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# 16.7. `mmap` — Suporte a arquivos mapeados na memória

Memory-mapped file objects behave like both strings and like file objects. Unlike normal string objects, however, these are mutable. You can use mmap objects in most places where strings are expected; for example, you can use the `re` module to search through a memory-mapped file. Since they’re mutable, you can change a single character by doing `obj[index] = 'a'`, or change a substring by assigning to a slice: `obj[i1:i2] = '...'`. You can also read and write data starting at the current file position, and `seek()` through the file to different positions.

Um arquivo mapeado na memória é criado pelo construtor `mmap`, que é diferente no Unix e no Windows. Nos dois casos, você deve fornecer um descritor de arquivo para um arquivo aberto para atualização. Se você deseja mapear um objeto de arquivo Python existente, use o método `fileno()` para obter o valor correto para o parâmetro fileno. Caso contrário, você pode abrir o arquivo usando a função `os.open()`, que retorna um descritor de arquivo diretamente (o arquivo ainda precisa ser fechado quando terminar).

Nota

Se você deseja criar um mapeamento de memória para um arquivo gravável e armazenado em buffer, deve usar `flush()` no arquivo primeiro. Isso é necessário para garantir que as modificações locais nos buffers estejam realmente disponíveis para o mapeamento.

For both the Unix and Windows versions of the constructor, access may be specified as an optional keyword parameter. access accepts one of three values: `ACCESS_READ`, `ACCESS_WRITE`, or `ACCESS_COPY` to specify read-only, write-through or copy-on-write memory respectively. access can be used on both Unix and Windows. If access is not specified, Windows mmap returns a write-through mapping. The initial memory values for all three access types are taken from the specified file. Assignment to an `ACCESS_READ` memory map raises a `TypeError` exception. Assignment to an `ACCESS_WRITE` memory map affects both memory and the underlying file. Assignment to an `ACCESS_COPY` memory map affects memory but does not update the underlying file.

Alterado na versão 2.5: Para mapear a memória anônima, -1 deve ser passado como o fileno junto com o comprimento.

Alterado na versão 2.6: mmap.mmap has formerly been a factory function creating mmap objects. Now mmap.mmap is the class itself.

class `mmap.``mmap`(fileno, length[, tagname[, access[, offset]]])

  (Versão Windows) Mapeia length bytes do arquivo especificado pelo identificador de arquivo fileno e cria um objeto mmap. Se length for maior que o tamanho atual do arquivo, o arquivo será estendido para conter length bytes. Se length for `0`, o tamanho máximo do mapa será o tamanho atual do arquivo, exceto que, se o arquivo estiver vazio, o Windows gerará uma exceção (você não poderá criar um mapeamento vazio no Windows).

  tagname, se especificado e não `None`, é uma string que fornece um nome de tag para o mapeamento. O Windows permite que você tenha muitos mapeamentos diferentes no mesmo arquivo. Se você especificar o nome de uma marca existente, essa marca será aberta; caso contrário, uma nova marca com esse nome será criada. Se este parâmetro for omitido ou `None`, o mapeamento será criado sem um nome. Evitar o uso do parâmetro tag ajudará a manter seu código portátil entre o Unix e o Windows.

  offset may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the `ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY`.

class `mmap.``mmap`(fileno, length[, flags[, prot[, access[, offset]]]])

  (Unix version) Maps length bytes from the file specified by the file descriptor fileno, and returns a mmap object. If length is `0`, the maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when `mmap` is called.

  flags specifies the nature of the mapping. `MAP_PRIVATE` creates a private copy-on-write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap object will be private to this process, and `MAP_SHARED` creates a mapping that’s shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of the file. The default value is `MAP_SHARED`.

  prot, if specified, gives the desired memory protection; the two most useful values are `PROT_READ` and `PROT_WRITE`, to specify that the pages may be read or written. prot defaults to `PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE`.

  access may be specified in lieu of flags and prot as an optional keyword parameter. It is an error to specify both flags, prot and access. See the description of access above for information on how to use this parameter.

  offset may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of `ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY` which is equal to `PAGESIZE` on Unix systems.

  To ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on Mac OS X and OpenVMS.

  This example shows a simple way of using `mmap`:

      import mmap

      # write a simple example file
      with open("hello.txt", "wb") as f:
          f.write("Hello Python!\n")

      with open("hello.txt", "r+b") as f:
          # memory-map the file, size 0 means whole file
          mm = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)
          # read content via standard file methods
          print mm.readline()  # prints "Hello Python!"
          # read content via slice notation
          print mm[:5]  # prints "Hello"
          # update content using slice notation;
          # note that new content must have same size
          mm[6:] = " world!\n"
          # ... and read again using standard file methods
          mm.seek(0)
          print mm.readline()  # prints "Hello  world!"
          # close the map
          mm.close()

  The next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange data between the parent and child processes:

      import mmap
      import os

      mm = mmap.mmap(-1, 13)
      mm.write("Hello world!")

      pid = os.fork()

      if pid == 0:  # In a child process
          mm.seek(0)
          print mm.readline()

          mm.close()

  Memory-mapped file objects support the following methods:

  `close`()

    Closes the mmap. Subsequent calls to other methods of the object will result in a ValueError exception being raised. This will not close the open file.

  `find`(string[, start[, end]])

    Returns the lowest index in the object where the substring string is found, such that string is contained in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns `-1` on failure.

  `flush`([offset, size])

    Flushes changes made to the in-memory copy of a file back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before the object is destroyed. If offset and size are specified, only changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk; otherwise, the whole extent of the mapping is flushed. offset must be a multiple of the `PAGESIZE` or `ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY`.

    (Windows version) A nonzero value returned indicates success; zero indicates failure.

    (Unix version) A zero value is returned to indicate success. An exception is raised when the call failed.

  `move`(dest, src, count)

    Copy the count bytes starting at offset src to the destination index dest. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then calls to move will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `read`(num)

    Return a string containing up to num bytes starting from the current file position; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were returned.

  `read_byte`()

    Returns a string of length 1 containing the character at the current file position, and advances the file position by 1.

  `readline`()

    Returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the next newline.

  `resize`(newsize)

    Resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ` or `ACCESS_COPY`, resizing the map will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `rfind`(string[, start[, end]])

    Returns the highest index in the object where the substring string is found, such that string is contained in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns `-1` on failure.

  `seek`(pos[, whence])

    Set the file’s current position. whence argument is optional and defaults to `os.SEEK_SET` or `0` (absolute file positioning); other values are `os.SEEK_CUR` or `1` (seek relative to the current position) and `os.SEEK_END` or `2` (seek relative to the file’s end).

  `size`()

    Return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the memory-mapped area.

  `tell`()

    Returns the current position of the file pointer.

  `write`(string)

    Write the bytes in string into memory at the current position of the file pointer; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were written. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `write_byte`(byte)

    Write the single-character string byte into memory at the current position of the file pointer; the file position is advanced by `1`. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will raise a `TypeError` exception.