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# Importando Módulos

PyObject* `PyImport_ImportModule`(const char *name)
  Return value: New reference.

  This is a simplified interface to `PyImport_ImportModuleEx()` below, leaving the globals and locals arguments set to NULL and level set to 0. When the name argument contains a dot (when it specifies a submodule of a package), the fromlist argument is set to the list `['*']` so that the return value is the named module rather than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise be the case. (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect when name in fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule: the submodules specified in the package’s `__all__` variable are loaded.) Return a new reference to the imported module, or NULL with an exception set on failure. Before Python 2.4, the module may still be created in the failure case — examine `sys.modules` to find out. Starting with Python 2.4, a failing import of a module no longer leaves the module in `sys.modules`.

  Alterado na versão 2.4: Failing imports remove incomplete module objects.

  Alterado na versão 2.6: Always uses absolute imports.

PyObject* `PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock`(const char *name)

  This version of `PyImport_ImportModule()` does not block. It’s intended to be used in C functions that import other modules to execute a function. The import may block if another thread holds the import lock. The function `PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()` never blocks. It first tries to fetch the module from sys.modules and falls back to `PyImport_ImportModule()` unless the lock is held, in which case the function will raise an `ImportError`.

  Novo na versão 2.6.

PyObject* `PyImport_ImportModuleEx`(char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist)
  Return value: New reference.

  Importa um módulo. Isso é melhor descrito referindo-se à função interna do Python `__import__()`, já que a função padrão `__import__()` chama essa função diretamente.

  The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package, or NULL with an exception set on failure (before Python 2.4, the module may still be created in this case). Like for `__import__()`, the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty fromlist was given.

  Alterado na versão 2.4: Failing imports remove incomplete module objects.

  Alterado na versão 2.6: The function is an alias for `PyImport_ImportModuleLevel()` with `-1` as level, meaning relative import.

PyObject* `PyImport_ImportModuleLevel`(char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level)
  Return value: New reference.

  Importa um módulo. Isso é melhor descrito referindo-se à função interna do Python `__import__()`, já que a função padrão `__import__()` chama essa função diretamente.

  The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package, or NULL with an exception set on failure. Like for `__import__()`, the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty fromlist was given.

  Novo na versão 2.5.

PyObject* `PyImport_Import`(PyObject *name)
  Return value: New reference.

  This is a higher-level interface that calls the current “import hook function”. It invokes the `__import__()` function from the `__builtins__` of the current globals. This means that the import is done using whatever import hooks are installed in the current environment, e.g. by `rexec` or `ihooks`.

  Alterado na versão 2.6: Always uses absolute imports.

PyObject* `PyImport_ReloadModule`(PyObject *m)
  Return value: New reference.

  Reload a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python function `reload()`, as the standard `reload()` function calls this function directly. Return a new reference to the reloaded module, or NULL with an exception set on failure (the module still exists in this case).

PyObject* `PyImport_AddModule`(const char *name)
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The name argument may be of the form `package.module`. First check the modules dictionary if there’s one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules dictionary. Return NULL with an exception set on failure.

  Nota

  Esta função não carrega ou importa o módulo; se o módulo não foi carregado, você receberá um objeto de módulo vazio. utilize `PyImport_ImportModule()` ou uma de suas variações para importar um módulo. Estruturas de pacotes implícitos através de um ponto no nome para a name não são criados se não estiverem presentes.

PyObject* `PyImport_ExecCodeModule`(char *name, PyObject *co)
  Return value: New reference.

  Given a module name (possibly of the form `package.module`) and a code object read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from the built-in function `compile()`, load the module. Return a new reference to the module object, or NULL with an exception set if an error occurred. Before Python 2.4, the module could still be created in error cases. Starting with Python 2.4, name is removed from `sys.modules` in error cases, and even if name was already in `sys.modules` on entry to `PyImport_ExecCodeModule()`. Leaving incompletely initialized modules in `sys.modules` is dangerous, as imports of such modules have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and probably damaged with respect to the module author’s intents) state.

