10.10. shutil — Operações de arquivo de alto nível

Código Fonte: Lib/shutil.py

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O módulo shutil oferece várias operações de alto nível em arquivos e coleções de arquivos. Em particular, são fornecidas funções que possuem suporte a cópia e remoção de arquivos. Para operações em arquivos individuais, veja também o módulo os.

Aviso

Even the higher-level file copying functions (shutil.copy(), shutil.copy2()) can’t copy all file metadata.

Nas plataformas POSIX, isso significa que o proprietário e o grupo do arquivo são perdidos, bem como as ACLs. No Mac OS, a bifurcação de recursos e outros metadados não são usados. Isso significa que os recursos serão perdidos e o tipo de arquivo e os códigos do criador não estarão corretos. No Windows, os proprietários de arquivos, ACLs e fluxos de dados alternativos não são copiados.

10.10.1. Operações de diretório e arquivos

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])

Copia o conteúdo do objeto do tipo arquivo fsrc para o objeto do tipo arquivo fdst. O número inteiro length, se fornecido, é o tamanho do buffer. Em particular, um valor negativo length significa copiar os dados sem repetir os dados de origem em pedaços; por padrão, os dados são lidos em pedaços para evitar o consumo descontrolado de memória. Observe que, se a posição atual do arquivo do objeto fsrc não for 0, apenas o conteúdo da posição atual do arquivo até o final do arquivo será copiado.

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named src to a file named dst. dst must be the complete target file name; look at shutil.copy() for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If src and dst are the same files, Error is raised. The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an IOError exception will be raised. If dst already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. src and dst are path names given as strings.

shutil.copymode(src, dst)

Copy the permission bits from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.

shutil.copystat(src, dst)

Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.

shutil.copy(src, dst)

Copy the file src to the file or directory dst. If dst is a directory, a file with the same basename as src is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission bits are copied. src and dst are path names given as strings.

shutil.copy2(src, dst)

Idêntico a copy(), exceto que copy2() também tenta preservar os metadados do arquivo.

copy2() uses copystat() to copy the file metadata. Please see copystat() for more information.

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)

Esta função de fábrica cria uma função que pode ser usada como um chamável para o argumento ignore de copytree(), ignorando arquivos e diretórios que correspondem a um dos patterns de estilo glob fornecidos. Veja o exemplo abaixo.

Novo na versão 2.6.

shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src. The destination directory, named by dst, must not already exist; it will be created as well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are copied with copystat(), individual files are copied using shutil.copy2().

If symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree, but the metadata of the original links is NOT copied; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.

Se ignore for fornecido, deve ser um chamável que receberá como argumento o diretório que está sendo visitado por copytree(), e uma lista de seu conteúdo, retornada por os.listdir(). Como copytree() é chamada recursivamente, o chamável ignore será chamado uma vez para cada diretório que é copiado. O chamável deve retornar uma sequência de nomes de diretório e arquivo em relação ao diretório atual (ou seja, um subconjunto dos itens em seu segundo argumento); esses nomes serão ignorados no processo de cópia. ignore_patterns() pode ser usado para criar um chamável que ignore nomes com base em padrões de estilo glob.

Se uma ou mais exceções ocorrerem, uma Error é levantada com uma lista dos motivos.

The source code for this should be considered an example rather than the ultimate tool.

Alterado na versão 2.3: Error is raised if any exceptions occur during copying, rather than printing a message.

Alterado na versão 2.5: Create intermediate directories needed to create dst, rather than raising an error. Copy permissions and times of directories using copystat().

Alterado na versão 2.6: Added the ignore argument to be able to influence what is being copied.

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

Delete an entire directory tree; path must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.

If onerror is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: function, path, and excinfo. The first parameter, function, is the function which raised the exception; it will be os.path.islink(), os.listdir(), os.remove() or os.rmdir(). The second parameter, path, will be the path name passed to function. The third parameter, excinfo, will be the exception information return by sys.exc_info(). Exceptions raised by onerror will not be caught.

Alterado na versão 2.6: Explicitly check for path being a symbolic link and raise OSError in that case.

shutil.move(src, dst)

Recursively move a file or directory (src) to another location (dst).

If the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

If the destination is on the current filesystem, then os.rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied (using shutil.copy2()) to dst and then removed.

Novo na versão 2.3.

exception shutil.Error

This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file operation. For copytree(), the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples (srcname, dstname, exception).

Novo na versão 2.3.

10.10.1.1. copytree example

This example is the implementation of the copytree() function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
    names = os.listdir(src)
    if ignore is not None:
        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
    else:
        ignored_names = set()

    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        if name in ignored_names:
            continue
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
            else:
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
            # XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
        except (IOError, os.error) as why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error as err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except WindowsError:
        # can't copy file access times on Windows
        pass
    except OSError as why:
        errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error(errors)

Another example that uses the ignore_patterns() helper:

from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns

copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

This will copy everything except .pyc files and files or directories whose name starts with tmp.

Another example that uses the ignore argument to add a logging call:

from shutil import copytree
import logging

def _logpath(path, names):
    logging.info('Working in %s' % path)
    return []   # nothing will be ignored

copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)

10.10.2. Archiving operations

High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the zipfile and tarfile modules.

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format[, root_dir[, base_dir[, verbose[, dry_run[, owner[, group[, logger]]]]]]])

Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar) and returns its name.

base_name is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus any format-specific extension. format is the archive format: one of “zip” (if the zlib module or external zip executable is available), “tar”, “gztar” (if the zlib module is available), or “bztar” (if the bz2 module is available).

root_dir is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into root_dir before creating the archive.

base_dir is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. base_dir will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive.

root_dir and base_dir both default to the current directory.

owner and group are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.

logger must be an object compatible with PEP 282, usually an instance of logging.Logger.

Novo na versão 2.7.

shutil.get_archive_formats()

Return a list of supported formats for archiving. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description).

By default shutil provides these formats:

• zip: ZIP file (if the zlib module or external zip executable is available).

• tar: uncompressed tar file.

• gztar: gzip’ed tar-file (if the zlib module is available).

• bztar: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the bz2 module is available).

You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing formats, by using register_archive_format().

Novo na versão 2.7.

shutil.register_archive_format(name, function[, extra_args[, description]])

Register an archiver for the format name. function is a callable that will be used to invoke the archiver.

If given, extra_args is a sequence of (name, value) that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.

description is used by get_archive_formats() which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.

Novo na versão 2.7.

shutil.unregister_archive_format(name)

Remove the archive format name from the list of supported formats.

Novo na versão 2.7.

10.10.2.1. Archiving example

In this example, we create a gzip’ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the .ssh directory of the user:

>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'

The resulting archive contains:

$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
drwx------ tarek/staff       0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff      65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
-rwx------ tarek/staff     668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff     609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
-rw------- tarek/staff    1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff     397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff   37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts