pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths

Added in version 3.4.

Source code: Lib/pathlib/

---

이 모듈은 다른 운영 체제에 적합한 의미 체계를 가진 파일 시스템 경로를 나타내는 클래스를 제공합니다. 경로 클래스는 I/O 없이 순수한 계산 연산을 제공하는 순수한 경로와 순수한 경로를 상속하지만, I/O 연산도 제공하는 구상 경로로 구분됩니다.

이전에 이 모듈을 사용한 적이 없거나 어떤 클래스가 작업에 적합한지 확신이 없다면, Path가 가장 적합할 가능성이 높습니다. 코드가 실행되는 플랫폼의 구상 경로를 인스턴스화 합니다.

순수한 경로는 특별한 경우에 유용합니다; 예를 들면:

1. 유닉스 기계에서 윈도우 경로를 조작하려고 할 때 (또는 그 반대). 유닉스에서 실행할 때는 WindowsPath를 인스턴스화 할 수 없지만, PureWindowsPath는 인스턴스화 할 수 있습니다.

2. 코드가 실제로 OS에 액세스하지 않고 경로만 조작한다는 확신이 필요할 때. 이 경우, 순수 클래스 중 하나를 인스턴스화 하면 OS 액세스 연산이 없어서 유용 할 수 있습니다.

더 보기

PEP 428: pathlib 모듈 – 객체 지향 파일 시스템 경로.

더 보기

문자열에 대한 저수준 경로 조작을 위해, os.path 모듈을 사용할 수도 있습니다.

기본 사용

메인 클래스 임포트 하기:

>>> from pathlib import Path

서브 디렉터리 나열하기:

>>> p = Path('.')
>>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
[PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
 PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

이 디렉터리 트리에 있는 파이썬 소스 파일 나열하기:

>>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
[PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
 PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
 PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

디렉터리 트리 내에서 탐색하기:

>>> p = Path('/etc')
>>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
>>> q
PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
>>> q.resolve()
PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

경로 속성 조회하기:

>>> q.exists()
True
>>> q.is_dir()
False

파일 열기:

>>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
...
'#!/bin/bash\n'

Exceptions

exception pathlib.UnsupportedOperation

An exception inheriting NotImplementedError that is raised when an unsupported operation is called on a path object.

Added in version 3.13.

순수한 경로

순수한 경로 객체는 실제로 파일 시스템에 액세스하지 않는 경로 처리 연산을 제공합니다. 이 클래스에 액세스하는 방법에는 세 가지가 있으며, 플레이버(flavours)라고도 부릅니다:

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

시스템의 경로 플레이버를 나타내는 일반 클래스 (인스턴스화 하면 PurePosixPath나 PureWindowsPath를 만듭니다):

>>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
PurePosixPath('setup.py')

Each element of pathsegments can be either a string representing a path segment, or an object implementing the os.PathLike interface where the __fspath__() method returns a string, such as another path object:

>>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
>>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

pathsegments가 비어 있으면, 현재 디렉터리를 가정합니다:

>>> PurePath()
PurePosixPath('.')

If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored (like os.path.join()):

>>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path segment (e.g., r'\foo') is encountered:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

Spurious slashes and single dots are collapsed, but double dots ('..') and leading double slashes ('//') are not, since this would change the meaning of a path for various reasons (e.g. symbolic links, UNC paths):

>>> PurePath('foo//bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
>>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

(나이브한 접근법은 PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')를 PurePosixPath('bar')와 동등하게 만드는데, foo가 다른 디렉터리에 대한 심볼릭 링크일 때는 잘못됩니다)

순수한 경로 객체는 os.PathLike 인터페이스를 구현하여, 이 인터페이스가 허용되는 모든 위치에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

버전 3.6에서 변경: os.PathLike 인터페이스에 대한 지원이 추가되었습니다.

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

PurePath의 서브 클래스, 이 경로 플레이버는 윈도우 이외의 파일 시스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

>>> PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')
PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')

pathsegments는 PurePath와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

A subclass of PurePath, this path flavour represents Windows filesystem paths, including UNC paths:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')
>>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

pathsegments는 PurePath와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

실행 중인 시스템과 관계없이, 이러한 모든 클래스를 인스턴스화 할 수 있는데, 시스템 호출을 수행하는 연산을 제공하지 않기 때문입니다.

