipped, but extraction will continue.

### Dicas para verificação adicional

Even with `filter='data'`, tarfile is not suited for extracting untrusted files without prior inspection. Among other issues, the pre-defined filters do not prevent denial-of-service attacks. Users should do additional checks.

Aqui está uma lista incompleta de itens a serem considerados:

- Extract to a `new temporary directory` to prevent e.g. exploiting pre-existing links, and to make it easier to clean up after a failed extraction.

- Disallow symbolic links if you do not need the functionality.

- When working with untrusted data, use external (e.g. OS-level) limits on disk, memory and CPU usage.

- Check filenames against an allow-list of characters (to filter out control characters, confusables, foreign path separators, etc.).

- Check that filenames have expected extensions (discouraging files that execute when you “click on them”, or extension-less files like Windows special device names).

- Limit the number of extracted files, total size of extracted data, filename length (including symlink length), and size of individual files.

- Check for files that would be shadowed on case-insensitive filesystems.

Observe também que:

- Tar files may contain multiple versions of the same file. Later ones are expected to overwrite any earlier ones. This feature is crucial to allow updating tape archives, but can be abused maliciously.

- tarfile does not protect against issues with “live” data, e.g. an attacker tinkering with the destination (or source) directory while extraction (or archiving) is in progress.

### Suporte a versões mais antigas do Python

Extraction filters were added to Python 3.12, and are backported to older versions as security updates. To check whether the feature is available, use e.g. `hasattr(tarfile, 'data_filter')` rather than checking the Python version.

The following examples show how to support Python versions with and without the feature. Note that setting `extraction_filter` will affect any subsequent operations.

- Fully trusted archive:

      my_tarfile.extraction_filter = (lambda member, path: member)
      my_tarfile.extractall()

- Use the `'data'` filter if available, but revert to Python 3.11 behavior (`'fully_trusted'`) if this feature is not available:

      my_tarfile.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, 'data_filter',
                                             (lambda member, path: member))
      my_tarfile.extractall()

- Use o filtro `'data'`; fail se ele não estiver disponível:

      my_tarfile.extractall(filter=tarfile.data_filter)

  ou:

      my_tarfile.extraction_filter = tarfile.data_filter
      my_tarfile.extractall()

- Use o filtro `'data'`; warn se ele não estiver disponível:

      if hasattr(tarfile, 'data_filter'):
          my_tarfile.extractall(filter='data')
      else:
          # remove this when no longer needed
          warn_the_user('Extracting may be unsafe; consider updating Python')
          my_tarfile.extractall()

### Stateful extraction filter example

While tarfile’s extraction methods take a simple filter callable, custom filters may be more complex objects with an internal state. It may be useful to write these as context managers, to be used like this:

    with StatefulFilter() as filter_func:
        tar.extractall(path, filter=filter_func)

Such a filter can be written as, for example:

    class StatefulFilter:
        def __init__(self):
            self.file_count = 0

        def __enter__(self):
            return self

        def __call__(self, member, path):
            self.file_count += 1
            return member

        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
            print(f'{self.file_count} files extracted')

## Interface de Linha de Comando

Novo na versão 3.4.

The `tarfile` module provides a simple command-line interface to interact with tar archives.

If you want to create a new tar archive, specify its name after the `-c` option and then list the filename(s) that should be included:

    $ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar  spam.txt eggs.txt

Passar um diretório também é aceitável:

    $ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar life-of-brian_1979/

If you want to extract a tar archive into the current directory, use the `-e` option:

    $ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar

You can also extract a tar archive into a different directory by passing the directory’s name:

    $ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar  other-dir/

For a list of the files in a tar archive, use the `-l` option:

    $ python -m tarfile -l monty.tar

### Opções de linha de comando

-l <tarfile>
--list <tarfile>

  Lista os arquivos em um arquivo tar.

-c <tarfile> <source1> ... <sourceN>
--create <tarfile> <source1> ... <sourceN>

  Cria um arquivo tar a partir dos arquivos de origem.

-e <tarfile> [<output_dir>]
--extract <tarfile> [<output_dir>]

  Extract tarfile into the current directory if output_dir is not specified.

-t <tarfile>
--test <tarfile>

  Test whether the tarfile is valid or not.

-v, --verbose

  Saída detalhada.

--filter <filtername>

  Specifies the filter for `--extract`. See Filtros de extração for details. Only string names are accepted (that is, `fully_trusted`, `tar`, and `data`).

  Novo na versão 3.11.4.

