locale — Internationalization services

Source code: Lib/locale.py

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The locale module opens access to the POSIX locale database and functionality. The POSIX locale mechanism allows programmers to deal with certain cultural issues in an application, without requiring the programmer to know all the specifics of each country where the software is executed.

The locale module is implemented on top of the _locale module, which in turn uses an ANSI C locale implementation if available.

The locale module defines the following exception and functions:

exception locale.Error

Exception raised when the locale passed to setlocale() is not recognized.

locale.setlocale(category, locale=None)

If locale is given and not None, setlocale() modifies the locale setting for the category. The available categories are listed in the data description below. locale may be a string, or an iterable of two strings (language code and encoding). If it’s an iterable, it’s converted to a locale name using the locale aliasing engine. An empty string specifies the user’s default settings. If the modification of the locale fails, the exception Error is raised. If successful, the new locale setting is returned.

If locale is omitted or None, the current setting for category is returned.

setlocale() is not thread-safe on most systems. Applications typically start with a call of

import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')

This sets the locale for all categories to the user’s default setting (typically specified in the LANG environment variable). If the locale is not changed thereafter, using multithreading should not cause problems.

locale.localeconv()

Returns the database of the local conventions as a dictionary. This dictionary has the following strings as keys:

Category	Key	Meaning
LC_NUMERIC	'decimal_point'	Decimal point character.
	'grouping'	Sequence of numbers specifying which relative positions the 'thousands_sep' is expected. If the sequence is terminated with CHAR_MAX, no further grouping is performed. If the sequence terminates with a 0, the last group size is repeatedly used.
	'thousands_sep'	Character used between groups.
LC_MONETARY	'int_curr_symbol'	International currency symbol.
	'currency_symbol'	Local currency symbol.
	'p_cs_precedes/n_cs_precedes'	Whether the currency symbol precedes the value (for positive resp. negative values).
	'p_sep_by_space/n_sep_by_space'	Whether the currency symbol is separated from the value by a space (for positive resp. negative values).
	'mon_decimal_point'	Decimal point used for monetary values.
	'frac_digits'	Number of fractional digits used in local formatting of monetary values.
	'int_frac_digits'	Number of fractional digits used in international formatting of monetary values.
	'mon_thousands_sep'	Group separator used for monetary values.
	'mon_grouping'	Equivalent to 'grouping', used for monetary values.
	'positive_sign'	Symbol used to annotate a positive monetary value.
	'negative_sign'	Symbol used to annotate a negative monetary value.
	'p_sign_posn/n_sign_posn'	The position of the sign (for positive resp. negative values), see below.

All numeric values can be set to CHAR_MAX to indicate that there is no value specified in this locale.

The possible values for 'p_sign_posn' and 'n_sign_posn' are given below.

Value	Explanation
0	Currency and value are surrounded by parentheses.
1	The sign should precede the value and currency symbol.
2	The sign should follow the value and currency symbol.
3	The sign should immediately precede the value.
4	The sign should immediately follow the value.
CHAR_MAX	Nothing is specified in this locale.

The function temporarily sets the LC_CTYPE locale to the LC_NUMERIC locale or the LC_MONETARY locale if locales are different and numeric or monetary strings are non-ASCII. This temporary change affects other threads.

Changed in version 3.7: The function now temporarily sets the LC_CTYPE locale to the LC_NUMERIC locale in some cases.

locale.nl_langinfo(option)

Return some locale-specific information as a string. This function is not available on all systems, and the set of possible options might also vary across platforms. The possible argument values are numbers, for which symbolic constants are available in the locale module.

The nl_langinfo() function accepts one of the following keys. Most descriptions are taken from the corresponding description in the GNU C library.

locale.CODESET

Get a string with the name of the character encoding used in the selected locale.

locale.D_T_FMT

Get a string that can be used as a format string for time.strftime() to represent date and time in a locale-specific way.

locale.D_FMT

Get a string that can be used as a format string for time.strftime() to represent a date in a locale-specific way.

locale.T_FMT

Get a string that can be used as a format string for time.strftime() to represent a time in a locale-specific way.

locale.T_FMT_AMPM

Get a format string for time.strftime() to represent time in the am/pm format.

locale.DAY_1

locale.DAY_2

locale.DAY_3

locale.DAY_4

locale.DAY_5

locale.DAY_6

locale.DAY_7

Get the name of the n-th day of the week.

Note

This follows the US convention of DAY_1 being Sunday, not the international convention (ISO 8601) that Monday is the first day of the week.

locale.ABDAY_1

locale.ABDAY_2

locale.ABDAY_3

locale.ABDAY_4

locale.ABDAY_5

locale.ABDAY_6

locale.ABDAY_7

Get the abbreviated name of the n-th day of the week.

locale.MON_1

locale.MON_2

locale.MON_3

locale.MON_4

locale.MON_5

locale.MON_6

locale.MON_7

locale.MON_8

locale.MON_9

locale.MON_10

locale.MON_11

locale.MON_12

Get the name of the n-th month.

locale.ABMON_1

locale.ABMON_2

locale.ABMON_3

locale.ABMON_4

locale.ABMON_5

locale.ABMON_6

locale.ABMON_7

locale.ABMON_8

locale.ABMON_9

locale.ABMON_10

locale.ABMON_11

locale.ABMON_12

Get the abbreviated name of the n-th month.

locale.RADIXCHAR

Get the radix character (decimal dot, decimal comma, etc.).

locale.THOUSEP

Get the separator character for thousands (groups of three digits).

locale.YESEXPR

Get a regular expression that can be used with the regex function to recognize a positive response to a yes/no question.

locale.NOEXPR

Get a regular expression that can be used with the regex(3) function to recognize a negative response to a yes/no question.

Note

The regular expressions for YESEXPR and NOEXPR use syntax suitable for the regex function from the C library, which might differ from the syntax used in re.

locale.CRNCYSTR

Get the currency symbol, preceded by “-” if the symbol should appear before the value, “+” if the symbol should appear after the value, or “.” if the symbol should replace the radix character.

locale.ERA

Get a string which describes how years are counted and displayed for each era in a locale.

Most locales do not define this value. An example of a locale which does define this value is the Japanese one. In Japan, the traditional representation of dates includes the name of the era corresponding to the then-emperor’s reign.

Normally it should not be necessary to use this value directly. Specifying the E modifier in their format strings causes the time.strftime() function to use this information. The format of the returned string is specified in The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8, paragraph 7.3.5.2 LC_TIME C-Language Access.

locale.ERA_D_T_FMT

Get a format string for time.strftime() to represent date and time in a locale-specific era-based way.

locale.ERA_D_FMT

Get a format string for time.strftime() to represent a date in a locale-specific era-based way.

locale.ERA_T_FMT

Get a format string for time.strftime() to represent a time in a locale-specific era-based way.

locale.ALT_DIGITS

Get a string consisting of up to 100 semicolon-separated symbols used to represent the values 0 to 99 in a locale-specific way. In most locales this is an empty string.

locale.getdefaultlocale([envvars])

Tries to determine the default locale settings and returns them as a tuple of the form (language code, encoding).

According to POSIX, a program which has not called setlocale(LC_ALL, '') runs using the portable 'C' locale. Calling setlocale(LC_ALL, '') lets it use the default locale as defined by the LANG variable. Since we do not want to interfere with the current locale setting we thus emulate the behavior in the way described above.

To maintain compatibility with other platforms, not only the LANG variable is tested, but a list of variables given as envvars parameter. The first found to be defined will be used. envvars defaults to the search path used in GNU gettext; it must always contain the variable name 'LANG'. The GNU gettext search path contains 'LC_ALL', 'LC_CTYPE', 'LANG' and 'LANGUAGE', in that order.

Except for the code 'C', the language code corresponds to RFC 1766. language code and encoding may be None if their values cannot be determined.

Deprecated since version 3.11, will be removed in version 3.15.

locale.getlocale(category=LC_CTYPE)

Returns the current setting for the given locale category as sequence containing language code, encoding. category may be one of the LC_* values except LC_ALL. It defaults to LC_CTYPE.

Except for the code 'C', the language code corresponds to RFC 1766. language code and encoding may be None if their values cannot be determined.

locale.getpreferredencoding(do_setlocale=True)

Return the locale encoding used for text data, according to user preferences. User preferences are expressed differently on different systems, and might not be available programmatically on some systems, so this function only returns a guess.

On some systems, it is necessary to invoke setlocale() to obtain the user preferences, so this function is not thread-safe. If invoking setlocale is not necessary or desired, do_setlocale should be set to False.

On Android or if the Python UTF-8 Mode is enabled, always return 'utf-8', the locale encoding and the do_setlocale argument are ignored.

The Python preinitialization configures the LC_CTYPE locale. See also the filesystem encoding and error handler.

Changed in version 3.7: The function now always returns "utf-8" on Android or if the Python UTF-8 Mode is enabled.

locale.getencoding()

Get the current locale encoding:

• On Android and VxWorks, return "utf-8".

• On Unix, return the encoding of the current LC_CTYPE locale. Return "utf-8" if nl_langinfo(CODESET) returns an empty string: for example, if the current LC_CTYPE locale is not supported.

• On Windows, return the ANSI code page.

The Python preinitialization configures the LC_CTYPE locale. See also the filesystem encoding and error handler.

This function is similar to getpreferredencoding(False) except this function ignores the Python UTF-8 Mode.

Added in version 3.11.

locale.normalize(localename)

Returns a normalized locale code for the given locale name. The returned locale code is formatted for use with setlocale(). If normalization fails, the original name is returned unchanged.

If the given encoding is not known, the function defaults to the default encoding for the locale code just like setlocale().

locale.strcoll(string1, string2)

Compares two strings according to the current LC_COLLATE setting. As any other compare function, returns a negative, or a positive value, or 0, depending on whether string1 collates before or after string2 or is equal to it.

locale.strxfrm(string)

Transforms a string to one that can be used in locale-aware comparisons. For example, strxfrm(s1) < strxfrm(s2) is equivalent to strcoll(s1, s2) < 0. This function can be used when the same string is compared repeatedly, e.g. when collating a sequence of strings.

locale.format_string(format, val, grouping=False, monetary=False)

Formats a number val according to the current LC_NUMERIC setting. The format follows the conventions of the % operator. For floating-point values, the decimal point is modified if appropriate. If grouping is True, also takes the grouping into account.

If monetary is true, the conversion uses monetary thousands separator and grouping strings.

Processes formatting specifiers as in format % val, but takes the current locale settings into account.

Changed in version 3.7: The monetary keyword parameter was added.

locale.currency(val, symbol=True, grouping=False, international=False)

Formats a number val according to the current LC_MONETARY settings.

The returned string includes the currency symbol if symbol is true, which is the default. If grouping is True (which is not the default), grouping is done with the value. If international is True (which is not the default), the international currency symbol is used.

Note

This function will not work with the ‘C’ locale, so you have to set a locale via setlocale() first.

locale.str(float)

Formats a floating-point number using the same format as the built-in function str(float), but takes the decimal point into account.

locale.delocalize(string)

Converts a string into a normalized number string, following the LC_NUMERIC settings.

Added in version 3.5.

locale.localize(string, grouping=False, monetary=False)

Converts a normalized number string into a formatted string following the LC_NUMERIC settings.

Added in version 3.10.

locale.atof(string, func=float)

Converts a string to a number, following the LC_NUMERIC settings, by calling func on the result of calling delocalize() on string.

locale.atoi(string)

Converts a string to an integer, following the LC_NUMERIC conventions.

locale.LC_CTYPE

Locale category for the character type functions. Most importantly, this category defines the text encoding, i.e. how bytes are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. See PEP 538 and PEP 540 for how this variable might be automatically coerced to C.UTF-8 to avoid issues created by invalid settings in containers or incompatible settings passed over remote SSH connections.

Python doesn’t internally use locale-dependent character transformation functions from ctype.h. Instead, an internal pyctype.h provides locale-independent equivalents like Py_TOLOWER.

locale.LC_COLLATE

Locale category for sorting strings. The functions strcoll() and strxfrm() of the locale module are affected.

locale.LC_TIME

Locale category for the formatting of time. The function time.strftime() follows these conventions.

locale.LC_MONETARY

Locale category for formatting of monetary values. The available options are available from the localeconv() function.

locale.LC_MESSAGES

Locale category for message display. Python currently does not support application specific locale-aware messages. Messages displayed by the operating system, like those returned by os.strerror() might be affected by this category.

This value may not be available on operating systems not conforming to the POSIX standard, most notably Windows.

locale.LC_NUMERIC

Locale category for formatting numbers. The functions format_string(), atoi(), atof() and str() of the locale module are affected by that category. All other numeric formatting operations are not affected.

locale.LC_ALL

Combination of all locale settings. If this flag is used when the locale is changed, setting the locale for all categories is attempted. If that fails for any category, no category is changed at all. When the locale is retrieved using this flag, a string indicating the setting for all categories is returned. This string can be later used to restore the settings.

locale.CHAR_MAX

This is a symbolic constant used for different values returned by localeconv().

Example:

>>> import locale
>>> loc = locale.getlocale()  # get current locale
# use German locale; name might vary with platform
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'de_DE')
>>> locale.strcoll('f\xe4n', 'foo')  # compare a string containing an umlaut
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')   # use user's preferred locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'C')  # use default (C) locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, loc)  # restore saved locale

Background, details, hints, tips and caveats

The C standard defines the locale as a program-wide property that may be relatively expensive to change. On top of that, some implementations are broken in such a way that frequent locale changes may cause core dumps. This makes the locale somewhat painful to use correctly.

Initially, when a program is started, the locale is the C locale, no matter what the user’s preferred locale is. There is one exception: the LC_CTYPE category is changed at startup to set the current locale encoding to the user’s preferred locale encoding. The program must explicitly say that it wants the user’s preferred locale settings for other categories by calling setlocale(LC_ALL, '').

It is generally a bad idea to call setlocale() in some library routine, since as a side effect it affects the entire program. Saving and restoring it is almost as bad: it is expensive and affects other threads that happen to run before the settings have been restored.

If, when coding a module for general use, you need a locale independent version of an operation that is affected by the locale (such as certain formats used with time.strftime()), you will have to find a way to do it without using the standard library routine. Even better is convincing yourself that using locale settings is okay. Only as a last resort should you document that your module is not compatible with non-C locale settings.

The only way to perform numeric operations according to the locale is to use the special functions defined by this module: atof(), atoi(), format_string(), str().

There is no way to perform case conversions and character classifications according to the locale. For (Unicode) text strings these are done according to the character value only, while for byte strings, the conversions and classifications are done according to the ASCII value of the byte, and bytes whose high bit is set (i.e., non-ASCII bytes) are never converted or considered part of a character class such as letter or whitespace.

For extension writers and programs that embed Python

Extension modules should never call setlocale(), except to find out what the current locale is. But since the return value can only be used portably to restore it, that is not very useful (except perhaps to find out whether or not the locale is C).

When Python code uses the locale module to change the locale, this also affects the embedding application. If the embedding application doesn’t want this to happen, it should remove the _locale extension module (which does all the work) from the table of built-in modules in the config.c file, and make sure that the _locale module is not accessible as a shared library.

Access to message catalogs

locale.gettext(msg)

locale.dgettext(domain, msg)

locale.dcgettext(domain, msg, category)

locale.textdomain(domain)

locale.bindtextdomain(domain, dir)

locale.bind_textdomain_codeset(domain, codeset)

The locale module exposes the C library’s gettext interface on systems that provide this interface. It consists of the functions gettext(), dgettext(), dcgettext(), textdomain(), bindtextdomain(), and bind_textdomain_codeset(). These are similar to the same functions in the gettext module, but use the C library’s binary format for message catalogs, and the C library’s search algorithms for locating message catalogs.

Python applications should normally find no need to invoke these functions, and should use gettext instead. A known exception to this rule are applications that link with additional C libraries which internally invoke C functions gettext or dcgettext. For these applications, it may be necessary to bind the text domain, so that the libraries can properly locate their message catalogs.