일반 속성

Paths are immutable and hashable. Paths of a same flavour are comparable and orderable. These properties respect the flavour’s case-folding semantics:

>>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
True

다른 플레이버의 경로는 다르다고 비교되며 대소 비교할 수 없습니다:

>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'

연산자

The slash operator helps create child paths, like os.path.join(). If the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored. On Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted relative path (e.g., r'\foo'):

>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> p
PurePosixPath('/etc')
>>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
>>> q = PurePath('bin')
>>> '/usr' / q
PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
>>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

경로 객체는 os.PathLike을 구현하는 객체가 허용되는 모든 곳에서 사용할 수 있습니다:

>>> import os
>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> os.fspath(p)
'/etc'

경로의 문자열 표현은 원시 파일 시스템 경로 자체(네이티브 형식으로, 예를 들어 윈도우에서 역 슬래시)로, 파일 경로를 문자열로 받아들이는 모든 함수에 전달할 수 있습니다:

>>> p = PurePath('/etc')
>>> str(p)
'/etc'
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
>>> str(p)
'c:\\Program Files'

마찬가지로, 경로에 대해 bytes를 호출하면 os.fsencode()로 인코딩된 바이트열 객체로 원시 파일 시스템 경로를 제공합니다:

>>> bytes(p)
b'/etc'

참고

bytes 호출은 유닉스에서만 권장됩니다. 윈도우에서, 유니코드 형식이 파일 시스템 경로의 규범적(canonical) 표현입니다.

개별 부분에 액세스하기

경로의 개별 “부분”(구성 요소)에 액세스하려면, 다음 프로퍼티를 사용하십시오:

PurePath.parts

경로의 다양한 구성 요소로의 액세스를 제공하는 튜플:

>>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
>>> p.parts
('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
>>> p.parts
('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

(드라이브와 로컬 루트가 단일 부분으로 다시 그룹화되는 방식에 유의하십시오)

메서드와 프로퍼티

순수한 경로는 다음과 같은 메서드와 프로퍼티를 제공합니다:

PurePath.parser

The implementation of the os.path module used for low-level path parsing and joining: either posixpath or ntpath.

Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.drive

드라이브 문자나 이름을 나타내는 문자열, 있다면:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
'c:'
>>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
''
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
''

UNC 공유도 드라이브로 간주합니다:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
'\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

(로컬이나 글로벌) 루트를 나타내는 문자열, 있다면:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
'\\'
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
''
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
'/'

UNC 공유에는 항상 루트가 있습니다:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
'\\'

If the path starts with more than two successive slashes, PurePosixPath collapses them:

>>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
'//'
>>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
'/'
>>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
'/'

참고

This behavior conforms to The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, paragraph 4.11 Pathname Resolution:

“A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash.”

PurePath.anchor

드라이브와 루트의 이어 붙이기:

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
'c:\\'
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
'c:'
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
'/'
>>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
'\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

경로의 논리적 조상에 대한 액세스를 제공하는 불변 시퀀스:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
>>> p.parents[0]
PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
>>> p.parents[1]
PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
>>> p.parents[2]
PureWindowsPath('c:/')

버전 3.10에서 변경: The parents sequence now supports slices and negative index values.

PurePath.parent

경로의 논리적 부모:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

앵커나 빈 경로를 넘어갈 수 없습니다:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('/')
>>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('.')

참고

이것은 순수한 어휘(lexical) 연산이라서, 다음과 같이 동작합니다:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
>>> p.parent
PurePosixPath('foo')

If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is recommended to first call Path.resolve() so as to resolve symlinks and eliminate ".." components.

PurePath.name

드라이브와 루트를 제외하고, 마지막 경로 구성 요소를 나타내는 문자열, 있다면:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
'setup.py'

UNC 드라이브 이름은 고려되지 않습니다:

>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
'setup.py'
>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
''

PurePath.suffix

The last dot-separated portion of the final component, if any:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
'.py'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
'.gz'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
''

This is commonly called the file extension.

버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (”.”) is considered a valid suffix.

PurePath.suffixes

A list of the path’s suffixes, often called file extensions:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
['.tar', '.gar']
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
['.tar', '.gz']
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
[]

버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (”.”) is considered a valid suffix.

PurePath.stem

suffix가 없는, 마지막 경로 구성 요소:

>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
'library.tar'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
'library'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
'library'

PurePath.as_posix()

슬래시(/)가 있는 경로의 문자열 표현을 반환합니다:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
>>> str(p)
'c:\\windows'
>>> p.as_posix()
'c:/windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

경로가 절대적인지 아닌지를 반환합니다. 루트와 (플레이버가 허락하면) 드라이브가 모두 있으면 경로를 절대적이라고 간주합니다:

>>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
True
>>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
False

>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
True
>>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
True

PurePath.is_relative_to(other)

이 경로가 other 경로에 상대적인지를 반환합니다.

>>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
True
>>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
False

This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor treats “..” segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

>>> u = PurePath('/usr')
>>> u == p or u in p.parents
False

Added in version 3.9.

Deprecated since version 3.12, removed in version 3.14: Passing additional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are joined with other.

PurePath.is_reserved()

PureWindowsPath에서는, 경로를 윈도우에서 예약된 것으로 간주하면 True를, 그렇지 않으면 False를 반환합니다. PurePosixPath에서는, 항상 False가 반환됩니다.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Windows path names that contain a colon, or end with a dot or a space, are considered reserved. UNC paths may be reserved.