## Exemplos

How to extract an entire tar archive to the current working directory:

    import tarfile
    tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
    tar.extractall()
    tar.close()

How to extract a subset of a tar archive with `TarFile.extractall()` using a generator function instead of a list:

    import os
    import tarfile

    def py_files(members):
        for tarinfo in members:
            if os.path.splitext(tarinfo.name)[1] == ".py":
                yield tarinfo

    tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
    tar.extractall(members=py_files(tar))
    tar.close()

How to create an uncompressed tar archive from a list of filenames:

    import tarfile
    tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w")
    for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
        tar.add(name)
    tar.close()

The same example using the `with` statement:

    import tarfile
    with tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w") as tar:
        for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
            tar.add(name)

How to read a gzip compressed tar archive and display some member information:

    import tarfile
    tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "r:gz")
    for tarinfo in tar:
        print(tarinfo.name, "is", tarinfo.size, "bytes in size and is ", end="")
        if tarinfo.isreg():
            print("a regular file.")
        elif tarinfo.isdir():
            print("a directory.")
        else:
            print("something else.")
    tar.close()

How to create an archive and reset the user information using the filter parameter in `TarFile.add()`:

    import tarfile
    def reset(tarinfo):
        tarinfo.uid = tarinfo.gid = 0
        tarinfo.uname = tarinfo.gname = "root"
        return tarinfo
    tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "w:gz")
    tar.add("foo", filter=reset)
    tar.close()

## Formatos tar suportados

There are three tar formats that can be created with the `tarfile` module:

- The POSIX.1-1988 ustar format (`USTAR_FORMAT`). It supports filenames up to a length of at best 256 characters and linknames up to 100 characters. The maximum file size is 8 GiB. This is an old and limited but widely supported format.

- The GNU tar format (`GNU_FORMAT`). It supports long filenames and linknames, files bigger than 8 GiB and sparse files. It is the de facto standard on GNU/Linux systems. `tarfile` fully supports the GNU tar extensions for long names, sparse file support is read-only.

- The POSIX.1-2001 pax format (`PAX_FORMAT`). It is the most flexible format with virtually no limits. It supports long filenames and linknames, large files and stores pathnames in a portable way. Modern tar implementations, including GNU tar, bsdtar/libarchive and star, fully support extended pax features; some old or unmaintained libraries may not, but should treat pax archives as if they were in the universally supported ustar format. It is the current default format for new archives.

  It extends the existing ustar format with extra headers for information that cannot be stored otherwise. There are two flavours of pax headers: Extended headers only affect the subsequent file header, global headers are valid for the complete archive and affect all following files. All the data in a pax header is encoded in UTF-8 for portability reasons.

There are some more variants of the tar format which can be read, but not created:

- The ancient V7 format. This is the first tar format from Unix Seventh Edition, storing only regular files and directories. Names must not be longer than 100 characters, there is no user/group name information. Some archives have miscalculated header checksums in case of fields with non-ASCII characters.

- The SunOS tar extended format. This format is a variant of the POSIX.1-2001 pax format, but is not compatible.

## Problemas de Unicode

The tar format was originally conceived to make backups on tape drives with the main focus on preserving file system information. Nowadays tar archives are commonly used for file distribution and exchanging archives over networks. One problem of the original format (which is the basis of all other formats) is that there is no concept of supporting different character encodings. For example, an ordinary tar archive created on a UTF-8 system cannot be read correctly on a Latin-1 system if it contains non-ASCII characters. Textual metadata (like filenames, linknames, user/group names) will appear damaged. Unfortunately, there is no way to autodetect the encoding of an archive. The pax format was designed to solve this problem. It stores non-ASCII metadata using the universal character encoding UTF-8.

The details of character conversion in `tarfile` are controlled by the encoding and errors keyword arguments of the `TarFile` class.

encoding defines the character encoding to use for the metadata in the archive. The default value is `sys.getfilesystemencoding()` or `'ascii'` as a fallback. Depending on whether the archive is read or written, the metadata must be either decoded or encoded. If encoding is not set appropriately, this conversion may fail.

The errors argument defines how characters are treated that cannot be converted. Possible values are listed in section Error Handlers. The default scheme is `'surrogateescape'` which Python also uses for its file system calls, see Nomes de arquivos, argumentos de linha de comando e variáveis de ambiente.

For `PAX_FORMAT` archives (the default), encoding is generally not needed because all the metadata is stored using UTF-8. encoding is only used in the rare cases when binary pax headers are decoded or when strings with surrogate characters are stored.