  The module’s `__file__` attribute will be set to the code object’s `co_filename`.

  Esta função poderá recarregar o módulo se este já foi importado. Veja `PyImport_ReloadModule()` para forma desejada de recarregar um módulo.

  Se name apontar para um nome com ponto no formato de `package.module`, qualquer estruturas de pacotes que não tenha sido criada não será mais criada.

  Alterado na versão 2.4: name is removed from `sys.modules` in error cases.

PyObject* `PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx`(char *name, PyObject *co, char *pathname)
  Return value: New reference.

  Como `PyImport_ExecCodeModule()`, mas o atributo `__file__` do objeto módulo é definido como pathname se não for `NULL`.

long `PyImport_GetMagicNumber`()

  Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. `.pyc` and `.pyo` files). The magic number should be present in the first four bytes of the bytecode file, in little-endian byte order.

PyObject* `PyImport_GetModuleDict`()
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  Return the dictionary used for the module administration (a.k.a. `sys.modules`). Note that this is a per-interpreter variable.

PyObject* `PyImport_GetImporter`(PyObject *path)

  Return an importer object for a `sys.path`/`pkg.__path__` item path, possibly by fetching it from the `sys.path_importer_cache` dict. If it wasn’t yet cached, traverse `sys.path_hooks` until a hook is found that can handle the path item. Return `None` if no hook could; this tells our caller it should fall back to the built-in import mechanism. Cache the result in `sys.path_importer_cache`. Return a new reference to the importer object.

  Novo na versão 2.6.

void `_PyImport_Init`()

  Inicia o mecanismo de importação. Apenas para uso interno.

void `PyImport_Cleanup`()

  Esvazia a tabela do módulo. Apenas para uso interno.

void `_PyImport_Fini`()

  Finaliza o mecanismo de importação. Apenas para uso interno.

PyObject* `_PyImport_FindExtension`(char *, char *)

  For internal use only.

PyObject* `_PyImport_FixupExtension`(char *, char *)

  For internal use only.

int `PyImport_ImportFrozenModule`(char *name)

  Load a frozen module named name. Return `1` for success, `0` if the module is not found, and `-1` with an exception set if the initialization failed. To access the imported module on a successful load, use `PyImport_ImportModule()`. (Note the misnomer — this function would reload the module if it was already imported.)

struct `_frozen`

  This is the structure type definition for frozen module descriptors, as generated by the freeze utility (see `Tools/freeze/` in the Python source distribution). Its definition, found in `Include/import.h`, is:

      struct _frozen {
          char *name;
          unsigned char *code;
          int size;
      };

struct _frozen* `PyImport_FrozenModules`

  This pointer is initialized to point to an array of `struct _frozen` records, terminated by one whose members are all NULL or zero. When a frozen module is imported, it is searched in this table. Third-party code could play tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of frozen modules.

int `PyImport_AppendInittab`(const char *name, void (*initfunc)(void))

  Add a single module to the existing table of built-in modules. This is a convenience wrapper around `PyImport_ExtendInittab()`, returning `-1` if the table could not be extended. The new module can be imported by the name name, and uses the function initfunc as the initialization function called on the first attempted import. This should be called before `Py_Initialize()`.

struct `_inittab`

  Structure describing a single entry in the list of built-in modules. Each of these structures gives the name and initialization function for a module built into the interpreter. Programs which embed Python may use an array of these structures in conjunction with `PyImport_ExtendInittab()` to provide additional built-in modules. The structure is defined in `Include/import.h` as:

      struct _inittab {
          char *name;
          void (*initfunc)(void);
      };

int `PyImport_ExtendInittab`(struct _inittab *newtab)

  Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in modules. The newtab array must end with a sentinel entry which contains NULL for the `name` field; failure to provide the sentinel value can result in a memory fault. Returns `0` on success or `-1` if insufficient memory could be allocated to extend the internal table. In the event of failure, no modules are added to the internal table. This should be called before `Py_Initialize()`.