Deprecated since version 3.13, will be removed in version 3.15: This method is deprecated; use os.path.isreserved() to detect reserved paths on Windows.

PurePath.joinpath(*pathsegments)

Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each of the given pathsegments in turn:

>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.full_match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern. Return True if matching is successful, False otherwise. For example:

>>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('a/*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('*.py')
False
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('/a/**')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('**/*.py')
True

더 보기

Pattern language documentation.

다른 메서드와 마찬가지로, 대소 문자를 구분할지는 플랫폼 기본값을 따릅니다:

>>> PurePosixPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
True

Set case_sensitive to True or False to override this behaviour.

Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

Match this path against the provided non-recursive glob-style pattern. Return True if matching is successful, False otherwise.

This method is similar to full_match(), but empty patterns aren’t allowed (ValueError is raised), the recursive wildcard “**” isn’t supported (it acts like non-recursive “*”), and if a relative pattern is provided, then matching is done from the right:

>>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
False

버전 3.12에서 변경: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

버전 3.12에서 변경: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

PurePath.relative_to(other, walk_up=False)

Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by other. If it’s impossible, ValueError is raised:

>>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/')
PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/etc')
PurePosixPath('passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('/usr')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
    raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

When walk_up is false (the default), the path must start with other. When the argument is true, .. entries may be added to form the relative path. In all other cases, such as the paths referencing different drives, ValueError is raised.:

>>> p.relative_to('/usr', walk_up=True)
PurePosixPath('../etc/passwd')
>>> p.relative_to('foo', walk_up=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
    raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not on the same drive as 'foo' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

경고

This function is part of PurePath and works with strings. It does not check or access the underlying file structure. This can impact the walk_up option as it assumes that no symlinks are present in the path; call resolve() first if necessary to resolve symlinks.

버전 3.12에서 변경: The walk_up parameter was added (old behavior is the same as walk_up=False).

Deprecated since version 3.12, removed in version 3.14: Passing additional positional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are joined with other.

PurePath.with_name(name)

name이 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 이름(name)이 없으면 ValueError가 발생합니다:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_name('setup.py')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
>>> p.with_name('setup.py')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
    raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

stem이 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 이름(name)이 없으면, ValueError가 발생합니다:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
>>> p.with_stem('final')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_stem('lib')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
>>> p.with_stem('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
    return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
  File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
    raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

Added in version 3.9.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

suffix가 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 접미사(suffix)가 없으면, 새 suffix가 대신 추가됩니다. suffix가 빈 문자열이면, 원래 접미사가 제거됩니다:

>>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
>>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
>>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
>>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
>>> p.with_suffix('')
PureWindowsPath('README')

버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (”.”) is considered a valid suffix. In previous versions, ValueError is raised if a single dot is supplied.

PurePath.with_segments(*pathsegments)

Create a new path object of the same type by combining the given pathsegments. This method is called whenever a derivative path is created, such as from parent and relative_to(). Subclasses may override this method to pass information to derivative paths, for example:

from pathlib import PurePosixPath

class MyPath(PurePosixPath):
    def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
        super().__init__(*pathsegments)
        self.session_id = session_id

    def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
        return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)

etc = MyPath('/etc', session_id=42)
hosts = etc / 'hosts'
print(hosts.session_id)  # 42

Added in version 3.12.

구상 경로

구상 경로는 순수한 경로 클래스의 서브 클래스입니다. 후자가 제공하는 연산 외에도, 경로 객체에 대해 시스템 호출을 수행하는 메서드도 제공합니다. 구상 경로를 인스턴스화 하는 세 가지 방법이 있습니다:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

PurePath의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 시스템의 경로 플레이버의 구상 경로를 나타냅니다 (인스턴스화 하면 PosixPath나 WindowsPath를 만듭니다):

>>> Path('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')

pathsegments는 PurePath와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

Path와 PurePosixPath의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 윈도우 이외의 구상 파일 시스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

>>> PosixPath('/etc/hosts')
PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

pathsegments는 PurePath와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation on Windows. In previous versions, NotImplementedError was raised instead.

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

Path와 PureWindowsPath의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 구상 윈도우 파일 시스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

>>> WindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
WindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')

pathsegments는 PurePath와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation on non-Windows platforms. In previous versions, NotImplementedError was raised instead.

여러분의 시스템에 해당하는 클래스 플레이버만 인스턴스화 할 수 있습니다 (호환되지 않는 경로 플레이버에 대한 시스템 호출을 허용하면 응용 프로그램에서 버그나 실패가 발생할 수 있습니다):

>>> import os
>>> os.name
'posix'
>>> Path('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')
>>> PosixPath('setup.py')
PosixPath('setup.py')
>>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
    % (cls.__name__,))
UnsupportedOperation: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Some concrete path methods can raise an OSError if a system call fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist).

Parsing and generating URIs

Concrete path objects can be created from, and represented as, ‘file’ URIs conforming to RFC 8089.

참고

File URIs are not portable across machines with different filesystem encodings.

classmethod Path.from_uri(uri)

Return a new path object from parsing a ‘file’ URI. For example:

>>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///etc/hosts')
PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

On Windows, DOS device and UNC paths may be parsed from URIs:

>>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///c:/windows')
WindowsPath('c:/windows')
>>> p = Path.from_uri('file://server/share')
WindowsPath('//server/share')

Several variant forms are supported:

>>> p = Path.from_uri('file:////server/share')
WindowsPath('//server/share')
>>> p = Path.from_uri('file://///server/share')
WindowsPath('//server/share')
>>> p = Path.from_uri('file:c:/windows')
WindowsPath('c:/windows')
>>> p = Path.from_uri('file:/c|/windows')
WindowsPath('c:/windows')

ValueError is raised if the URI does not start with file:, or the parsed path isn’t absolute.

Added in version 3.13.

Path.as_uri()

Represent the path as a ‘file’ URI. ValueError is raised if the path isn’t absolute.

>>> p = PosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> p.as_uri()
'file:///etc/passwd'
>>> p = WindowsPath('c:/Windows')
>>> p.as_uri()
'file:///c:/Windows'

For historical reasons, this method is also available from PurePath objects. However, its use of os.fsencode() makes it strictly impure.

Expanding and resolving paths

classmethod Path.home()

Return a new path object representing the user’s home directory (as returned by os.path.expanduser() with ~ construct). If the home directory can’t be resolved, RuntimeError is raised.

>>> Path.home()
PosixPath('/home/antoine')

Added in version 3.5.

Path.expanduser()

Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs, as returned by os.path.expanduser(). If a home directory can’t be resolved, RuntimeError is raised.

>>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
>>> p.expanduser()
PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

Added in version 3.5.

classmethod Path.cwd()

현재 디렉터리를 나타내는 새 경로 객체를 반환합니다. os.getcwd()가 반환하는 것과 유사합니다:

>>> Path.cwd()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

Path.absolute()

Make the path absolute, without normalization or resolving symlinks. Returns a new path object:

>>> p = Path('tests')
>>> p
PosixPath('tests')
>>> p.absolute()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

심볼릭 링크를 결정하여, 경로를 절대적으로 만듭니다. 새로운 경로 객체가 반환됩니다:

>>> p = Path()
>>> p
PosixPath('.')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

“..” 구성 요소도 제거됩니다 (이것이 이렇게 하는 유일한 메서드입니다):

>>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

If a path doesn’t exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and strict is True, OSError is raised. If strict is False, the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists.

버전 3.6에서 변경: The strict parameter was added (pre-3.6 behavior is strict).

버전 3.13에서 변경: Symlink loops are treated like other errors: OSError is raised in strict mode, and no exception is raised in non-strict mode. In previous versions, RuntimeError is raised no matter the value of strict.

Path.readlink()

심볼릭 링크가 가리키는 경로를 반환합니다 (os.readlink()가 반환하는 것과 유사합니다):

>>> p = Path('mylink')
>>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
>>> p.readlink()
PosixPath('setup.py')

Added in version 3.9.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation if os.readlink() is not available. In previous versions, NotImplementedError was raised.

Querying file type and status

버전 3.8에서 변경: exists(), is_dir(), is_file(), is_mount(), is_symlink(), is_block_device(), is_char_device(), is_fifo(), is_socket() now return False instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS level.

버전 3.14에서 변경: The methods given above now return False instead of raising any OSError exception from the operating system. In previous versions, some kinds of OSError exception are raised, and others suppressed. The new behaviour is consistent with os.path.exists(), os.path.isdir(), etc. Use stat() to retrieve the file status without suppressing exceptions.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return an os.stat_result object containing information about this path, like os.stat(). The result is looked up at each call to this method.

This method normally follows symlinks; to stat a symlink add the argument follow_symlinks=False, or use lstat().

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_size
956
>>> p.stat().st_mtime
1327883547.852554

버전 3.10에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.lstat()

Path.stat()과 비슷하지만, 경로가 심볼릭 링크를 가리키면, 대상이 아닌 심볼릭 링크의 정보를 반환합니다.

Path.exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return True if the path points to an existing file or directory. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

This method normally follows symlinks; to check if a symlink exists, add the argument follow_symlinks=False.

>>> Path('.').exists()
True
>>> Path('setup.py').exists()
True
>>> Path('/etc').exists()
True
>>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
False

버전 3.12에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return True if the path points to a regular file. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a regular file. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks, add the argument follow_symlinks=False.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return True if the path points to a directory. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a directory. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks to directories, add the argument follow_symlinks=False.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.is_symlink()

Return True if the path points to a symbolic link, even if that symlink is broken. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a symbolic link. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_junction()

Return True if the path points to a junction, and False for any other type of file. Currently only Windows supports junctions.

Added in version 3.12.

Path.is_mount()

Return True if the path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. On Windows, a mount point is considered to be a drive letter root (e.g. c:\), a UNC share (e.g. \\server\share), or a mounted filesystem directory.

Added in version 3.7.

버전 3.12에서 변경: Windows support was added.

Path.is_socket()

Return True if the path points to a Unix socket. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a Unix socket. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_fifo()

Return True if the path points to a FIFO. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a FIFO. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_block_device()

Return True if the path points to a block device. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a block device. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_char_device()

Return True if the path points to a character device. False will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a character device. Use Path.stat() to distinguish between these cases.

Path.samefile(other_path)

이 경로가 other_path와 같은 파일을 가리키는지를 반환합니다. other_path는 Path 객체이거나 문자열일 수 있습니다. 의미는 os.path.samefile()과 os.path.samestat()과 유사합니다.

어떤 이유로 파일에 액세스할 수 없으면 OSError가 발생할 수 있습니다.

>>> p = Path('spam')
>>> q = Path('eggs')
>>> p.samefile(q)
False
>>> p.samefile('spam')
True

Added in version 3.5.

Reading and writing files

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

내장 open() 함수처럼, 경로가 가리키는 파일을 엽니다:

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> with p.open() as f:
...     f.readline()
...
'#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

가리키는 파일의 디코딩된 내용을 문자열로 반환합니다:

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')
>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
18
>>> p.read_text()
'Text file contents'

파일이 열린 다음에 닫힙니다. 선택적 매개 변수는 open()과 같은 의미입니다.

Added in version 3.5.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The newline parameter was added.

Path.read_bytes()

가리키는 파일의 바이너리 내용을 바이트열 객체로 반환합니다:

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
20
>>> p.read_bytes()
b'Binary file contents'

Added in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

가리키는 파일을 텍스트 모드로 열고, data를 쓴 다음, 파일을 닫습니다:

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')
>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
18
>>> p.read_text()
'Text file contents'

같은 이름의 기존 파일을 덮어씁니다. 선택적 매개 변수는 open()에서와 같은 의미입니다.

Added in version 3.5.

버전 3.10에서 변경: The newline parameter was added.

Path.write_bytes(data)

가리키는 파일을 바이너리 모드로 열고, data를 쓴 다음, 파일을 닫습니다:

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
20
>>> p.read_bytes()
b'Binary file contents'

같은 이름의 기존 파일을 덮어씁니다.

Added in version 3.5.

Reading directories

Path.iterdir()

경로가 디렉터리를 가리킬 때, 디렉터리 내용의 경로 객체를 산출합니다:

>>> p = Path('docs')
>>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
...
PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
PosixPath('docs/_templates')
PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
PosixPath('docs/_build')
PosixPath('docs/_static')
PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '.' and '..' are not included. If a file is removed from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, it is unspecified whether a path object for that file is included.

If the path is not a directory or otherwise inaccessible, OSError is raised.

Path.scandir()

When the path points to a directory, return an iterator of os.DirEntry objects corresponding to entries in the directory. The returned iterator supports the context manager protocol. It is implemented using os.scandir() and gives the same guarantees.

Using scandir() instead of iterdir() can significantly increase the performance of code that also needs file type or file attribute information, because os.DirEntry objects expose this information if the operating system provides it when scanning a directory.

The following example displays the names of subdirectories. The entry.is_dir() check will generally not make an additional system call:

>>> p = Path('docs')
>>> with p.scandir() as entries:
...     for entry in entries:
...         if entry.is_dir():
...             entry.name
...
'_templates'
'_build'
'_static'

Added in version 3.14.

Path.glob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

이 경로로 표현되는 디렉터리에서, 주어진 상대 pattern을 glob 하여, 일치하는 모든 파일을 (종류와 관계없이) 산출합니다:

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
[PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
[PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]
>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
 PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
 PosixPath('setup.py'),
 PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

더 보기

Pattern language documentation.

By default, or when the case_sensitive keyword-only argument is set to None, this method matches paths using platform-specific casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-insensitive on Windows. Set case_sensitive to True or False to override this behaviour.

By default, or when the recurse_symlinks keyword-only argument is set to False, this method follows symlinks except when expanding “**” wildcards. Set recurse_symlinks to True to always follow symlinks.

인자 self, pattern으로 감사 이벤트 pathlib.Path.glob을 발생시킵니다.

버전 3.12에서 변경: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The recurse_symlinks parameter was added.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Any OSError exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are suppressed. In previous versions, such exceptions are suppressed in many cases, but not all.

Path.rglob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

Glob the given relative pattern recursively. This is like calling Path.glob() with “**/” added in front of the pattern.

더 보기

Pattern language and Path.glob() documentation.

인자 self, pattern으로 감사 이벤트 pathlib.Path.rglob을 발생시킵니다.

버전 3.12에서 변경: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The recurse_symlinks parameter was added.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

Path.walk(top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False)

Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree either top-down or bottom-up.

For each directory in the directory tree rooted at self (including self but excluding ‘.’ and ‘..’), the method yields a 3-tuple of (dirpath, dirnames, filenames).

dirpath is a Path to the directory currently being walked, dirnames is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..'), and filenames is a list of strings for the names of the non-directory files in dirpath. To get a full path (which begins with self) to a file or directory in dirpath, do dirpath / name. Whether or not the lists are sorted is file system-dependent.

If the optional argument top_down is true (which is the default), the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories (directories are walked top-down). If top_down is false, the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are walked bottom-up). No matter the value of top_down, the list of subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory and its subdirectories are walked.

When top_down is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place (for example, using del or slice assignment), and Path.walk() will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames. This can be used to prune the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform Path.walk() about directories the caller creates or renames before it resumes Path.walk() again. Modifying dirnames when top_down is false has no effect on the behavior of Path.walk() since the directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames is yielded to the caller.

By default, errors from os.scandir() are ignored. If the optional argument on_error is specified, it should be a callable; it will be called with one argument, an OSError instance. The callable can handle the error to continue the walk or re-raise it to stop the walk. Note that the filename is available as the filename attribute of the exception object.

By default, Path.walk() does not follow symbolic links, and instead adds them to the filenames list. Set follow_symlinks to true to resolve symlinks and place them in dirnames and filenames as appropriate for their targets, and consequently visit directories pointed to by symlinks (where supported).

참고

Be aware that setting follow_symlinks to true can lead to infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of itself. Path.walk() does not keep track of the directories it has already visited.

참고

Path.walk() assumes the directories it walks are not modified during execution. For example, if a directory from dirnames has been replaced with a symlink and follow_symlinks is false, Path.walk() will still try to descend into it. To prevent such behavior, remove directories from dirnames as appropriate.

참고

Unlike os.walk(), Path.walk() lists symlinks to directories in filenames if follow_symlinks is false.

This example displays the number of bytes used by all files in each directory, while ignoring __pycache__ directories:

from pathlib import Path
for root, dirs, files in Path("cpython/Lib/concurrent").walk(on_error=print):
  print(
      root,
      "consumes",
      sum((root / file).stat().st_size for file in files),
      "bytes in",
      len(files),
      "non-directory files"
  )
  if '__pycache__' in dirs:
        dirs.remove('__pycache__')

This next example is a simple implementation of shutil.rmtree(). Walking the tree bottom-up is essential as rmdir() doesn’t allow deleting a directory before it is empty:

# Delete everything reachable from the directory "top".
# CAUTION:  This is dangerous! For example, if top == Path('/'),
# it could delete all of your files.
for root, dirs, files in top.walk(top_down=False):
    for name in files:
        (root / name).unlink()
    for name in dirs:
        (root / name).rmdir()

Added in version 3.12.

Creating files and directories

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

Create a file at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’s umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds when exist_ok is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time), otherwise FileExistsError is raised.

더 보기

The open(), write_text() and write_bytes() methods are often used to create files.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

Create a new directory at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’s umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the path already exists, FileExistsError is raised.

parents가 참이면, 이 경로의 누락 된 부모를 필요하면 만듭니다; 이것들은 mode를 고려하지 않고 기본 권한으로 만들어집니다 (POSIX mkdir -p 명령을 모방합니다).

parents가 거짓(기본값)이면, 누락된 부모가 FileNotFoundError를 발생시킵니다.

exist_ok가 거짓(기본값)이면, 대상 디렉터리가 이미 존재하면 FileExistsError가 발생합니다.

If exist_ok is true, FileExistsError will not be raised unless the given path already exists in the file system and is not a directory (same behavior as the POSIX mkdir -p command).

버전 3.5에서 변경: exist_ok 매개 변수가 추가되었습니다.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

Make this path a symbolic link pointing to target.

On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and does not morph to the target dynamically. If the target is present, the type of the symlink will be created to match. Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if target_is_directory is true or a file symlink (the default) otherwise. On non-Windows platforms, target_is_directory is ignored.

>>> p = Path('mylink')
>>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
>>> p.resolve()
PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_size
956
>>> p.lstat().st_size
8

참고

인자의 순서(링크, 대상)는 os.symlink()와 반대입니다.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation if os.symlink() is not available. In previous versions, NotImplementedError was raised.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

Make this path a hard link to the same file as target.

참고

The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.link()’s.

Added in version 3.10.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation if os.link() is not available. In previous versions, NotImplementedError was raised.

Copying, moving and deleting

Path.copy(target, *, follow_symlinks=True, dirs_exist_ok=False, preserve_metadata=False)

Copy this file or directory tree to the given target, and return a new Path instance pointing to target.

If the source is a file, the target will be replaced if it is an existing file. If the source is a symlink and follow_symlinks is true (the default), the symlink’s target is copied. Otherwise, the symlink is recreated at the destination.

If the source is a directory and dirs_exist_ok is false (the default), a FileExistsError is raised if the target is an existing directory. If dirs_exists_ok is true, the copying operation will overwrite existing files within the destination tree with corresponding files from the source tree.

If preserve_metadata is false (the default), only directory structures and file data are guaranteed to be copied. Set preserve_metadata to true to ensure that file and directory permissions, flags, last access and modification times, and extended attributes are copied where supported. This argument has no effect when copying files on Windows (where metadata is always preserved).

참고

Where supported by the operating system and file system, this method performs a lightweight copy, where data blocks are only copied when modified. This is known as copy-on-write.

Added in version 3.14.

Path.copy_into(target_dir, *, follow_symlinks=True, dirs_exist_ok=False, preserve_metadata=False)

Copy this file or directory tree into the given target_dir, which should be an existing directory. Other arguments are handled identically to Path.copy(). Returns a new Path instance pointing to the copy.

Added in version 3.14.

Path.rename(target)

Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new Path instance pointing to target. On Unix, if target exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has permission. On Windows, if target exists, FileExistsError will be raised. target can be either a string or another path object:

>>> p = Path('foo')
>>> p.open('w').write('some text')
9
>>> target = Path('bar')
>>> p.rename(target)
PosixPath('bar')
>>> target.open().read()
'some text'

The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the Path object.

It is implemented in terms of os.rename() and gives the same guarantees.

버전 3.8에서 변경: Added return value, return the new Path instance.

Path.replace(target)

Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new Path instance pointing to target. If target points to an existing file or empty directory, it will be unconditionally replaced.

The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the Path object.

버전 3.8에서 변경: Added return value, return the new Path instance.

Path.move(target)

Move this file or directory tree to the given target, and return a new Path instance pointing to target.

If the target doesn’t exist it will be created. If both this path and the target are existing files, then the target is overwritten. If both paths point to the same file or directory, or the target is a non-empty directory, then OSError is raised.

If both paths are on the same filesystem, the move is performed with os.replace(). Otherwise, this path is copied (preserving metadata and symlinks) and then deleted.

Added in version 3.14.

Path.move_into(target_dir)

Move this file or directory tree into the given target_dir, which should be an existing directory. Returns a new Path instance pointing to the moved path.

Added in version 3.14.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

이 파일이나 심볼릭 링크를 제거합니다. 경로가 디렉터리를 가리키면, Path.rmdir()을 대신 사용하십시오.

missing_ok가 거짓(기본값)이면, 경로가 없을 때 FileNotFoundError가 발생합니다.

missing_ok가 참이면, FileNotFoundError 예외는 무시됩니다 (POSIX rm -f 명령과 같은 동작).

버전 3.8에서 변경: missing_ok 매개 변수가 추가되었습니다.

Path.rmdir()

이 디렉터리를 제거합니다. 디렉터리는 비어 있어야 합니다.

Permissions and ownership

Path.owner(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return the name of the user owning the file. KeyError is raised if the file’s user identifier (UID) isn’t found in the system database.

This method normally follows symlinks; to get the owner of the symlink, add the argument follow_symlinks=False.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation if the pwd module is not available. In earlier versions, NotImplementedError was raised.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.group(*, follow_symlinks=True)

Return the name of the group owning the file. KeyError is raised if the file’s group identifier (GID) isn’t found in the system database.

This method normally follows symlinks; to get the group of the symlink, add the argument follow_symlinks=False.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises UnsupportedOperation if the grp module is not available. In earlier versions, NotImplementedError was raised.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

Change the file mode and permissions, like os.chmod().

This method normally follows symlinks. Some Unix flavours support changing permissions on the symlink itself; on these platforms you may add the argument follow_symlinks=False, or use lchmod().

>>> p = Path('setup.py')
>>> p.stat().st_mode
33277
>>> p.chmod(0o444)
>>> p.stat().st_mode
33060

버전 3.10에서 변경: The follow_symlinks parameter was added.

Path.lchmod(mode)

Path.chmod()와 비슷하지만, 경로가 심볼릭 링크를 가리키면, 대상이 아닌 심볼릭 링크의 모드가 변경됩니다.

Pattern language

The following wildcards are supported in patterns for full_match(), glob() and rglob():

** (entire segment)

Matches any number of file or directory segments, including zero.

* (entire segment)

Matches one file or directory segment.

* (part of a segment)

Matches any number of non-separator characters, including zero.

?

Matches one non-separator character.

[seq]

Matches one character in seq.

[!seq]

Matches one character not in seq.

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For example, "[?]" matches the character "?".

The “**” wildcard enables recursive globbing. A few examples:

Pattern	Meaning
“**/*”	Any path with at least one segment.
“**/*.py”	Any path with a final segment ending “.py”.
“assets/**”	Any path starting with “assets/”.
“assets/**/*”	Any path starting with “assets/”, excluding “assets/” itself.

참고

Globbing with the “**” wildcard visits every directory in the tree. Large directory trees may take a long time to search.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Globbing with a pattern that ends with “**” returns both files and directories. In previous versions, only directories were returned.

In Path.glob() and rglob(), a trailing slash may be added to the pattern to match only directories.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Globbing with a pattern that ends with a pathname components separator (sep or altsep) returns only directories.

Comparison to the glob module

The patterns accepted and results generated by Path.glob() and Path.rglob() differ slightly from those by the glob module:

1. Files beginning with a dot are not special in pathlib. This is like passing include_hidden=True to glob.glob().

2. “**” pattern components are always recursive in pathlib. This is like passing recursive=True to glob.glob().

3. “**” pattern components do not follow symlinks by default in pathlib. This behaviour has no equivalent in glob.glob(), but you can pass recurse_symlinks=True to Path.glob() for compatible behaviour.

4. Like all PurePath and Path objects, the values returned from Path.glob() and Path.rglob() don’t include trailing slashes.

5. The values returned from pathlib’s path.glob() and path.rglob() include the path as a prefix, unlike the results of glob.glob(root_dir=path).

6. The values returned from pathlib’s path.glob() and path.rglob() may include path itself, for example when globbing “**”, whereas the results of glob.glob(root_dir=path) never include an empty string that would correspond to path.

Comparison to the os and os.path modules

pathlib implements path operations using PurePath and Path objects, and so it’s said to be object-oriented. On the other hand, the os and os.path modules supply functions that work with low-level str and bytes objects, which is a more procedural approach. Some users consider the object-oriented style to be more readable.

Many functions in os and os.path support bytes paths and paths relative to directory descriptors. These features aren’t available in pathlib.

Python’s str and bytes types, and portions of the os and os.path modules, are written in C and are very speedy. pathlib is written in pure Python and is often slower, but rarely slow enough to matter.

pathlib’s path normalization is slightly more opinionated and consistent than os.path. For example, whereas os.path.abspath() eliminates “..” segments from a path, which may change its meaning if symlinks are involved, Path.absolute() preserves these segments for greater safety.

pathlib’s path normalization may render it unsuitable for some applications:

1. pathlib normalizes Path("my_folder/") to Path("my_folder"), which changes a path’s meaning when supplied to various operating system APIs and command-line utilities. Specifically, the absence of a trailing separator may allow the path to be resolved as either a file or directory, rather than a directory only.

2. pathlib normalizes Path("./my_program") to Path("my_program"), which changes a path’s meaning when used as an executable search path, such as in a shell or when spawning a child process. Specifically, the absence of a separator in the path may force it to be looked up in PATH rather than the current directory.

As a consequence of these differences, pathlib is not a drop-in replacement for os.path.

Corresponding tools

아래는 다양한 os 함수를 해당 PurePath/Path 대응 물에 매핑하는 표입니다.

os and os.path	pathlib
os.path.dirname()	PurePath.parent
os.path.basename()	PurePath.name
os.path.splitext()	PurePath.stem, PurePath.suffix
os.path.join()	PurePath.joinpath()
os.path.isabs()	PurePath.is_absolute()
os.path.relpath()	PurePath.relative_to() [1]
os.path.expanduser()	Path.expanduser() [2]
os.path.realpath()	Path.resolve()
os.path.abspath()	Path.absolute() [3]
os.path.exists()	Path.exists()
os.path.isfile()	Path.is_file()
os.path.isdir()	Path.is_dir()
os.path.islink()	Path.is_symlink()
os.path.isjunction()	Path.is_junction()
os.path.ismount()	Path.is_mount()
os.path.samefile()	Path.samefile()
os.getcwd()	Path.cwd()
os.stat()	Path.stat()
os.lstat()	Path.lstat()
os.listdir()	Path.iterdir()
os.walk()	Path.walk() [4]
os.mkdir(), os.makedirs()	Path.mkdir()
os.link()	Path.hardlink_to()
os.symlink()	Path.symlink_to()
os.readlink()	Path.readlink()
os.rename()	Path.rename()
os.replace()	Path.replace()
os.remove(), os.unlink()	Path.unlink()
os.rmdir()	Path.rmdir()
os.chmod()	Path.chmod()
os.lchmod()	Path.lchmod()

Footnotes

[1]

os.path.relpath() calls abspath() to make paths absolute and remove “..” parts, whereas PurePath.relative_to() is a lexical operation that raises ValueError when its inputs’ anchors differ (e.g. if one path is absolute and the other relative.)

[2]

os.path.expanduser() returns the path unchanged if the home directory can’t be resolved, whereas Path.expanduser() raises RuntimeError.

[3]

os.path.abspath() removes “..” components without resolving symlinks, which may change the meaning of the path, whereas Path.absolute() leaves any “..” components in the path.

[4]

os.walk() always follows symlinks when categorizing paths into dirnames and filenames, whereas Path.walk() categorizes all symlinks into filenames when follow_symlinks is false (the default.)